THERMAL BREAK WOOD STUD WITH RIGID INSULATION WITH NON-METAL FASTENERS AND WALL FRAMING SYSTEM

Abstract

A thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud is comprised of two non-dimensional lumber sections with a thermal break section of rigid foam insulation therebetween. A non-metallic truss arrangement of mechanical fasteners holds the lumber and insulation sections secured together greatly improving the strength of the thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud. The studs in a wall are 24″ on center. The studs are used for headers and sills and also may be used for top and bottom plates. The corners have an exterior all wood stud, an interior all wood stud and an interior all wood stud adjacent to the interior wood stud completing the interior corner for nailing gypsum board thereto. This corner has a thermal break space between the exterior and interior wood studs for insulation placement. The corners may also have two 3×6 thermal studs oriented 90 degrees from each other and an interior all wood stud for completing the interior corner for nailing gypsum board thereto. This corner arrangement also has a thermal break through its construction.

Claims

1. A 3×6 inch non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud, the 3×6 thermal stud comprising: a.) two non-dimensional lumber 3×2 inch sections each having dimensions which range from 1-1½ inches (depth) by 2-3½ inches (width) with a thermal break section of rigid foam insulation positioned therebetween whose dimensions range from 2-3½ inches (depth) by 2-3½ inches (width); (b.) non-metallic mechanical fasteners securing the lumber sections and the thermal break insulation section together; and (c.) wherein the 3×6 thermal stud is configured for placement in a wall to be at least one of (i) top and bottom plates, (ii) vertical wall studs secured between the plates, and (iii) headers, sills and cripples of a framing system for residential and light commercial buildings.

2. The 3×6 inch non-metallic dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 1, wherein the non-mechanical fasteners comprise glued-in wood dowels.

3. The 3×6 inch non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 2, wherein the wood dowels are angled from vertical length of the stud in alternating fashion between 20° and 50°.

4. The 3×6 inch non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 2, wherein the wood dowels are angled from vertical width of the stud in alternating fashion between 0° and 10°.

5. The 3×6 inch non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 2, wherein the wood dowels are ½″ to 1½″ in diameter.

6. The 3×6 inch non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 2, wherein the wood dowels have a roughened outer surface.

7. A 3×4 inch non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud, comprising: (a.) two non-dimensional lumber 3×1 inch sections each having dimensions which range from 1-1½ inches (depth) by 2-3½ inches (width) and a middle rigid foam insulation section whose dimensions range from ½-1½ inches (depth) by 2-3½ inches (width). (b.) non-metallic mechanical fasteners securing the lumber sections and the thermal break insulation section together; and (c.) wherein the 3×4 thermal stud is configured for placement in a wall to be at least one of (i) top and bottom plates, (ii) vertical wall studs secured between the plates, and (iii) headers, sills and cripples of a framing system for residential and light commercial buildings.

8. The 3×4 inch non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 1, wherein the non-metallic mechanical fasteners comprise glued-in wood dowels.

9. The 3×4 inch non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 2, wherein the wood dowels are angled from vertical length of the stud in alternating fashion between 20° and 50°.

10. The 3×4 inch non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 2, wherein the wood dowels are angled from vertical width of the stud in alternating fashion between 0° and 10°.

11. The 3×4 inch non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 2, wherein the wood dowels are ½″ to 1½″ in diameter.

12. A non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud for floor members, roof members and wall studs, the thermal break stud comprising: b.) two non-dimensional lumber inch sections each having dimensions which range from 1½-2½ inches (depth) by 2½-3½ inches (width) with a thermal break section of rigid foam insulation positioned therebetween whose dimensions range from 3-9 inches (depth) by 2½-3½ inches (width); (b.) non-metallic mechanical fasteners securing the lumber sections and the thermal break insulation section together; and (c.) wherein the thermal break stud is configured for placement to be at least one of (i) floor members, (ii) vertical wall studs, and (iii) roof members of a framing system for residential and light commercial buildings.

13. The non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 12, wherein the non-metallic mechanical fasteners comprise glued-in wood dowels.

14. The non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 13, wherein the wood dowels are angled from vertical length of the stud in alternating fashion between 20° and 50°.

15. The non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 13, wherein the wood dowels are angled from vertical width of the stud in alternating fashion between 0° and 10°.

