Disclosed is a cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive member having a region A along an outer surface and a region B along the outer surface. In this electrophotographic photosensitive member, the region A is located on an end side in an axial direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member relative to the region B, the region A has a specific groove provided on the outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, an area ratio a1 of the groove is 65% to 100%, the region B has specific concave portions provided on the outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an area ratio a2 of the concave portion is 5% to 65%.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protection layer. The protection layer contains a copolymer of a compound having a specific frame and a hole-transporting compound containing a specific polarizable functional group.

Disclosed is a cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive member having a region A along an outer surface and a region B along the outer surface. In this electrophotographic photosensitive member, the region A is located on an end side in an axial direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member relative to the region B, the region A has a specific groove provided on the outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, an area ratio a1 of the groove is 65% to 100%, the region B has specific concave portions provided on the outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an area ratio a2 of the concave portion is 5% to 65%.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has an outermost surface layer that contains fluorine-containing resin particles and a fluorine-containing graft polymer. The fluorine-containing resin particles contain 0 or more and 30 or less carboxy groups per 10.sup.6 carbon atoms. The outermost surface layer has a dielectric constant of 3.75 or more and 3.90 or less. The contact angle of pure water on the outermost surface layer is 90° or more.

An image forming apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a developing device that has a toner and supplies the toner onto the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a surface layer comprising a binder resin (A), the binder resin (A) comprises a specific structure, the toner comprises a toner particle, the toner particle comprises a binder resin (B) and a wax, and the wax comprises a prescribed diester compound; and a process cartridge and a cartridge set.

An image forming apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a developing device comprising a toner, the developing device being for supplying the toner to the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a surface layer comprising a binder resin (A), the binder resin (A) comprises a specific structure, the toner comprises a toner particle, the toner particle comprises a binder resin (B) and a wax, and the wax has a value δp(w) of a polarity term based on Hansen solubility parameters of 1.8 (J/cm.sup.3).sup.0.5 to 2.5 (J/cm.sup.3).sup.0.5, as well as a process cartridge, a cartridge set and an image forming method.

An image forming apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a developing device for supplying a toner onto the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the developing device having the toner, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a surface layer comprising a binder resin (A), the toner has a toner particle, the toner particle has a core comprising a binder resin (B) and a wax and a shell layer formed on a surface of the core, the binder resin (A) has a prescribed structure: the wax comprises a prescribed monoester compound: and a process cartridge.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer containing: a copolymerization product of a composition containing a hole-transportable compound having a chain-polymerizable functional group and a compound having a specific structure; and metal oxide particles.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an undercoat layer and a surface layer on or above a support in this order, in which the undercoat layer contains metal oxide particles and a specific binder resin, the surface layer contains a charge transporting substance, fluororesin particles, and a specific binder resin, an arithmetic average roughness Ra of a surface of the undercoat layer is 0.15 m or less, a refractive index (a) of the metal oxide particles and a refractive index (b) of the binder resin contained in the undercoat layer satisfy a specific relationship, and a refractive index (c) of the binder resin contained in the surface layer and a refractive index (d) of the fluororesin particles satisfy a specific relationship.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protection layer. The protection layer contains a copolymer of a compound having a specific frame and a hole-transporting compound containing a specific polarizable functional group.