Abstract
An overvoltage protection element with a housing, an overvoltage-limiting component arranged in the housing, and with two connection elements for electrically connecting the overvoltage protection element to the current or signal path to be protected, wherein, normally, the connection elements are each in electrical contact with a pole of the overvoltage-limiting component. Reliable and effective electrical connection in the normal state and reliable isolation of a defective overvoltage-limiting component are ensured by the fact that a thermally expandable material is arranged within the housing in a way that, in the event of thermal overloading of the overvoltage-limiting component, the position of the overvoltage-limiting component is changed by expansion of the thermally expandable material relative to the position of the connection elements in a way that causes at least one pole of the overvoltage-limiting component to be out of electrical contact with the corresponding connection element.
Claims
1. An overvoltage protection element, comprising: a housing, at least one overvoltage limiting component located in the housing, two electrically conductive holding elements for electrical connection of the overvoltage protection element to a current or signal path to be protected, each of the electrically conductive holding elements being in electrical contact with an at least one pole of the respective overvoltage limiting component in a normal state of the overvoltage protection element, and a thermally expandable material within the housing, wherein the thermally expandable material is expandable in response to thermal overloading of the respective overvoltage limiting component, expansion of the thermally expandable material moving the respective overvoltage limiting component to break said electrical contact between at least one pole of the respective overvoltage limiting component and the respective electrically conductive holding element, wherein the two electrically conductive holding elements are isolated from one another in the housing, and wherein the electrically conductive holding elements surround the thermally expandable material in the normal state of the overvoltage protection element, wherein the respective overvoltage limiting component is displaceable relative to the electrically conductive holding elements by expansion of the thermally expandable material due to heating of the respective overvoltage limiting component, and wherein the thermally expandable material is an intumescent material.
2. The overvoltage protection element as claimed in claim 1, wherein the respective overvoltage limiting component is arranged to be forced upward by expansion of the thermally expandable material upon thermal overload in a manner breaking electrical contact of poles of the respective overvoltage limiting component with the electrically conductive holding elements.
3. The overvoltage protection element as claimed in claim 1, wherein the respective overvoltage limiting component is arranged to be forced horizontally to one side by expansion of the thermally expandable material upon thermal overload in a manner breaking electrical contact of poles of the respective overvoltage limiting component with the electrically conductive holding elements.
4. The overvoltage protection element as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one overvoltage limiting component is a varistor or a gas-filled surge arrester.
5. The overvoltage protection element as claimed in claim 1, wherein said electrical contact comprises a solder connection, the solder connection breaking when the temperature of the respective overvoltage limiting component exceeds a predetermined boundary temperature.
6. The overvoltage protection element as claimed in claim 1, wherein said electrical contact comprises a plug connection that separates upon expansion of the thermally expandable material.
7. The overvoltage protection element as claimed claim 1, wherein the holding elements are terminal lugs or posts, and wherein the at least one pole of the respective overvoltage limiting component is electrically connected to a respective terminal lug or post.
8. The overvoltage protection element as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive holding elements are terminal lugs or posts, and wherein the thermally expandable material is able to penetrate into an intermediate space between the at least one pole of the respective overvoltage limiting component and the respective terminal lug or post upon thermal overloading of the respective overvoltage limiting component so that an arc, which forms when the electrical contact between the at least one pole of the respective overvoltage limiting component and the respective terminal lug or post is broken, is suppressed or extinguished by the thermally expandable material.
9. The overvoltage protection element as claimed claim 1, wherein the thermally expandable material has an activation temperature of above 80° C.
10. The overvoltage protection element as claimed claim 9, wherein the activation temperature is between 120° C. and 150° C.
11. The overvoltage protection element as claimed claim 1, wherein the thermally expandable material is able to increase in volume by at least 200%.
12. The overvoltage protection element as claimed claim 1, wherein the thermally expandable material comprises a carrier agent with a low Shore hardness, and a propellant.
