Various apparatus, systems, and methods for measuring a solution characteristic of a sample comprising microorganisms are disclosed. In one embodiment, a sensor apparatus is disclosed comprising a sample container comprising a sample chamber configured to receive the sample and a reference sensor component comprising a reference conduit having a reference conduit cavity defined therein. The reference conduit cavity can be at least partially filled with a reference buffer gel, buffer solution, or wicking component. A segment of the reference conduit can extend into the sample chamber. A reference electrode material can be positioned at a proximal end of the wicking component or extend partially into the reference conduit cavity. The sensor apparatus can also comprise an active sensor component having an active electrode in fluid contact with the sample. The sample in the sample chamber can be aerated through an aeration port defined along a surface of the sample container.

A system for separating and analyzing a discrete sample of multiphase fluid includes a separation vessel having a first inner chamber containing a discrete sample of multiphase fluid, and an analytical cell in fluid communication with the separation vessel. The analytical cell has a second inner chamber containing a diluted aqueous liquid phase sample for analysis. The system further includes probes disposed in the second inner chamber, each probe having a sensing area at a distal end, and being oriented in the second inner chamber such that the sensing area is immersed in the diluted aqueous liquid phase sample contained in the second inner chamber. The plurality of probes include a first probe whose sensing area surface is coated with a first ion-exchange membrane; and a second probe whose sensing area surface is coated with a second ion-exchange membrane, the second ion-exchange membrane being different from the first ion-exchange membrane.

The present invention provides a composite oxide that can achieve a high low-temperature output characteristic, a method for manufacturing the same, and a positive electrode active material in which the generation of soluble lithium is suppressed and a problem of gelation is not caused during the paste preparation. A positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, including a lithium-metal composite oxide powder including a secondary particle configured by aggregating primary particles containing lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt, or a lithium-metal composite oxide powder including both the primary particles and the secondary particle. The secondary particle has a porous structure inside as a main inside structure, the slurry pH is 11.5 or less, the soluble lithium content rate is 0.5[% by mass] or less, the specific surface area is 3.0 to 4.0 [m.sup.2/g], and the porosity is more than 50 to 80[%].

An embodiment provides a method for compensating for inteferants in measurement of alkalinity in a reagent-less system, including: introducing an aqueous sample into a measurement device comprising one or more series of electrodes; applying an electrical signal to the aqueous sample using the one or more series of electrodes, wherein the electrical signal is selected from the group consisting of: current and voltage; identifying, during application of the electrical signal, that the electrical signal reaches an oxidation threshold and measuring, prior to reaching the oxidation threshold, a first electrical response to the electrical signal, the first electrical response attributable to interferants in the aqueous sample; identifying, during application of the electrical signal, that the electrical signal reaches an endpoint and measuring, from the oxidation threshold to the endpoint, a second electrical response to the electrical signal; and measuring an alkalinity of the aqueous sample based upon a difference between the first electrical response and the second electrical response. Other aspects are described and claimed.

A sensor for measuring a pH value of a measuring liquid includes: a sensor element including a surface adapted to the measuring liquid; a radiation source configured to emit electromagnetic transmission radiation to the sensor element, wherein at least a portion of the transmission radiation is converted into measurement radiation by reflection and/or scattering in a region of the surface; a radiation receiver configured to receive the measurement radiation and convert it into electrical signals; and a measuring circuit configured to determine the pH value from signals, wherein a wavelength of at least a portion of the transmission radiation generates charge carriers in at least a surface region or a near-surface region of the surface of the sensor element as to effect a photoelectrochemical reaction with formation of hydrogen at the surface.

Systems and methods for cooling a datacenter are disclosed. In at least one embodiment, a chemical property monitoring subsystem (CPMS) is associated with one or more flow controllers to determine a change in chemistry associated with a primary coolant or a secondary coolant, so that one or more flow controllers can cause a change in coolant state of a secondary coolant or a primary coolant based in part on a change in their chemistry.

The disclosure relates to systems and methods for controlling the pH of a sample, comprising measuring an initial pH, adding an amount of titrant and measuring a second pH, and using non-dimensional modeling to normalize titrant and determine the amount of titrant needed to reach a final pH. The systems and methods can be used to control pH during viral inactivation or titration of protein samples.

Methods for in situ measurement of an oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and pH of a solution comprising iron are provided. The methods comprise measuring a kinetic parameter at an electrode surface of an electrode system comprising a working electrode, a counter electrode and a pseudo-reference electrode, wherein the kinetic parameter is associated with ferric reduction or both ferric reduction and ferrous oxidation and comparing the kinetic parameter to calibration data for the electrode system to determine the ORP and pH of the solution. Also provided are apparatus and systems for in situ measurement of an ORP and pH of a solution comprising iron. The apparatus and systems comprise an electrode system comprising a working electrode, a counter electrode and a pseudo-reference electrode and a detector for measuring a kinetic parameter at an electrode surface of the electrode system.

Disclosed herein is a more sensitive and accurate method of monitoring the pH of a solution, wherein the pH of the solution is quantified as a function of the electrochemical response of the solution in a two or three-electrode electrochemical cell, wherein the solution comprises a compound capable of undergoing a change in its oxidation state and/or structural conformation as a function of the pH of the solution. Also disclosed are highly accelerated methods and processes enabling analysis of specific polynucleotide sequences in a sample, e.g. a biological sample. The methods disclosed herein are, for example, useful for rapid screening of a large amount of samples in a point-of-care setting.

A working electrode is inserted into the plant to monitor the health of the plant components or to detect physical, mechanical damage or environmental change in the soil or atmosphere. A standard electrode is inserted into soil surrounding the plant or in the plant itself. A data logger connects the working electrode and the standard electrode. The data logger measures the potential difference between the working electrode and the electrolyte to provide the ability to compare a measured potential difference with a predetermined critical potential difference for the plant. A second electrochemical cell can inject electrons and ions into the plant. The plant can be used as a sensor to monitor the environmental change in the soil or in the atmosphere.