16. The non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 13, wherein the wood dowels are ½″ to 1½″ in diameter.

17. A non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud for floor members, roof members and wall studs, the thermal break stud comprising: c.) two non-dimensional lumber inch sections with a thermal break section of rigid foam insulation positioned therebetween; (b.) non-metallic mechanical fasteners comprising glued-in wood dowels securing the lumber sections and the thermal break insulation section together; and (c.) wherein the thermal break stud is configured for placement to be at least one of (i) top and bottom plates, (ii) vertical wall studs secured between the plates, and (iii) headers, sills and cripples (iv) floor members, (v) vertical wall studs, and (vi) roof members of a framing system for residential and light commercial buildings.

18. The non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 17, wherein the wood dowels are angled from vertical length of the stud in alternating fashion between 20° and 50°.

19. The non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 17, wherein the wood dowels are angled from vertical width of the stud in alternating fashion between 0° and 10°.

20. The non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 17, wherein the wood dowels are ½″ to 1½″ in diameter.

21. The non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 17, wherein the two non-dimensional lumber sections are 3×2 inch each having dimensions which range from 1-1½ inches (depth) by 2-3½ inches (width) with the thermal break section of rigid foam insulation positioned therebetween whose dimensions range from 2-3½ inches (depth) by 2-3½ inches (width).

22. The non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 17, wherein the two non-dimensional lumber sections are 3×1 inch each having dimensions which range from 1-1½ inches (depth) by 2-3½ inches (width) and a middle rigid foam insulation section whose dimensions range from ½-1½ inches (depth) by 2-3½ inches (width).

23. The non-dimensional thermal break wood and rigid insulation stud of claim 17, wherein the two non-dimensional lumber sections each having dimensions which range from 1-2½ inches (depth) by 2½-3½ inches (width) and a middle rigid foam insulation section whose dimensions range from 3-9 inches (depth) by 2½-3½ inches (width).

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0034] FIG. 1 is a prior art top plan view of a wall and corner segment of conventional or standard construction showing R values through various portions of the walls;

[0035] FIG. 2 is a prior art plan view of a standard 960 square feet building;

[0036] FIG. 3 is a prior art standard rear wall elevational view of the building of FIG. 2;

[0037] FIG. 4 is a prior art standard front wall elevational view of the building of FIG. 2;

[0038] FIG. 5 is a prior art standard left side elevational view of the building of FIG. 2, the right side being a mirror image of the left side;

[0039] FIG. 6 is a top plan view of a wall and corner segment of the present invention;

[0040] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a standard dimensional 2×6 stud along side of the 3×6 thermal stud (hereinafter “Tstud”) of the present invention;

[0041] FIG. 8 is a dimensional view of the 3×6 Tstud of the present invention;

[0042] FIG. 9 is perspective view of a wall and corner segment construction of the present invention as shown in plan drawing of FIG. 6;

[0043] FIG. 9A is perspective view of a wall and corner segment construction of the present invention as shown in FIG. 9 with illustrative insulation wrapping through the thermal break area;

[0044] FIG. 10 is another perspective view of the wall and corner segment construction of the present invention as shown in plan drawing of FIG. 6 and FIG. 9;

[0045] FIG. 11 is another perspective view of the wall and corner segment construction of the present invention as shown in plan drawing of FIG. 6 and FIGS. 9 and 10;

[0046] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the wall and corner segment construction of the present invention as shown in plan drawing of FIG. 6 using the Tstud as top and bottom plates forming a complete thermal break between the inside and outside wall and corner surfaces;

[0047] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a standard dimensional 2×4 stud alongside of a 3×4 Tstud of the present invention;

[0048] FIG. 14 is a dimensional view of the 3×4 Tstud of the present invention;

[0049] FIG. 15 is a top plan view of a second embodiment of the Tstud corner which is an inverted wall and corner segment of the present invention;

[0050] FIG. 15A is a top plan view of a third embodiment of a Tstud corner segment of the present invention;

[0051] FIG. 15B is a top plan view of a fourth embodiment of a Tstud corner segment of the present invention;

[0052] FIG. 16 is a plan view of a 960 square feet building constructed out of the Tstud design and framing system of the present invention;

