A system and a method for determining/predicting a tapping time for a metal melt in an electric arc furnace (EAF), at least one electrode is provided for melting the metal melt until it reach a target tapping temperature, the EAF further includes a slag and smoke layer on the surface of the metal melt, wherein an electromagnetic stirrer is provided for stirring the metal melt.

A system and a method for determining/predicting a tapping time for a metal melt in an electric arc furnace (EAF), at least one electrode is provided for melting the metal melt until it reach a target tapping temperature, the EAF further includes a slag and smoke layer on the surface of the metal melt, wherein an electromagnetic stirrer is provided for stirring the metal melt.

The disclosure relates to apparatuses melting batch materials, the apparatuses comprising a vessel; an electrode assembly comprising an electrode and at least one detection component coupled to the electrode; and at least one device configured to measure an electrical or optical property of the electrode assembly. Also disclosed herein are electrode assemblies for the optical or electrical detection of electrode length, and apparatuses comprising such electrode assemblies.

The disclosure relates to apparatuses melting batch materials, the apparatuses comprising a vessel; an electrode assembly comprising an electrode and at least one detection component coupled to the electrode; and at least one device configured to measure an electrical or optical property of the electrode assembly. Also disclosed herein are electrode assemblies for the optical or electrical detection of electrode length, and apparatuses comprising such electrode assemblies.

The present invention discloses a plasma-containing modular arc generator, comprising: a shell; an energy storage device; a charging circuit module and a boosting circuit module arranged on both sides of the energy storage device; a charging input end, a switch button and an output end arranged on the shell; a high-voltage converting module connected to one side of the boosting circuit module; a USB output port arranged on the output end; and a high-voltage ionizing ignition module connected to one end of the high-voltage converting module, wherein the energy storage device comprises an energy storage module of a polymer battery, an input end and an input converting circuit of a solar panel; and the boosting circuit lnodule mainly comprises a control chip, an MOS transistor and a flying back transformer. The arc generator designed in the present invention not only has low cost and energy-conservation and environment-protection, but also is suitable for scale production.

The present invention discloses a plasma-containing modular arc generator, comprising: a shell; an energy storage device; a charging circuit module and a boosting circuit module arranged on both sides of the energy storage device; a charging input end, a switch button and an output end arranged on the shell; a high-voltage converting module connected to one side of the boosting circuit module; a USB output port arranged on the output end; and a high-voltage ionizing ignition module connected to one end of the high-voltage converting module, wherein the energy storage device comprises an energy storage module of a polymer battery, an input end and an input converting circuit of a solar panel; and the boosting circuit lnodule mainly comprises a control chip, an MOS transistor and a flying back transformer. The arc generator designed in the present invention not only has low cost and energy-conservation and environment-protection, but also is suitable for scale production.

Modular smoking devices that vaporize certain materials, such as tobacco or cannabis are disclosed. The technology provides for intelligent ignition, combustion, or vaporization of given material at the appropriate temperatures that prevent generation of harmful and unwanted byproducts. According to one embodiment, the modular smoking device comprises a self-contained combustion chamber to hold the material, a combustion mechanism integrated with the self-contained combustion chamber, and an energy source, such as a rechargeable battery, to power the combustion mechanism. The combustion mechanism is configured to provide targeted combustion of the material, where the active ingredients generated upon the combustion are consumed by inhaling a smoke or vapor resulting from the combustion or vaporization. The self-contained combustion chamber includes a lighterless combustion mechanism such as a piezoelectric lighter or a lighter sold under TESLA COIL LIGHTERS® that is designed to arc an electric discharge through the material in the self-contained combustion chamber.

Modular smoking devices that vaporize certain materials, such as tobacco or cannabis are disclosed. The technology provides for intelligent ignition, combustion, or vaporization of given material at the appropriate temperatures that prevent generation of harmful and unwanted byproducts. According to one embodiment, the modular smoking device comprises a self-contained combustion chamber to hold the material, a combustion mechanism integrated with the self-contained combustion chamber, and an energy source, such as a rechargeable battery, to power the combustion mechanism. The combustion mechanism is configured to provide targeted combustion of the material, where the active ingredients generated upon the combustion are consumed by inhaling a smoke or vapor resulting from the combustion or vaporization. The self-contained combustion chamber includes a lighterless combustion mechanism such as a piezoelectric lighter or a lighter sold under TESLA COIL LIGHTERS® that is designed to arc an electric discharge through the material in the self-contained combustion chamber.

Rapid plasma nitriding is achieved by harnessing the power and increased density of plasma discharges created by hollow cathodes. When opposing surfaces are maintained at the proper voltage, sub atmospheric pressure, and spacing, a phenomenon known as the hollow cathode effect creates additional hot oscillating electrons capable of multiple ionization events thereby increasing the number of ions and electrons per unit volume (plasma density). The present invention describes the harnessing of this phenomenon to rapidly plasma nitride metal surfaces and optionally rapidly deposit functional coatings in a continuous operation for duplex coatings.

Rapid plasma nitriding is achieved by harnessing the power and increased density of plasma discharges created by hollow cathodes. When opposing surfaces are maintained at the proper voltage, sub atmospheric pressure, and spacing, a phenomenon known as the hollow cathode effect creates additional hot oscillating electrons capable of multiple ionization events thereby increasing the number of ions and electrons per unit volume (plasma density). The present invention describes the harnessing of this phenomenon to rapidly plasma nitride metal surfaces and optionally rapidly deposit functional coatings in a continuous operation for duplex coatings.