An elastic roller is capable of elastic deformation at low load, lightweight and low-cost, and the surface speed of the roller has been made stable. At a drawing showing the view from the side of pipe 2 and flange 3 which make up roller 1, roller 1 which has pipe 2 and flange 3 is supported by shaft 8 which is inserted therein along axis 8a of shaft 8, the situation being such that elastic deformation occurs upon being pressed downward by pressure P from pressure-applying body 11 above pipe. None of the four outermost ribs 7a disposed in outermost gap 6a between outermost ring 4a of flange 3 and middle ring 4b which is mutually adjacent thereto and toward the interior therefrom is present in the upper portion of pipe 2.

An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive drum, a development roller configured to supply developer to the photosensitive drum, a transfer roller configured to transfer a developer image formed on the photosensitive drum to a recording material, and a cleaning roller being in contact with the photosensitive drum, configured to clean a part of the recording material adhered to the photosensitive drum, wherein the diameter of the transfer roller is greater than the diameter of the development roller and the diameter of the cleaning roller is greater than the diameter of the development roller.

A developing device capable of stably collecting untransferred toner collected from the photoconductor drum to the developing roller to the feed roller and suppressing occurrence of development ghosts, and an image forming apparatus including the same are provided. A developing device has a developing roller facing a photoconductor drum, a feed roller, and a restriction blade. The feed roller forms a feed nip part with the developing roller by contacting with the circumferential surface of the developing roller, and collects toner from the developing roller while feeding the toner to the developing roller. The Asker-C hardness of the developing roller is in the range of 50 to 80, both inclusive, the width of the feed nip part is in the range of 0.2 to 1.5 mm, both inclusive, and a compressive load to be applied to the feed roller is in the range of 0.2 to 1.5N, both inclusive.

Providing a laminate having an excellent adhesiveness between a base layer and a surface layer while having a good flexibility. In order to solve the aforementioned problems, the laminate of the present disclosure comprises at least a base layer, an intermediate layer and a surface layer, wherein a base layer composition contains an urethane resin, an intermediate layer composition contains an energy ray curable resin having (meth)acryloyl group in a molecule thereof, and, a non-UV curable resin having only isocyanate group as reactive functional group, and a surface layer composition contains a UV curable resin having the (meth)acryloyl group in the molecule.

A conductive roller includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, and a surface layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer. The elastic layer includes a cylindrical elastic foam and a conductive covering layer covering an exposed surface of the elastic foam and has a volume resistance value of 10.sup.5Ω or less at an applied voltage of 10 V. The elastic foam has a conductive particle content of 1% by mass or less based on the total mass of the elastic foam.

Provided is an electrophotographic member including: a substrate having electroconductivity; and a monolayer surface layer formed on the substrate. The surface layer has a matrix containing a crosslinked resin as a binder, and holds at least one particle containing an inorganic layered compound having an ion exchange capacity so that at least a part of the at least one particle is exposed from an outer surface of the surface layer. An elastic modulus of the matrix, measured in a region of a section in a thickness direction of the surface layer from the outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 μm, is 200 MPa or more.

Provided an electrophotographic member capable of causing less fog in an H/H environment even when used in a torque-reduced image forming apparatus. The member comprises an electro-conductive substrate, an electro-conductive layer thereon and insulating parts, the member having a surface having an electrical insulating first region and an electro-conductive second region, the first region and the second region being adjacent to each other, a total area of the second region in a square region put on an outer surface of the member is 30% to 80% of an area of the square region; two or more of the 200 straight lines drawn in the square region at an interval of 5 μm pass the second region at least once, and, the number of line segment LS having a length of 200 μm or more is 5% or less of the total number of the line segment LS.

Provided is an electrophotographic electroconductive member including an electroconductive support and an electroconductive layer on the support, an electroconductive member is used, in which an electroconductive layer has a matrix comprising a first rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains each comprising a second rubber and an electronic electroconductive agent, and for impedance measured by applying an AC voltage with an amplitude of 1 V to the electroconductive layer while varying frequencies between 1.0×10.sup.−2 Hz to 1.0×10.sup.7 Hz under a specific environment, when a double logarithmic plot with a frequency on an abscissa and an impedance on an ordinate is obtained, a slope on a high frequency side is −0.8 or more and —0.3 or less, and the impedance a low frequency side is from 1.0×10.sup.3 to 1.0×10.sup.7Ω.

Provided is a developing device including: a toner; and a developer carrying member. The developer carrying member includes an electroconductive substrate and a surface layer on the substrate, the surface layer being a single layer and including a matrix containing a crosslinked urethane resin as a binder, wherein E1 ≥200 MPa and 10 MPa≤E2 ≤100 MPa, where E1 is an elastic modulus of the matrix in a first region from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 and E2 is an elastic modulus of the matrix in a second region from a depth of 1.0 to 1.1 μm from the outer surface. The toner includes a toner particle containing a binder resin and a colorant and having a Martens hardness of 85 to 1,100 MPa when measured under a condition of a maximum load of 2.0×10.sup.−4 N.

An electrophotographic roller includes: a mandrel and an elastic layer on the mandrel, and having a crown shape in which a diameter decreases from a central position O in a longitudinal direction of the mandrel toward an end portion. When a position of the end portion in the longitudinal direction of the elastic layer is defined as X2, a position between the O and the X2 is defined as X1, a distance between the O and the X1 is defined as L1, and a distance between the X1 and the X2 is defined as L2, L1=0.6×(L1+L2). When outer diameters of the electrophotographic roller at O, X1 and X2 are defined as Do, DX1 and DX2, respectively, and Z1=(Do−DX1)/2 and Z2=(DX1−DX2)/2 are defined, Z1, Z2, L1 and L2 satisfy (Z2/L2)<1.931×(Z1/L1).