[0053] FIG. 17 is a rear wall elevational view of the building in FIG. 16 using the Tstud design and system;

[0054] FIG. 18 is a left side elevational view of the building in FIG. 16 using the Tstud design and system, the right side being a mirror image thereof; and

[0055] FIG. 19 is a front wall elevational view of the building in FIG. 16 using the Tsud design and system;

[0056] FIG. 20 is a side elevational view of the Tstud broken away showing mechanical fasteners of wood dowels positioned at an angle between the non-dimensional lumber and through the rigid foam;

[0057] FIG. 21 is an end view of the Tstud showing the mechanical fasteners of wood dowels positioned in a second angle between the non-dimensional lumber and through the rigid foam:

[0058] FIG. 22 is an elevational view of the wood dowel mechanical fastener showing exterior grooves which hold an adhesive before the dowel is inserted into the Tstud:

[0059] FIG. 23 is an end view of the wood dowel mechanical fastener;

[0060] FIG. 24 is a perspective view of the Tstud with the set rigid foam covering the side faces of the Tstud; and

[0061] FIG. 25 is a perspective end view of a larger sized Tstud which may be used for wall studs, roof members and floor members.

DETAILED SPECIFICATION

[0062] Referring to FIGS. 6 through 11, the thermals break Tstud design and wall system 60 of the present invention may be viewed, understood and compared with the standard stud wall system of FIGS. 1 through 5.

[0063] Sectionally from the outside to inside of the Tstud wall building is firstly siding 62 on the outside of the building 60. Next there is OSB plywood sheathing 66 which is nailed to the thermals break 3×6 Tstud 72 which has more nailing and/or gluing surface area than a dimensional 2×6 stud 22. That is, the Tstud 72 nailing surface is 3″ compared to 2″ of the standard 2×6 stud 22 which makes the carpenter's job of putting up the sheathing 66 more easy with correct nail locations. Next follows fiberglass batt insulation 68. In some cases, blown-in or sprayed-in insulation may be used. Illustratively, the R value efficiency calculations for the fiberglass batt insulation are based on Owens Corning (Toledo, Ohio) fiberglass insulation. Other fiberglass insulation manufacturers may have higher or lower R values.

[0064] The 3×6 Tstud 72 construction includes a 3×2 all wood sections 74 which may be specially made or ripped from a 2×6 stud 22. Dimensions of this all wood section 74 may range from 1″-1½″ (depth)×2″-3½″ (width) and ideally are 1¼″×2½″. A middle or sandwiched rigid foam insulation section 76 may range from 2″-3½″ (depth)×2″-3½″ and ideally are 2½″×2½″ (width).

[0065] Wood is defined as any wood or lumber product and any wood derivative composite product. Whereby the definition of “wood derivative” is defined as a “New product that results from modifying an existing product, and which has different properties than those of the product it is derived from.” Lumber, timber, wood, or wood derivative, includes any and all structural composite lumber products, such as laminated strand lumber, LSL, as it is commonly coined when ordering these products. This would include structural composite lumber (SCL), which includes laminated veneer lumber (LVL), parallel strand lumber (PSL), laminated strand lumber (LSL) and oriented strand lumber (OSL). Nanocellulose materials, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), would be included in this group. These composite lumbers are of a family of engineered wood products created by layering dried and graded wood veneers, strands or flakes with moisture resistant adhesive into blocks of material known as billets, which are subsequently re-sawn into specified sizes. In SCL billets, the grain of each layer of veneer or flakes runs primarily in the same direction. The resulting products out-perform conventional lumber when either face- or edge-loaded. SCL is a solid, highly predictable, and uniform engineered wood product that is sawn to consistent sizes and is virtually free from warping and splitting.

[0066] The foam section 76 may be of injected expanded polyurethane, polystyrene or polyisocyanurate. The foam 76 may suitably made by mixing an isocyanate, such as methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) with a polyol blend, or other suitable rigid foam sheet or there equivalent. In fact, it is to be anticipated that rigid foams of yet even high R values are on the market now with more being created that are and will be suitable for use with the present invention. Polyurethane insulation has the highest thermal resistance (R-values) at a given thickness and lowest thermal conductivity.

[0067] Fire ratings of the Tstud 72 is a Class A or Class B with a R value of the unaged foam member 76 is anywhere from a 5 to as high as 8.5 and an aged R Value of approximately 20% less after the gases have vented from the foam 76.

