The invention relates to a heating system (200) for heating of a fluid. The heating system comprises a supply connection (201) in fluid communication with a supply of fluid to be heated. It further comprises a structured body (108) arranged for heating of the fluid during use of the heating system. The structured body comprises a macroscopic structure (21) of electrically conductive material, the macroscopic structure comprising at least one channel (22) through which the fluid can flow. The heating system further comprises at least two conductors (103,114) configured to electrically connect the structured body to at least one electrical power supply. The at least two conductors are electrically connected to the structured body at a first end (204) and at a second end (205), respectively, of a conductive path within the structured body. The structured body is configured to direct an electrical current to run along the conductive path from the first end to the second end thereof. The electrical power supply is configured to heat at least part of said structured body to a temperature of below 400° C. by passing an electrical current through said structured body during use of the heating system.

An electric integrated circuit water heater apparatus includes: a cold water inlet for allowing input of cold water into a storage tank with heating elements comprised of integrated circuits configured to exchange heat from the heating elements to the water in the storage tank through a heat exchanger, in which heat produced by running the integrated circuits is recovered into the heat exchanger, thereby heating the stored water by using heat from the integrated circuits. A hot water outlet is provided in the upper portion of storage tank such that the water will have passed all of the heating elements prior to exiting the hot water outlet.

An electric integrated circuit water heater apparatus includes: a cold water inlet for allowing input of cold water into a storage tank with heating elements comprised of integrated circuits configured to exchange heat from the heating elements to the water in the storage tank through a heat exchanger, in which heat produced by running the integrated circuits is recovered into the heat exchanger, thereby heating the stored water by using heat from the integrated circuits. A hot water outlet is provided in the upper portion of storage tank such that the water will have passed all of the heating elements prior to exiting the hot water outlet.

A heating element comprises a main body having a three-dimensional matrix with an open structure including openings and internal voids, cavities and/or pores extending throughout the main body. The three-dimensional matrix is provided as a lattice having a repeating unit cell extending in three directions. The present heating element is adapted for maximised surface area so as to provide an effective and efficient thermal energy transfer medium.

The invention relates to a heating device (3) for a storage container with a urea reducing agent, comprising at least one electrically operatable heating element (6) and a heat distribution element (7) which is thermally coupled to the heating element (6), wherein the heating element (6) has a first heating sub-element (40) which has at least one positive temperature coefficient thermistor (5), and the first heating sub-element (40) is connected to a second heating sub-element (42, 52, 62) which is designed to reduce the dependence of the heat output of the heating device (3) on an electric voltage applied to the heating element (6) in the event of an electric voltage with large values, in particular above 13 volt, so that the heat output dispensed to the thermal conducting element and the surrounding components with plastic encapsulation is not too high.

The invention relates to a heating device (3) for a storage container with a urea reducing agent, comprising at least one electrically operatable heating element (6) and a heat distribution element (7) which is thermally coupled to the heating element (6), wherein the heating element (6) has a first heating sub-element (40) which has at least one positive temperature coefficient thermistor (5), and the first heating sub-element (40) is connected to a second heating sub-element (42, 52, 62) which is designed to reduce the dependence of the heat output of the heating device (3) on an electric voltage applied to the heating element (6) in the event of an electric voltage with large values, in particular above 13 volt, so that the heat output dispensed to the thermal conducting element and the surrounding components with plastic encapsulation is not too high.

A flow heater for vehicles is described. The flow heater has a housing, which has an inlet and an outlet. A flow channel for fluid to be heated is disposed in the housing and leads from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet. A heating plate forms a wall of a heated section of the flow channel and carries an electric heating resistor. A calorimetric flow sensor is provided for measuring a fluid flow in the flow channel.

A printed circuit board includes a conducting path shaped via a subtractive method and a heating line. The heating line is formed by the conducting path and designed to have a predetermined heating power for a heating fluid. The printed circuit board further includes a heat dispersion layer designed for transferring heat to the fluid. A heater includes such a printed circuit board.

A modular manifold for a tankless water heater includes a first cavity member having a first opening, a second opening, and a base wall; a second cavity member coupled to the first cavity member, the second cavity member having a first opening, a second opening, and a base wall; a first cover plate coupled to either the first cavity member or the second cavity member; and a second cover plate coupled to either the first cavity member or the second cavity member, wherein two openings in the first and second openings are covered by the first and second cover plates, respectively, and wherein the base walls of the first and second cavity members, the first and second cover plates, and the two openings in the first and second openings not covered by the first and second cover plates define a fluid flow path in the modular manifold.

A modular manifold for a tankless water heater includes a first cavity member having a first opening, a second opening, and a base wall; a second cavity member coupled to the first cavity member, the second cavity member having a first opening, a second opening, and a base wall; a first cover plate coupled to either the first cavity member or the second cavity member; and a second cover plate coupled to either the first cavity member or the second cavity member, wherein two openings in the first and second openings are covered by the first and second cover plates, respectively, and wherein the base walls of the first and second cavity members, the first and second cover plates, and the two openings in the first and second openings not covered by the first and second cover plates define a fluid flow path in the modular manifold.