A laser beam apparatus can include a set of pulsed lasers (e.g. solid state fiber lasers), a controllable beam deflector, and an electric power supply and controller connected to the beam deflector. The laser pulses from the different pulsed lasers can be configured to hit the beam deflector at different angles and different times. The electric power supply and controller can be configured to control and synchronize the timing and angle at which the different lasers pulses hit the beam deflector with an adjustment of the deflection property of the beam deflector so that the laser pulses from different input directions propagate in the same direction after passing through the beam deflector. The laser pulses from the lasers can be combined together via this control and synchronization.

There is provided methods and apparatuses for transferring photonic cells or frames between a photonic switch and an electronic switch enabling a scalable data center cloud system with photonic functions transparently embedded into an electronic chassis. In various embodiments, photonic interface functions may be transparently embedded into existing switch chips (or switch cards) without changes in the line cards. The embedded photonic interface functions may provide the switch cards with the ability to interface with both existing line cards and photonic switches. In order to embed photonic interface functions without changes on the existing line cards, embodiments use two-tier buffering with a pause signalling or pause messaging scheme for managing the two-tier buffer memories.

A system for sending data in an optical network comprising a plurality of source nodes and destination nodes is disclosed. In one aspect, a source node generates, in a spectral band that is associated with it, a multi-carrier optical data signal obtained by modulation of a source signal at a source wavelength and sends it in the form of single-band data bursts that can be associated with distinct source wavelengths. A single-band data burst comprises, in addition to payload data symbols (PL), a sequence of learning symbols (TS) composed of a plurality of learning symbols. A control unit belonging to the control plane of the optical network determines, for at least one of the source nodes, instants of sending of the single-band data bursts and source wavelengths to be used for sending these single-band data bursts, as a function of a path time of the data bursts between the source node and one of the destination nodes associated with the source wavelength. The control unit also determines the size of the sequence of learning symbols (TS) of the single-band data bursts.

A data forwarding method and apparatus, a chip, and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium are disclosed. The method may include: determining, according to a data switching request, an interface to be switched off and a target interface to be switched to (S110), where the interface to be switched off and the target interface to be switched to send same data and include a same number of data ports; and controlling, according to timestamp jumping points of the data ports included in the interface to be switched off and the target interface to be switched to, data forwarded to an optical transport network to be switched from the interface to be switched off to the target interface to be switched to (S120).

In one example, a first Provider Edge (PE) node is configured to communicate with a second PE node through a packet-switched network and with a third PE node through the packet-switched network. The first PE node communicates with a fourth PE node via the second PE node. The fourth PE node is configured to communicate with the second PE node over a working path through a time-division multiplexing transport network. The first PE node exchanges, with the fourth PE node, protection information. Based on exchanging the protection information, the first PE node communicates with the fourth PE node via the third PE node. The fourth PE node is further configured to communicate with the third PE node over a protection path through the time-division multiplexing transport network.

A system for sending data in an optical network comprising a plurality of source nodes and destination nodes is disclosed. In one aspect, a source node generates, in a spectral band that is associated with it, a multi-carrier optical data signal obtained by modulation of a source signal at a source wavelength and sends it in the form of single-band data bursts that can be associated with distinct source wavelengths. A single-band data burst comprises, in addition to payload data symbols (PL), a sequence of learning symbols (TS) composed of a plurality of learning symbols. A control unit belonging to the control plane of the optical network determines, for at least one of the source nodes, instants of sending of the single-band data bursts and source wavelengths to be used for sending these single-band data bursts, as a function of a path time of the data bursts between the source node and one of the destination nodes associated with the source wavelength. The control unit also determines the size of the sequence of learning symbols (TS) of the single-band data bursts.

There is provided methods and apparatuses for transferring photonic cells or frames between a photonic switch and an electronic switch enabling a scalable data center cloud system with photonic functions transparently embedded into an electronic chassis. In various embodiments, photonic interface functions may be transparently embedded into existing switch chips (or switch cards) without changes in the line cards. The embedded photonic interface functions may provide the switch cards with the ability to interface with both existing line cards and photonic switches. In order to embed photonic interface functions without changes on the existing line cards, embodiments use two-tier buffering with a pause signalling or pause messaging scheme for managing the two-tier buffer memories.

The subject matter of the invention relates to a transmission method and system (100; 200) for improved unidirectional or bidirectional data transmission over a telecommunication network, a polarization attractor circuit (A1, A2; B1, B2), a computer program and a computer program product therefore.

A system for performing failover switches in an optical network, such as a time and wavelength division passive optical networks (TWDM PON) like NG-PON2, includes a backup optical line terminal (OLT) for backing up communications of a primary OLT. The backup OLT is configured to allocate small upstream time slots, referred to herein as de minimis time slots, to at least one optical network terminal (ONT) communicating with the primary OLT during normal operation. When a failure occurs that prevents communication between the ONT and the primary OLT, the ONT autonomously tunes to the upstream and downstream wavelength pairs of the backup OLT and begins to transmit data to the backup OLT in the de minimis time slot allocated to it. The presence of data in the de minimis time slot indicates the occurrence of a failover switch to the backup OLT, and the backup OLT then begins to allocate time slots to this ONT, which is normally serviced by the primary OLT according to its normal TDM algorithm.

A laser beam apparatus can include a set of pulsed lasers (e.g. solid state fiber lasers), a controllable beam deflector, and an electric power supply and controller connected to the beam deflector. The laser pulses from the different pulsed lasers can be configured to hit the beam deflector at different angles and different times. The electric power supply and controller can be configured to control and synchronize the timing and angle at which the different lasers pulses hit the beam deflector with an adjustment of the deflection property of the beam deflector so that the laser pulses from different input directions propagate in the same direction after passing through the beam deflector. The laser pulses from the lasers can be combined together via this control and synchronization.