[0068] A second all wood 3×2 section 78 is similar to the first wood section 74.

[0069] The foam may be glued to the wood sections 74 and 78. The Tstud 72 may also be nailed together with a 5½″ nail 79 or screw or other mechanical fastener as described below in FIGS. 20-25. The R value of the Tstud alone may range from 15.62-18.74 depending on rigid insulation type.

[0070] After the insulation 68 is placed in the wall system 60, gypsum board, drywall or sheet rock 82 is nailed or screwed to the 3″ faces of the Tstuds 72 finishing the inside of the building wall 60 except for paint or wall treatments.

[0071] The Tstud corner 84 has an outer all wood 2×4 stud 86 and an inner all wood 2×4 stud 88 rotated 90 degrees from each other. An inside all wood 2×2 stud 90 is adjacent the inner stud 88 to complete the formation of the inside corner for nailing the gypsum board 82 thereto. By this arrangement, a thermal break 92 is formed in the Tstud corner 84 where fiberglass batt insulation 68 may be placed or spray-in insulation may be blown into the thermal break area 92. As shown in FIGS. 9 through 11, the thermal break wall system 60 is built in between 2×6 top and bottom plates 98 and 100 with vertical Tstuds 72 being nailed through these plates 98 and 100, 24″ on center.

[0072] As seen in FIGS. 9 through 11, the 3×6 Tstuds 72 have good integral strength and they may be used as headers 94 and sills 96 without the need for cripple studs 34 used in standard construction 10 shown in FIGS. 1 through 5 and described above. More specifically, a single Tstud 72 may be used as a header for up to 4′ 3″ spans and two (or three) Tstuds 72 may be used for headers up to 8′ 6″ in width with only back nailing through the Tstuds.

[0073] FIG. 12 illustrates that the Tstuds 72 may also be used as top and bottom plates 102 and 104 thus completing the thermal break envelope for the entire building 60.

[0074] From the plan view (FIG. 6) the Tstud design and thermal break wall system 60 has greatly improved R values that are: through the 2×6 Tstuds 72 of 18.53; through the header 94 of 18.53; average through the pocket corner 84 of 24.52; and through the insulated wall portion of 25.28. A comparison with the standard building 10 and the Tstud building 60 are in the following Table 1:

R Values

[0075]

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Standard Thermal Wooden Break Wall Through Building Through System 2 × 6 Wall Stud 9.16 3 × 6 T Stud 18.53 2 × 6 Header 15.285 T Stud Header 18.53 Corner Average 11.63 T Stud Corner Average 24.52 Insulated Wall 21.28 Insulated Wall 25.28 Top/Bottom Plates 9.16 Top/Bottom Plates 18.53

[0076] A comparison of labor cost savings with the standard building 10 and the Tstud building 60 are in the following Table 2:

Construction Cost Estimator

[0077]

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Number Labor Spacing of Studs BF Costs Standard 16″ on center 109 7.95 $0.42 $363.95 Thermal Break Stud 63 7.95 $0.42 $210.36 24″ on center Difference savings $153.59 in labor Lineal Labor Feet BF Costs Standard Double 256 0.6875 $0.69 $121.44 top plate Thermal Break Stud 128 0.6875 $0.69  $60.72 Single top plate Difference saving  $60.72 in labor Preferred method $214.31 Labor of framing a savings Tstud Energy Wall Labor Costs per Board Foot (BF) of Lumber, Exterior Wall Model House 960 square feet and 128 lineal feet around perimeter, 8 foot tall wall According to RS Means Construction Data 2009 Labor costs at $30 per hour

[0078] Referring to FIGS. 13 and 14, a 3×4 thermal break Tstud 110 may be viewed as compared to a 2×4 stud 86 or 88. This 3×4 Tstud construction has applicability in southern geographic regions where 2×6 construction is not required by building codes.

