The invention describes a method for determining sun protection factors of sunscreen agents with a spectroscopic measurement comprising the following steps: first activation of several radiation sources of a radiation source device having at least two radiation sources, first emission of radiation from the at least two radiation sources, detection of the radiation diffusely reflected by a measuring body, determination of the sensor sensitivity S.sub.T of a detector, determining the target exposure time t.sub.Z and/or the target light power l.sub.Z for the at least two radiation sources, second driving of a plurality of radiation sources of the radiation source device having at least two radiation sources, second emission of radiation from the at least two radiation sources with a target exposure time t.sub.Z and/or the target light power l.sub.Z of the first and the second radiation source of the radiation source device.

A control system includes one or more processors configured to determine when to extend a life span of an engine by applying an additional restorative coating to the engine based on one or more monitored parameters of the engine. The monitored parameters include a condition of a previously applied restorative coating. The one or more processors are configured to determine the condition of the previously applied restorative coating based on an optical response of the previously applied restorative coating. The one or more processors also are configured to direct application of the additional restorative coating based on the one or more monitored parameters of the engine.

The present invention provides a method and an apparatus for easily and precisely detecting an effect of sunscreen (12) based on results of clinical examinations even if various cosmetic layers (14) are provided on the skin (10). The present invention provides an apparatus (1) for detecting a sunscreen (12), comprising: a light source (2); an ultraviolet light pass filter (4) provided between the light source (2) and an irradiation target (10); a visible light sensor (6); and a polarizer (8) provided between the visible light sensor (6) and the irradiation target (10), wherein the ultraviolet light pass filter (4) is configured to pass light (16) having a wavelength in an ultraviolet light range among light emitted from the light source (2), wherein the irradiation target (10) includes at least one substance emitting fluorescent light (20) in response to the light irradiation (16), wherein the polarizer (8) is configured to block at least a part of light (18) emitted from the light source (2) and reflected by the irradiation target (10), and wherein the visible light sensor (6) is configured to determine an intensity of the fluorescent light (20) passing through the polarizer (8).

A device for detecting a coating applied to a surface includes a portable housing, a light source, a light detector, and a processing unit. The light source emits a first light having a first wavelength. The coating includes a fluorophore that re-emits a second light having a second wavelength, which is different than the first wavelength, in response to excitation by the first light. The light detector receives the second light re-emitted from the coating. The processing unit is adapted to determine a re-emission intensity of the second light and to determine a coverage metric of the coating based on the re-emission intensity of the second light. The coverage metric is then used to infer the efficacy of the coating.

Methods for visualizing oral biofilm growth and methods for identifying compounds that modulate biofilm growth are provided. Biofilm samples are stained with fluorescent dyes and viewed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. Biofilm samples are in a container with a cover slip configured for viewing the biofilm sample with the confocal laser scanning microscope and the coverslip has a thickness variation of 0.02 mm or less.

A method for capturing a coating of a component, which component has at least one first subregion and at least one second subregion, which adjoins the first subregion and in which the main body is free of the coating, wherein: first electromagnetic radiation reflected by the first subregion of the component and second electromagnetic radiation reflected by the second subregion of the component are sensed by a detection device; first data, which characterize the first electromagnetic radiation, and second data, which characterize the second electromagnetic radiation, are produced; a virtual, three-dimensional model of the component is produced in dependence on the data.

A method for visualizing biofilm on a solid surface. The method comprises steps of:

(a) providing a solid surface which has been in contact with an aqueous medium and at least a portion of the solid surface potentially is covered with biofilm,
(b) maintaining the solid surface in a horizontal position and covering the solid surface with an aqueous dispersion of carbon particles,
(c) tilting the solid surface at an angle of at least 5° from horizontal to allow excess aqueous dispersion of carbon particles to flow from the surface,
(d) detecting any biofilm present on the solid surface by determining whether there are areas not covered by aqueous dispersion of carbon particles.

Provided is a method of inspecting a growth quality of a graphene layer of a graphene-grown copper foil obtained by growing the graphene layer on a copper foil layer by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), the method including reacting oxygen or water molecules with the copper foil layer via a defect portion of the graphene layer, partitioning an entire region of the graphene-grown copper foil into partial regions, sequentially obtaining images of the partial regions, detecting, with respect to each of the images of the partial regions, an oxidized region where the copper foil layer is oxidized, and setting the oxidized region as a graphene defect region, and obtaining a ratio of an area of the graphene defect region to an entire area of each of the images of the partial regions.

The prism coupling methods disclosed herein are directed to determining a stress characteristic of an original IOX article having a buried IOX region with a buried refractive index profile that is problematic in the sense that it prevents the original IOX article from being measured using a prism coupler system. The methods include modifying the buried IOX region of the original IOX article in a surface portion of the buried IOX region to form a modified IOX article having an unburied refractive index profile that allows the modified IOX article to be measured using a prism coupler. The methods also include measuring a mode spectrum of the modified IOX article using the prism coupler system. The methods further include determining one or more stress characteristic of the original IOX article from the mode spectrum of the modified IOX article.

A system includes an ultraviolet light source, a light-receiving apparatus, and a performance detector. The ultraviolet light source is configured to expose a surface to ultraviolet light. The surface includes a surface coating and a fluorescence layer beneath the surface coating. The light-receiving apparatus is configured to measure a fluorescence response to the ultraviolet light of the surface by detecting light in a predetermined frequency range within the visible light spectrum light. The performance detector is communicatively coupled to the light-receiving apparatus. The performance detector is configured to determine a proportion of the surface comprising the surface coating disposed over the fluorescence layer based on the measured fluorescence response. The performance detector is further configured to compare the determined proportion to a predetermined threshold.