13. The overvoltage protection element as claimed claim 12, wherein the carrier agent comprises a thermoplastic polymer or an elastomer.
14. The overvoltage protection element as claimed in claim 12, wherein the propellant is a physically acting propellant.
15. The overvoltage protection element as claimed claim 1, further comprising a supplemental heating means for actively heating the thermally expandable material to support expansion thereof.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) FIG. 1 shows a section of a first exemplary embodiment of an overvoltage protection element, in the normal state,
(2) FIG. 2 shows a section of the overvoltage protection element according to FIG. 1, with a disconnected varistor,
(3) FIG. 3 shows another section of an overvoltage protection element according to FIG. 1, with a disconnected varistor,
(4) FIG. 4 shows a section of a second exemplary embodiment of an overvoltage protection element, in the normal state,
(5) FIG. 5 shows a plan view of the overvoltage protection element according to FIG. 4, in the normal state,
(6) FIG. 6 shows a section of the overvoltage protection element according to FIG. 4, with a disconnected surge arrester,
(7) FIG. 7 shows a section of a third exemplary embodiment of an overvoltage protection element, in the normal state,
(8) FIG. 8 shows the overvoltage protection element according to FIG. 7, in a plan view,
(9) FIG. 9 shows the overvoltage protection element according to FIG. 8, with a disconnected surge arrester, in a plan view, and
(10) FIGS. 10-12 show three versions of the overvoltage protection element according to FIG. 6, with a disconnected surge arrester.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
(11) The figures show an overvoltage protection element 1 with a housing 2, and an overvoltage limiting component located in the housing 2. In the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 1 to 3, the overvoltage limiting component is a varistor 3, while the overvoltage protection elements 1 according to FIGS. 4 to 12 use a gas-filled surge arrester 3′.
(12) The overvoltage protection element 1 according to FIGS. 1 to 3 can be made as a protective plug having two connection elements 4, 5 which can be inserted into corresponding receptacles of the lower part of a device (not shown). The connection elements 4, 5 are each connected to a pole of the varistor 3 in the normal state of the overvoltage protection element 1 so that the varistor 3 can be connected via the two connection elements 4, 5 to the current path or signal path which is to be protected.
(13) As is apparent from FIGS. 1, 4 and 7, in the normal state of the overvoltage protection element 1, a thermally expandable material 6 is located in the housing 2. The thermally expandable material 6 can be, for example, an intumescent material, which material is first solid, but as the temperature rises, changes its aggregate state and becomes liquid. When an activation temperature is exceeded, the thermally expandable material 6 reacts with a dramatic increase in volume, i.e., the material 6 foams up and expands. This then leads to the position of the varistor 3 or of the surge arrester 3′ changing relative to the position of the connection elements 4, 5 since the thermally expandable material 6 forces the varistor 3 or surge arrester 3′ out of its first position. In the exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 2 & 6, the varistor 3 or the surge arrester 3′ has been forced up, or to the side in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 9.
(14) The overvoltage protection element 1 according to FIGS. 1 to 3, on the one hand, and the overvoltage protection elements 1 according to FIGS. 4 to 12, on the other, differ from one another, first of all, in that, in the first exemplary embodiment, the overvoltage limiting component is a varistor 3, while in the other exemplary embodiments a gas-filled surge arrester 3′ is used. Moreover, the overvoltage protection elements 1 differ by the type of electrical contact-making between the varistor 3 and the connection elements 4, 5, on the one hand, and the surge arrester 3′ and the connection elements 4, 5, on the other.
