A nano-twinned copper layer is disclosed, wherein over 50% of a volume of the nano-twinned copper layer comprises a plurality of columnar crystal grains, the plurality of columnar crystal grains connect to each other, at least 70% of the plurality of columnar crystal grains are formed by a plurality of nano-twins stacking in an orientation of a [111] crystal axis, and an angle included between two adjacent columnar crystal grains is greater 20° and less than or equal to 60°. In addition, a method for manufacturing the nano-twinned copper layer and a substrate comprising the same are also disclosed.

A circuit board pad resonance control system includes a board. A signal transmission line is included on the board. A plurality of connector pads are positioned on the board. A first connector pad receives the signal transmission line adjacent a first end of that connector pad. The first connector pad includes a mounting surface that mounts directly to a coupling element that is configured to couple a subsystem to the board, and reduces a resonance that is produced by an open portion of a signal transmission path that is created when the coupling element is directly mounted to the mounting surface of the first connector pad in a first orientation. In a specific example, the mounting surface may include a plurality of protrusions, a plated surface, and/or a mask that reduces the conductivity of the connector pad which reduces signal integrity issues due to resonance.

Provided is an apparatus for electro-forming. The apparatus for electro-forming includes a plating bath which is a space where a substrate is plated and a clamp disposed within the plating bath and configured to grasp the substrate disposed in a horizontal direction. The apparatus for electro-forming further includes an assembly including an anode spaced above the substrate and connected to an external power supply and a plating solution supply unit spaced above the substrate and configured to supply a plating solution. The apparatus for electro-forming also includes a driving unit configured to reciprocate the assembly in a horizontal direction at a distance from the substrate. The assembly further includes an insulator between the anode and the plating solution supply unit.

An ultrasound-on-a-chip device has an ultrasonic transducer substrate with plurality of transducer cells, and an electrical substrate. For each transducer cell, one or more conductive bond connections are disposed between the ultrasonic transducer substrate and the electrical substrate. Examples of electrical substrates include CMOS chips, integrated circuits including analog circuits, interposers and printed circuit boards.

An ultrasound-on-a-chip device has an ultrasonic transducer substrate with plurality of transducer cells, and an electrical substrate. For each transducer cell, one or more conductive bond connections are disposed between the ultrasonic transducer substrate and the electrical substrate. Examples of electrical substrates include CMOS chips, integrated circuits including analog circuits, interposers and printed circuit boards.

An ultrasound-on-a-chip device has an ultrasonic transducer substrate with plurality of transducer cells, and an electrical substrate. For each transducer cell, one or more conductive bond connections are disposed between the ultrasonic transducer substrate and the electrical substrate. Examples of electrical substrates include CMOS chips, integrated circuits including analog circuits, interposers and printed circuit boards.

A circuit board pad resonance control system includes a board. A signal transmission line is included on the board. A plurality of connector pads are positioned on the board. A first connector pad receives the signal transmission line adjacent a first end of that connector pad. The first connector pad includes a mounting surface that mounts directly to a coupling element that is configured to couple a subsystem to the board, and reduces a resonance that is produced by an open portion of a signal transmission path that is created when the coupling element is directly mounted to the mounting surface of the first connector pad in a first orientation. In a specific example, the mounting surface may include a plurality of protrusions, a plated surface, and/or a mask that reduces the conductivity of the connector pad which reduces signal integrity issues due to resonance.

A carrier-attached copper foil having good circuit formability is provided. The carrier-attached copper foil has a carrier, an intermediate layer and an ultra-thin copper layer in this order, the average grain size of crystal grains that form the ultra-thin copper layer is 1.05 to 6.5 m, and a ten point average roughness Rz of a surface on a side of the ultra-thin copper layer is 0.1 to 2.0 m.

There is provided a roughened copper foil which can significantly improve adhesion to an insulating resin and reliability (e.g., hygroscopic heat resistance). The roughened copper foil of the present invention has at least one roughened surface having fine irregularities composed of acicular crystals, wherein the entire surface of the acicular crystals is composed of a mixed phase of Cu metal and Cu.sub.2O.

The present invention provides a surface-treated copper foil capable of imparting the profile shape of the substrate surface after removal of the copper foil, the profile shape maintaining fine wiring formability and achieving satisfactory adhesion of electroless copper plating coating. The present invention also provides a resin substrate provided with a profile shape of the surface maintaining fine wiring formability and achieving satisfactory adhesion of electroless copper plating coating. The surface-treated copper foil of the present invention is a surface-treated copper foil, wherein a surface-treated layer is formed on a copper foil, and the proportion of the area corresponding to the particles of the surface of the surface-treated layer is 0.1 to 0.85.