Chromophores with large hyperpolarizabilities, films with electro-optic activity comprising the chromophores, and electro-optic devices comprising the chromophores are disclosed.

The present disclosure is directed, in general, to (1) nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores, (2) compositions/materials/resistive layers comprising NLO chromophores, and the methods of making the compositions/materials/resistive layers comprising NLO chromophores (e.g., methods of poling and/or drying, and the like), and (3) uses of NLO chromophores in electro-optic devices (e.g., electro-optic modulators (EOMs)).