A seismic survey method comprising a vessel, a seismic acquisition system for collecting geophysical seismic data, a marine navigation system for generating positioning data from the location of the vessel and the location of the seismic acquisition system, a seismic data storage engaged with the seismic acquisition system for collecting and storing the seismic data and a seismic data processor engaged with said seismic data storage for seismic processing of the seismic data. The seismic data is acquired along a non-linear acquisition path or sail line. The data consists of CMP lines that follow the non-linear acquisition path. A binning grid covering the CMP lines of the acquired data such that the in-lines follow parallel to the acquisition path and the cross-lines are perpendicular to the in-lines is created. The binning grid comprises a straight portion and a curved portion. Bins for each portion of the binning grid is calculated.

A method for imaging non-specular seismic events as well as correlating non-specular events with physically measurable quantites in a volume of Earth's subsurface. Includes entering as input to a computer signals detected by a plurality of seismic sensors disposed above and/or within the volume in response to actuation of at least one seismic energy source above and/or within the volume. Parameter analysis is performed to populate the initial model with point-wise, best-fit wavefront travel-time approximations. Imaging is performed to obtain undifferentiated specular and non-specular representations of the volume. Specular boundaries are mapped using the imaged volume and using the boundaries to form a model of specular components of the volume. Beamforming is used to characterize seismic attributes associated with specular and non-specular reflections as separate and differentiated data sets.

A method and apparatus for data acquisition including: acquiring a first set of data for a survey area with streamer receivers on a streamer spread; and simultaneously acquiring a second set of data for the area with ocean bottom receivers, the first and second sets of data together forming a complete dataset for velocity modeling and imaging. A method including: navigating a first propulsion source along a first path in the area, wherein a streamer spread and a first seismic source are coupled to the first propulsion source; navigating a second propulsion source along a second path in the area, wherein a second seismic source is coupled to the second propulsion source; while navigating the first and second propulsion sources, activating at least one of the first and second seismic sources; and acquiring data with receivers on the streamer spread and with ocean bottom receivers distributed throughout the area.

Methods for performing a marine survey of a subterranean formation using a hybrid combination of ocean bottom seismic (“OBS”) receivers, wide towed sources, and moving streamers are described herein. In one aspect, a sail line separation in a crossline direction is determined based on an average streamer separation and number of streamers. An array of OBS receivers are deposited on a surface of a subterranean formation with an OBS receiver separation that is based on the sail line separation. Wide towed sources and streamers are towed above the array of OBS receivers behind a survey vessel that travels sail lines separated by the sail line separation. The wide towed sources may be activated above the array of OBS receivers. Wavefields reflected from the subterranean formation are recorded at the OBS receivers and receivers located in the streamers as seismic data.

A method for enhancing properties of geophysical data with deep learning networks. Geophysical data may be acquired by positioning a source of sound waves at a chosen shot location, and measuring back-scattered energy generated by the source using receivers placed at selected locations. For example, seismic data may be collected using towed streamer acquisition in order to derive subsurface properties or to form images of the subsurface. However, towed streamer data may be deficient in one or more properties (e.g., at low frequencies). To compensate for the deficiencies, another survey (such as an Ocean Bottom Nodes (OBN) survey) may be sparsely acquired in order to train a neural network. The trained neural network may then be used to compensate for the towed streamer deficient properties, such as by using the trained neural network to extend the towed streamer data to the low frequencies.

A method and apparatus includes: towing a first source with a source vessel; towing a second source with a survey vessel, the survey vessel following the source vessel by at least 5 km; towing a streamer spread at a first depth with the survey vessel; and towing a pair of long-offset streamers at a second depth and following the source vessel by at least 5 km, wherein: the first depth is 10 m to 30 m, and the second depth is greater than 30 m. A method and apparatus includes: towing a first source with a source vessel; towing a second source with a survey vessel, the first source and the second source being separated by at least 5 km; towing a streamer spread at a first depth with the survey vessel; towing a pair of long-offset streamers at a second depth, wherein: the first depth is between 10 m and 30 m, and the second depth is greater than 30 m; acquiring long-offset data with long-offset sensors distributed along the long-offset streamers; and constructing a velocity model with the long-offset data. A method and apparatus includes: towing a first plurality of streamers at a first depth of 10 m to 30 m; receiving first signals generated by a first source with the first plurality of streamers; towing a second plurality of streamers at a second depth of greater than 30 m; while receiving the first signals, receiving second signals generated by a second source with the second plurality of streamers; wherein: the first source and the second source are separated by at least 5 km, the second signals represent long-offset data, and a forward-most receiver on each of the second plurality of streamers has a same inline offset from the first source as a forward-most receiver on each of the first plurality of streamers.

Techniques and apparatus are disclosed for performing marine seismic surveys. In some embodiments, one or more vessels are used to tow a set of streamers and two or more sources such that a first set of sources consists of all those that are disposed within a first threshold distance from the streamers, and a second set of sources consists of all those that are disposed beyond a second, greater, threshold distance from the streamers. Sources in the first set are activated more frequently than sources in the second set are activated.

A method can include receiving information associated with an interface between a first medium and a second medium where the information includes sensor data; based on at least a portion of the information, estimating wave properties that include elastic properties, depth-dependent properties and horizontal slowness; and, based on the estimated wave properties, calculating an orientation of a sensor utilized to acquire at least a portion of the sensor data.

Techniques are disclosed relating to configuring a marine seismic survey. In some embodiments, a vessel may be coupled to one or more seismic sources and one or more seismic streamers, and a second vessel may be coupled to one or more far offset seismic sources. The near offset sources may be configured to actuate according to a shot point interval; the far offset sources may be configured to actuate according to a longer shot point interval. In some embodiments, the longer shot point interval may be a multiple of the near offset source shot point interval. Determining the first and second shot point intervals may be based in part on, for example, the wave frequencies of the far offset sources, the requirements of a full wave inversion process, or various configurational parameters of seismic surveys.

Methods for performing a marine survey of a subterranean formation using a hybrid combination of ocean bottom seismic (OBS) receivers, wide towed sources, and moving streamers are described herein. In one aspect, a sail line separation in a crossline direction is determined based on an average streamer separation and number of streamers. An array of OBS receivers are deposited on a surface of a subterranean formation with an OBS receiver separation that is based on the sail line separation. Wide towed sources and streamers are towed above the array of OBS receivers behind a survey vessel that travels sail lines separated by the sail line separation. The wide towed sources may be activated above the array of OBS receivers. Wavefields reflected from the subterranean formation are recorded at the OBS receivers and receivers located in the streamers as seismic data.