(15) While in the two exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 4 & 7, in the normal state of the overvoltage protection element 1, the two poles of the surge arrester 3′ are connected via a respective solder site 7, 8 to the connection elements 4, 5, so that the poles of the varistor 3 are in electrical contact via a plug connection 9, 10 to the two connection elements 4, 5. The two poles of the varistor 3 are connected via two terminal lugs 11, 12 to the connection elements 4, 5, the connection elements 4, 5 each having a receptacle 13, 14 on the sides facing the terminal lugs 11, 12. In the exemplary embodiment of the overvoltage protection element 1 shown in FIG. 4, each of the two poles of the surge arrester 3′ are connected to a respective terminal post 15, 16 so that the solder sites 7, 8 are formed between the terminal posts 15, 16 and the connection elements 4, 5.
(16) In the exemplary embodiment of the overvoltage protection element 1 in accordance with the invention according to FIGS. 1 to 3, the housing 2 has an outer housing part 17 and an inner housing part 18 which is arranged to be able to move in the outer housing part 17. As is apparent from the figures, the bottom of the inner housing part 18 is open so that the inner housing part 18 surrounds the varistor 3 and the thermally expandable material 6 in the manner of a hood. If the impedance of the varistor 3 is reduced as a result of overloading or as a result of ageing of the varistor 3, an impermissible leakage current flows through the varistor 3; this leads to heating of the varistor 3. Since the varistor 3 is at least partially surrounded by the thermally expandable material 6, inherent heating of the varistor 3 also leads to heating of the material 6 so that it dramatically expands when a certain activation temperature is exceeded. This leads to a pressure increase within the space which is surrounded by the outer housing part 17 and the inner housing part 18 so that the inner housing part 18 is forced up by the expanding material 6 when the holding force of the inner housing part 18 within the outer housing part 17 and the contact force between the terminal lugs 11, 12 and the receptacles 13, 14 are exceeded by the force of the expanding material 6.
(17) So that the varistor 3 also moves up with the inner housing part 18, the varistor 3 is connected to the inner housing part 18 via a holding element 19, the holding element 19 being located underneath the varistor 3 and extending perpendicular to the plane of the drawings, i.e., in the transverse direction of the varistor 3, according to FIGS. 1 to 3. The inner housing part 18 is thus guided like a piston in the outer housing 17, a stop which is not shown in the figures providing a limit to the motion of the inner housing part 18 out of the outer housing part 17.
(18) As is apparent from FIG. 1, the inner housing part 18, in the normal state of the overvoltage protection element 1, is in a first position within the outer housing part 17 in which the top 20 of the inner housing part 18 ends essentially flush with the top 21 of the outer housing part 17 so that the top 20 of the inner housing part 18 does not project beyond the end of the outer housing 17. In contrast thereto, in the case of thermal overloading of the overvoltage protection element 1, after electrical disconnection of the varistor 3, the inner housing part 18 is located in a second position (FIG. 2) in which the top 20 of the inner housing part 18 projects over the top 21 of the outer housing 17. The position of the inner housing part 18 is thus used as an optical status display for displaying the state of the overvoltage protection element 1.
(19) It was stated above that the thermally expandable material 6 is preferably an intumescent material which in the normal state of the overvoltage protection element 1 is solid and first becomes liquid when the temperature rises. In order to reliably prevent discharge of the liquid intumescent material 6, in the illustrated exemplary embodiment above the connection elements 4, 5, i.e., opposite the open bottom of the inner housing 18, there is a sealing film 22 in the outer housing 17. Here the terminal lugs 11, 12 in the normal state of the overvoltage protection element 1 extend through slots provided in the sealing film 22 so that the terminal lugs 11, 12 make contact with the receptacles 13, 14 and thus are in electrical contact with the connection elements 4, 5.