[0079] The 3×4 Tstud 110 construction includes a 3×1 all wood section 112 which may be specially made. Dimensions of this all wood section 112 may range from 1″-1½″ (depth)×2″-3½″ (width) and ideally 1¼″×2½″. A middle or sandwiched rigid foam insulation section 114 may range from ½″-1½″ (depth)×2″-3½″ (width) and ideally 1″×2½″. The foam section 114 may be of expanded polystyrene or polyisocyanurate. A second 3×1 section 116 is similar to the first wood section 112. The foam may be glued to the wood sections 112 and 114 and may also be nailed together with a 4″ nail 79, screw or other mechanical fastener as described below in FIGS. 20-25. The R value of the Tstud may range from 6.25-10, depending on the insulation type, versus the R value of a 2×4 of 4.375.

[0080] FIG. 15 shows a second embodiment of an inverted thermal break Tstud corner 120 wherein the corner juts into the interior of the building. The corner 120 is comprised of two outer 2×4 studs 122, 124 at a right angle to each other and an inner 2×4 stud 126 completing the interior corner for nailing gypsum board 82 thereto. A thermal break 73 is between the outer or exterior studs 122, 124 and inner or interior stud 126 for stuffing fiberglass batt insulation 68 therein. The average R value for this Tstud corner 120 is the same as for Tstud corner 84 shown in FIG. 6 and described above.

[0081] Referring to FIG. 15A, a third embodiment of a Tstud corner 130 may be seen. The corner 120 has an outer 3×6 Tstud 132 which is the same as Tstud 72. An adjacent through-the-wall 3×6 Tstud 134 is 90 degrees from and touching outer 3×6 Tstud 132. An inner 2×4 wood stud 136 completes the inside corner for nailing gypsum board 82 thereto. The thermal break 138 is through space between the outer Tstud 132 and inner 2×4 wood stud 136 with batt insulation 68 therein and further through the rigid foam insulation 76 of the through-the-wall Tstud 134. The R value for this Tstud corner 130 is R=24.52.

[0082] Referring to FIG. 15B, a fourth embodiment of a Tstud corner 131 may be seen. The corner 131 has an outer 3×6 Tstud 133 which is the same as Tstud 72. An adjacent through-the-wall 3×6 Tstud 135 is 90 degrees from and touching outer 3×6 Tstud 133. As currently required by California, a drywall clip 137 is secured to the through the wall Tstud 135 for supporting gypsum board 82. The R value for the Tstud corner 131 is 26.92.

[0083] Referring to FIGS. 16 through 19, a 960 square feet Tstud design and framed building 60, 140 may be seen and is directly comparable to the standard 960 square feet building 10 of FIGS. 1 through 5 as described above. The Tstud building 140 has a window back wall 142 with window 143, a door front wall 143 with a door 145 and mirror image side walls 146. The vertical Tstuds 72 are 24″ on center. This Tstud construction uses 63 vertical studs.

[0084] Cripple studs 34 may be used along windows 143, doors 145 and headers 94. This Tstud building 140 saves 32 vertical studs over the standard building 10 because the Tstuds are 24″ on center and efficiency is increased with more space for insulation 18. When Tstuds 72 are used for top and bottom plates 102, 104, the Tstud building 140 also has a complete thermal break around its perimeter without the need for expensive rigid foam being nailed to the outer perimeter of the building 140.

[0085] Referring to FIGS. 20 through 24, another embodiment of the Tstud 172 may be appreciated. Tstud 172 is dimensionally the same as Tstud 72 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 or Tstud 110 shown in FIGS. 13 and 14. Tstud 172 has a non-dimensional first wood section 174, a middle foam section 176 and a second non-dimensional wood section 178. Wood sections 174 and 178 may be held in the desired spacial relationship suitably with a jig (not shown). By this assembly method, the finished Tstud 172 is perfectly straight to correct for warping, twisting and cupping thereby assuring less wood waste and a perfectly straight end product virtually every time. Angled holes H approximately one foot apart and ½-1½″ in diameter (ideally 11/16″ for 3×6 version and ½″ for the 3×4 version). Holes H are drilled or bored through wood sections 174 and 178 at a side face angle to vertical of range of 20°-50° and ideally 38° (FIG. 20). From an end view (FIG. 21), the holes H are canted in a range of 0°-10° and ideally 8°. Angled holes H are for receiving glued mechanical fasteners 179 described below.

