Provided is an electrophotographic belt including at least: a base layer; and a surface layer containing the following A, B, and C:

A: a compound 1 having structures represented by formula (I) and formula (II):

##STR00001##

in the formula (I), R1 represents a linking group, and R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group;

##STR00002##

in the formula (II), R3 represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or a methyl ester group, R4 represents a linking group, R5 represents a methyl group or a tert-butyl group, and “m” represents an integer of from 25 to 100;
B: perfluoropolyether;
C: a binder resin.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member, which is suppressed in occurrence of fogging and is excellent in abrasion resistance. In the electrophotographic photosensitive member, an outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a polymerized product of a composition comprising at least a polyrotaxane and a monomer having a polymerizable reactive group, and a chain molecule of the polyrotaxane has two blocking groups at both terminals thereof, and a (meth)acryloyloxy group of a cyclic molecule of the polyrotaxane forms a bond.

An electronic device includes a support, a charge-transporting layer, a silicone-containing layer, and a metal oxide film. The charge-transporting layer includes a charge-transporting material or a dye-sensitizing electrode layer including a sensitizing dye. The charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing-dye electrode layer is disposed on or above the support. The silicone-containing layer is disposed on or above the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing-dye electrode layer. The metal oxide film is disposed on or above the silicone-containing layer. A ratio [Q(ACL)/Q(CTL)] is 10% or greater, where Q(ACL) is a time integral of a transient photocurrent waveform of an electronic device (ACL) measured by a time-of-flight method, and Q(CTL) is a time integral of a transient photocurrent waveform of an electronic device (CTL) measured by a time-of-flight method.

Provided is a photoelectric conversion device including: a support; a charge-transporting layer including an organic charge-transporting material or a sensitizing dye electrode layer including an organic sensitizing dye, where the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing dye electrode layer is disposed on the support; and a ceramic film disposed on the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing dye electrode layer.

Provided is a process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge including: a developing unit including a toner; and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the toner includes a toner particle, the toner particle has a surface containing a polyvalent acid metal salt particle, and a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains at least one metal oxide particle among an aluminum oxide particle, a silicon dioxide particle, and a tin oxide particle.

An imaging system includes a lubricant roller to transfer a lubricant to the image carrier, a solid lubricant in contact the lubricant roller to supply the lubricant to the lubricant roller, and a pressing member to urge the solid lubricant against the lubricant roller. The lubricant roller includes a foam that is in contact with the image carrier. The foam is selected to have a permeability of approximately 0.15 dm.sup.3/s to 1.4 dm.sup.3/s.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support and a photosensitive layer on the support, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a surface layer comprising a polymerization product of a composition containing polyrotaxane and a charge transporting substance, and the polymerization product including a bond between the polyrotaxane and the charge transporting substance.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a satisfactory chargeability and being excellent in fogging suppression. The electrophotographic photosensitive member is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface protective layer, wherein the surface protective layer is a polymerized film of a composition containing a compound having one of an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group, a conductive particle, and an organic salt formed of at least one organic cation selected from the group consisting of: imidazolium; pyridinium; pyrrolidinium; piperidinium; a tetraalkylammonium; and a tetraalkylphosphonium, and at least one anion selected from the group consisting of organic or inorganic anions, and wherein the content of the organic salt is 0.1 mass % to 10.0 mass % with respect to the total mass of the conductive particle.

An electronic device includes: a support; a charge-transporting layer including a charge-transporting material, or a sensitizing-dye electrode layer including a sensitizing dye, where the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing-dye electrode layer is disposed on or above the support; and a metal oxide layer disposed on or above the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing-dye electrode layer. The metal oxide layer includes p-type semiconductor metal oxide and silica or metal oxide particles, and an amount of the silica or metal oxide particles included in the metal oxide layer is 0.5% by mass or greater but 1.5% by mass or less, relative to the metal oxide layer.

There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising: a support, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer in this order, wherein an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member exhibits a wrinkled shape by having a concavo-convex shape, the surface layer comprises a binder resin and an inorganic particle, and at least a part of the inorganic particle exposes at a concave portion of the concavo-convex shape.