An electrical protection apparatus includes at least one first or main electrical protection function able to be carried out by a microcontroller and a button termed a test button intended to be actuated by a user to give rise to the implementation of the testing of at least one second electrical function, this implementation of the test being intended to give rise to the tripping of the protection apparatus D. The electrical protection apparatus includes a device for pooling the actuation of this test button with at least one action intended to carry out a third function, as a function of various types of action exerted on the test button, these actions being detected by the microcontroller, the aim being for the latter to give the order to carry out one of the third functions or else the testing of one of the second functions.

A wearable device designed to operate sets of instructions for protecting individuals from electric shocks. The wearable device comprises a sensor designed to convey a flow of electric charge sensed on a human body. The wearable device also comprises at least one wire configured to accept the flow of electric charge received from the sensor and convey the flow of electric charge to at least one bipolar junction transistor set, wherein the at least one bipolar junction transistor set is connected a power circuit comprising an illumination source connected to a power source, wherein the at least one bipolar junction transistor set is functioning as a switch designed to close the power circuit upon receiving a current of at least 0.1 microampere conveyed from the sensor, and wherein the power source is designed to illuminate the illumination source upon closing the power circuit by the at least one bipolar junction transistor set.

An optically communicative battery management system includes a pack controller and one or more module controllers optically coupled to the pack controller. The module controllers may themselves be optically coupled together in series, and communication from an upstream module controller may be relayed through one or more downstream controllers en route to the pack controller. The pack controller may also send an optical signal that is used by the pack controller to determine whether any one or more of the battery modules is experiencing a safety fault, and the communication channel used to transmit that optical signal may, absent any safety faults, be used to multiplex message data to the module controllers.

A controller for a secondary side of a switched mode power supply. A thermistor and an LED of an optocoupler are connected in parallel with each other between a voltage-supply-pin and a STOP pin of the controller. A reference-source provides a reference-signal between the STOP pin and the voltage-supply-pin. The STOP pin receives a temperature-measurement-signal from the thermistor, wherein the temperature-measurement-signal is representative of the resistance of the thermistor. The controller also includes an OTP-comparator that compares: (i) the temperature-measurement-signal; with (ii) a threshold-level, and provides an OTP-signal that is representative of whether or not the temperature-measurement-signal at the STOP pin crosses the threshold-level; and a switchable-current-source that selectively provides a bias-current to the STOP pin based on the OTP-signal, wherein the bias-current causes the LED to emit a light-signal that is representative of a fault to an associated photo-detector.

A system and method for changing protection settings groups for relays in a micro-grid between a grid-connected settings group and an islanded settings group. The method changes a power source relay from the grid-connected settings group to the islanded settings group before the micro-grid is disconnected from the utility grid, disconnects the micro-grid from the utility grid, and then changes a load relay from the grid-connected settings group to the islanded settings group after the micro-grid is disconnected from the utility grid. The method also changes the load relay from the islanded settings group to the grid-connected settings group before the micro-grid is connected to the utility grid, connects the micro-grid to the utility grid, and then changes the power source relay from the islanded settings group to the grid-connected settings group after the micro-grid is connected to the utility grid.

The present disclosure relates to a directional over-current ground relay (DOCGR) for performing a protective relay of the power source system such as a micro-grid system using communications between an SV-remote terminal unit (SV-RTU) and the DOCGR, wherein the SV-RTU is configured for measuring voltage and current of the distributed power source system and thus generating a sampled value (SV) signal. Further, the present disclosure relates to a method for operating the DOCGR.

In one example, a ground fault circuit interrupter is provided. It may include a current imbalance detection circuit configured to provide a leakage signal and a main processing circuit including a processor. The leakage signal may correspond to a current imbalance between a supply path and a return path. The processor may be configured to receive the leakage signal, analyze a time pattern of the leakage signal, determine whether a ground fault exists based on analysis of the time pattern, and generate a first trigger signal if the ground fault is determined to exist. The ground fault circuit interrupter may further include a back-EMF detection circuit configured to provide a back-EMF detection signal. Methods for detecting and responding to a ground fault are also provided.

A method for determining phase locking of critical arc light includes: step 1: monitoring and collecting light radiation intensity of an arc inside a switch cabinet in real time, and converting the collected light radiation intensity into an electrical signal; step 2: extracting a power-frequency fundamental wave of the electrical signal, comparing an amplitude of the power-frequency fundamental wave of the electrical signal with a first threshold, and generating a pre-warning signal based on a comparison result of the first threshold; step 3: comparing the amplitude of the power-frequency fundamental wave of the electrical signal with a second threshold voltage, and generating a control signal based on a comparison result of the second threshold voltage and a protection time threshold; and step 4: protecting the switch cabinet under the critical arc light environment based on the pre-warning signal and the control signal.

In one example, a ground fault circuit interrupter is provided. It may include a current imbalance detection circuit configured to provide a leakage signal and a main processing circuit including a processor. The leakage signal may correspond to a current imbalance between a supply path and a return path. The processor may be configured to receive the leakage signal, analyze a time pattern of the leakage signal, determine whether a ground fault exists based on analysis of the time pattern, and generate a first trigger signal if the ground fault is determined to exist. The ground fault circuit interrupter may further include a back-EMF detection circuit configured to provide a back-EMF detection signal. Methods for detecting and responding to a ground fault are also provided.

A system and method for changing protection settings groups for relays in a micro-grid between a grid-connected settings group and an islanded settings group. The method changes a power source relay from the grid-connected settings group to the islanded settings group before the micro-grid is disconnected from the utility grid, disconnects the micro-grid from the utility grid, and then changes a load relay from the grid-connected settings group to the islanded settings group after the micro-grid is disconnected from the utility grid. The method also changes the load relay from the islanded settings group to the grid-connected settings group before the micro-grid is connected to the utility grid, connects the micro-grid to the utility grid, and then changes the power source relay from the islanded settings group to the grid-connected settings group after the micro-grid is connected to the utility grid.