[0086] Mechanical fasters 179 are suitably wood dowels 180 ideally 11/16″ to match holes H. For the 3×4 Tstud 110 the holes H are ideally ½″. The dowels are run through an abrader device to create a helical outer grooved surface 182 which aids in retaining glue 190 on the outer surface 182 of dowels 180. Next, wood glue is suitably then coated on the inside surfaces of the angled holes H. The dowels 180 are then pounded into and through holes H after which sawing, sanding or grinding will make the dowels 180 flush with the wood section 174 and 178.

[0087] Suitable wood glues might be polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate or penta-NA diethylenetriamine pentaacetate obtainable from Ashland of Columbus, Ohio under the trademark Isoset™.

[0088] By this new arrange of Tstud 172, improve strength shown below in Table 3:

Comparative Stud Strength

[0089]

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Reference Design Values for Tstud 5 ½″ depth Tstud Tstud 2 × 6 SPF 2 × 4 SPF Lumber Grade 1650 f-1.5E SPF No. 2 SPF Stud Stud Bending, Fb 889 lb-in2 889 lb-ft 425 lb-ft 189 lb-ft Compression 1,700 psi 1,150 psi 725 psi 725 psi Parallel to Grain, FC Tension 1,020 psi 450 psi 350 psi 350 psi Parallel to Grain, Ft Compression 425 psi 425 psi 425 psi 425 psi Perpendicular to Grain, Fc ⊥ Shear Force, V 320 lbs 320 lbs 743 lbs 473 lbs Bending 30,500,000 30,300,000 24,956,250 6,431,2500 Stiffness, lb-in.sup.2 lb-in.sup.2 lb-in.sup.2 lb-in.sup.2 E1 Bending 15,000,000 14,900,000 9,150,625 2,358,125 Stiffness lb-in.sup.2 lb-in.sup.2 lb-in.sup.2 lb-in.sup.2 for Beam and Column Stability, E.sub.1 min For S1 psi = 0.00689 Mpa, 1 lbs = 4.45 N, 1″ = 25.4 mm SPF = spruce-pine-fir (As tested and reported by Qualtim, Inc. Madison, WI)

[0090] Referring to FIG. 25, a larger sized Tstud 200 may be seen which might be used for floor members, roof members or wall studs suitably of sizes 3″×8″, 3″×10″, 3×12″ or 4″×8″, 4×10″, or 4×12″. The range of dimensions of Tstud 200 are shown in FIG. 25.

[0091] More specifically, the Tstud 200 construction includes all wood sections 202 and 206 which may be specially made. Dimensions of these all wood sections 202 and 206 may range from 1½″-2½″ (depth)×2½″-3½″ (width). A middle or sandwiched rigid foam insulation section 204 may range from 3″-9″ (depth)×2½″-3½″ (width). Thus, the overall depth of Tstud 200 may range from 5½″ to 11½″.

[0092] Tstud 200 is similar in overall construction as Tstuds 72, 110 and 172. Tstud 200 has a non-dimensional wood section 202 a middle foam section 204 and a second non-dimensional wood section 206. Wood sections 202 and 204 may be held in the desired spacial relationship suitably with a jig (not shown). By this assembly method, the finished Tstud 200 is perfectly straight to correct for warping, twisting and cupping thereby assuring less wood waste and a perfectly straight end product virtually every time. Angled holes H approximately one foot apart and ½-1½″ in diameter. Holes H are drilled or bored through wood sections 202 and 206 at an angle to vertical of range of 20°-50° and ideally 25°. From an end view (FIG. 21), the holes H are canted in a range of 0°-10° and ideally 5°. Angled holes H are for receiving glued mechanical fasteners 210.

[0093] Mechanical fasters 210 are suitably wood dowels 212 approximately 11/16-1½″ to match holes H. The dowels 212 are run through an abrader device to create a helical outer grooved surface 182 which aids in retaining glue 190 on the outer surface 182 of dowels 212 (as shown in FIGS. 20-23). Next, wood glue 190 is suitably then coated on the inside surfaces of the angled holes H. The dowels 212 are then pounded into and through holes H after which sawing, sanding or grinding will make the dowels 212 flush with the wood section 202 and 204.

[0094] Suitable wood glues might be polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate or penta-NA diethylenetriamine pentaacetate obtainable from Ashland of Columbus, Ohio under the trademark Isoset™.

[0095] The above embodiments are for illustrative purposes and the scope of this invention is described in the appended claims below.