One or more link training signals are received, including instances of a link training pattern, on a plurality of lanes of a physical link that includes at least one valid lane and a plurality of data lanes. The plurality of lanes are trained together using the link training signals to synchronize sampling of the valid lane with sampling of the plurality of data lanes. An active link state is entered and a valid signal received on the valid lane during the active link state. The valid signal includes a signal held at a value for a defined first duration and indicates that data is to be received on the plurality of data lanes in a second defined duration subsequent to the first duration. The data is to be received, during the active link state, on the plurality of data lanes during the second defined duration.

One or more link training signals are received, including instances of a link training pattern, on a plurality of lanes of a physical link that includes at least one valid lane and a plurality of data lanes. The plurality of lanes are trained together using the link training signals to synchronize sampling of the valid lane with sampling of the plurality of data lanes. An active link state is entered and a valid signal received on the valid lane during the active link state. The valid signal includes a signal held at a value for a defined first duration and indicates that data is to be received on the plurality of data lanes in a second defined duration subsequent to the first duration. The data is to be received, during the active link state, on the plurality of data lanes during the second defined duration.

One or more link training signals are received, including instances of a link training pattern, on a plurality of lanes of a physical link that includes at least one valid lane and a plurality of data lanes. The plurality of lanes are trained together using the link training signals to synchronize sampling of the valid lane with sampling of the plurality of data lanes. An active link state is entered and a valid signal received on the valid lane during the active link state. The valid signal includes a signal held at a value for a defined first duration and indicates that data is to be received on the plurality of data lanes in a second defined duration subsequent to the first duration. The data is to be received, during the active link state, on the plurality of data lanes during the second defined duration.

A simulation device includes: a layout setting unit which sets a layout of a power line communication (PLC) network; a parameter setting unit which sets an electrical parameter of the PLC network; a simulation execution unit; and a result output unit which outputs an electrical property obtained by the simulation. The layout setting unit includes: an information obtaining unit which obtains structure information indicating a structure of a building where the PLC network is to be provided and position information of one or more elements included in the PLC network; and a display information output unit which displays, on a display unit that displays information that relates to the PLC network, a diagram that is based on the structure information, and displays at least a portion of the PLC network that is based on the position information such that the portion is superimposed on the diagram.

A simulation device includes: a layout setting unit which sets a layout of a power line communication (PLC) network; a parameter setting unit which sets an electrical parameter of the PLC network; a simulation execution unit; and a result output unit which outputs an electrical property obtained by the simulation. The layout setting unit includes: an information obtaining unit which obtains structure information indicating a structure of a building where the PLC network is to be provided and position information of one or more elements included in the PLC network; and a display information output unit which displays, on a display unit that displays information that relates to the PLC network, a diagram that is based on the structure information, and displays at least a portion of the PLC network that is based on the position information such that the portion is superimposed on the diagram.

Simulation devices for simulating communication lines are provided. In some embodiments, different parameters are used along a line length.

Simulation devices for simulating communication lines are provided. In some embodiments, different parameters are used along a line length.

In accordance with some embodiments, non-reciprocal circulators are provided, the circulators comprising: a 3X/4-long ring section having a first end and a second end, wherein is an operating wavelength of the non-reciprocal circulator; and a N-path filter having a first port, a second port, and N-paths, each of the N-paths being connected to the first port and the second port. In some of these embodiments, the 3/4-long ring section includes a transmit port, an antenna port, and a receive port. In some of these embodiments, the transmit port is /4 away from the antenna port. In some of these embodiments, the antenna port is /4 away from the receive port. In some of these embodiments, the receive port is at the first port of the N-path filter.

Systems and methods are provided for constructing a physical transmission line system. Characteristic data associated with a transmission line system is received. A model of the transmission line system is built based on the characteristic data. Building a model of the transmission line system includes determining a characteristic admittance matrix based on the characteristic data, determining a propagation function matrix based on the characteristic data, calculating a linking matrix based on the characteristic admittance matrix and the propagation function matrix, and determining a state space model based on the characteristic admittance matrix and the linking matrix. A simulation is performed using the state space model to determine a physical characteristic, where the transmission line system is built or modified based on the simulation-determined physical characteristic.

Systems and methods are provided for constructing a physical transmission line system. Characteristic data associated with a transmission line system is received. A model of the transmission line system is built based on the characteristic data. Building a model of the transmission line system includes determining a characteristic admittance matrix based on the characteristic data, determining a propagation function matrix based on the characteristic data, calculating a linking matrix based on the characteristic admittance matrix and the propagation function matrix, and determining a state space model based on the characteristic admittance matrix and the linking matrix. A simulation is performed using the state space model to determine a physical characteristic, where the transmission line system is built or modified based on the simulation-determined physical characteristic.