Provided is a method for saving a standard format page. The method includes: generating a standard format page which includes a first filling entry, the first filling entry having a default filling value and being configured to be filled with a PLMN identity of a visited place; transmitting the standard format page to the first mobile terminal located at the visited place; receiving a first standard format page transmitted by the first mobile terminal, the first standard format page being a standard format page in which the first filling entry has been filled with the filling value; and identifying and saving the first standard format page. The present disclosure further provides a server for saving a standard format page.

A mobility management switching center is for communicating with user equipment of a communication system that supports LTE or 3G, the mobility management switching center including a receiver that receives a session management signal from the user equipment; and a transmitter that transmits, when the session management signal is received, a restriction signal for instructing not to transmit a new session management signal to the user equipment.

A mobility management switching center is for communicating with user equipment of a communication system that supports LTE or 3G, the mobility management switching center including a receiver that receives a session management signal from the user equipment; and a transmitter that transmits, when the session management signal is received, a restriction signal for instructing not to transmit a new session management signal to the user equipment.

Some demonstrative embodiments include devices, systems and/or methods to establish a connection to the Internet via a local gateway (L-GW) function for a LIPA or a SIPTO@LN. The establishment of the connection to the Internet may be performed, for example, by at least one of an E-RAB SETUP procedure, an INITIAL CONTEXT SETUP procedure, an INITIAL UE MESSAGE procedure or an UPLINK NAS TRANSPORT procedure.

Some demonstrative embodiments include devices, systems and/or methods to establish a connection to the Internet via a local gateway (L-GW) function for a LIPA or a SIPTO@LN. The establishment of the connection to the Internet may be performed, for example, by at least one of an E-RAB SETUP procedure, an INITIAL CONTEXT SETUP procedure, an INITIAL UE MESSAGE procedure or an UPLINK NAS TRANSPORT procedure.

A network apparatus includes: a receiver configured to receive, from a base station, information relating to a cell on which a predetermined user terminal camps or a base station; a storage configured to store the information; and a controller configured to decide, based on the information, a base station to which a paging message is transmitted.

A network apparatus includes: a receiver configured to receive, from a base station, information relating to a cell on which a predetermined user terminal camps or a base station; a storage configured to store the information; and a controller configured to decide, based on the information, a base station to which a paging message is transmitted.

Systems described herein provide techniques for establishing and modifying user plane communications sessions between Long-Term Evolution (“LTE”) User Equipment (“UE”) devices, connected to LTE base stations, and a Fifth Generation (“5G”) core network. An LTE-5G Interworking function (“LTE-5G IWF”) may logically generate a virtual 5G UE and/or 5G base station, map a LTE UE to the virtual 5G UE, and cause the establishment of a Protocol Data Unit (“PDU”) Session, at the 5G core network, with the virtual 5G UE. The LTE-5G IWF may provide PDU Session information to the LTE UE and base station to facilitate the establishment of user plane communications (e.g., via a tunnel) between the LTE UE and the 5G core network. The LTE-5G IWF may also receive modification parameters, such as Quality of Service (“QoS”) parameters, and provide instructions to the 5G core and/or to the LTE UE to handle traffic according to such parameters.

There is a method and system of removing duplicate Visitor Location Register (VLR) records, and updating the VLR's Global Title Address (GTA) in their Home Location Register (HLR) to avoid duplicate VLR impact to customer service, which may result in missed inbound calls and delayed inbound SMS. Duplicate VLR GTA means that one subscriber has more than one VLR record in different Mobile Switching Stations (MSS) or Mobile Switching Centers (MSC). The valid VLR is identified by comparing the “last active timestamp” of the same subscriber identity (IMSI, or MSISDN, or MDN) of VLR records obtained from each MSS/MSC. The VLR that has the most recent “last active timestamp” is used to identify the active/valid VLR which serves the subscriber. Afterwards the non-active VLR records will be deleted, and the VLR's GTA in HLR will be updated as needed.

There is a method and system of removing duplicate Visitor Location Register (VLR) records, and updating the VLR's Global Title Address (GTA) in their Home Location Register (HLR) to avoid duplicate VLR impact to customer service, which may result in missed inbound calls and delayed inbound SMS. Duplicate VLR GTA means that one subscriber has more than one VLR record in different Mobile Switching Stations (MSS) or Mobile Switching Centers (MSC). The valid VLR is identified by comparing the “last active timestamp” of the same subscriber identity (IMSI, or MSISDN, or MDN) of VLR records obtained from each MSS/MSC. The VLR that has the most recent “last active timestamp” is used to identify the active/valid VLR which serves the subscriber. Afterwards the non-active VLR records will be deleted, and the VLR's GTA in HLR will be updated as needed.