(20) FIG. 3 shows the overvoltage protection element 1 according to FIG. 1, in which the inner housing part 18 is in the second position so that the varistor 3 is disconnected. In contrast to the representation according to FIG. 2, in the representation according to FIG. 3, the varistor 3 or the inner housing part 18 has been shifted upward, not by an expansion of the thermally expandable material 6, but as a result of an overpressure which has been caused by bursting of the varistor 3 due to an extreme overload. Extreme overloading can shift a varistor 3 suddenly into a low-impedance state so that, in this extreme case, a grid-driven current of the size of the short circuit current can flow through the varistor 3. A current flowing through the varistor 3 in this case can lead to destruction and thus to bursting of the varistor 3. The resulting pressure is routed via an opening 23 which is formed in the holding element 19 which is located under the varistor 3 into the space 24 which is formed by the outer housing 17, the inner housing part 18 and the sealing film 22. The pressure which arises in this space 24 can lead to the inner housing part 18 being forced upward out of its first position into its second position, as a result of which the varistor 3 is also moved away from the connection elements 4, 5 so that the terminal lugs 11, 12 are no longer in electrical contact with the receptacles 13, 14, The overloaded varistor 3 is thus reliably and quickly disconnected.
(21) In the position of the inner housing part 18 which is shown in FIG. 3, the increased pressure which prevails in the space 24 can escape through the openings 25 formed in the outer housing 17. The openings 25 are located in the outer housing part 17 such that they are closed by the inner housing part 18 as long as the inner housing part 18 is not yet in its second position.
(22) In the exemplary embodiment of the overvoltage protection element 1 shown in FIG. 4, the housing 2 does not comprise an outer housing and an inner housing, but instead is formed of two holding elements 26, 27 which are U-shaped in cross section and which are used, in addition, to accommodate the thermally expandable material 6, as well as for holding and contact-making of the terminal posts 15, 16 of the surge arrester 3′ in the normal state of the overvoltage protection element 1. In the exemplary embodiments of the overvoltage protection element 1 which are shown in FIGS. 4 to 12, the two electrical holding elements 26, 27 are isolated from one another are thus used as connection elements 4, 5 for the gas-filled surge arrester 3′. FIG. 4 shows that, in the normal state of the overvoltage protection element 1, each solder site 7, 8 is formed between the two terminal posts 15, 16 and the holding elements 26, 27.
(23) In this overvoltage protection element 1, if the surge arrester 3′ is heated, this also leads to heating of the thermally expandable material 6 which is located underneath the surge arrester 3′ so that it expands when its activation temperature is reached. The surge arrester 3′ is then forced upward when the force applied by the thermally expandable material 6 is greater than the holding force of the softening solder sites 7, 8. In this second position of the surge arrester 3′ shown in FIG. 6, the two terminal posts 15, 16 are no longer in electrical contact with the holding elements 26, 27 so that the surge arrester 3′ is no longer connected to the signal path which is to be protected via the holding elements 26, 27. The electrical connection of the holding elements 26, 27 to the signal path which is to be protected takes place in the exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 4 to 12 by the holding elements 26, 27 being connected to a circuit board 28.
(24) Instead of the solder connection shown in the figures between the terminals posts 15, 16 and the holding elements 26, 27, fundamentally, there can also be a plug connection according to FIGS. 1 to 3. In this case, the holding elements 26, 27 would have corresponding receptacles on the sides facing the terminal posts 15, 16.
(25) While in the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 4 to 6 the holding elements 26, 27 are made in such a way and the thermally expandable material 6 is located between the holding elements 26, 27 such that in thermal overloading of the surge arrester 3′, it is forced upward by the expanding material 6, the surge arrester 3′ in the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 7 to 9 is forced away horizontally to the side by the expanding material 6.
(26) Fundamentally, an arc can occur in the opening of an electrical contact via which a current is flowing; in an overvoltage protection element 1, this can lead to an impermissible current flowing via the arc even in the actually disconnected state of the overvoltage limiting component. This arc, in the exemplary embodiment of the overvoltage protection element 1 which is shown in FIG. 2, is prevented by the expanding thermally expandable material 6 penetrating into the intermediate space which is forming between the terminal lugs 11, 12 and the receptacles 13, 14 in the thermal overloading of the varistor 3. Possible arcs are extinguished by the foaming around the terminal lugs 11, 12. This applies accordingly also to the left terminal post 15 of the surge arrester 3′, which post is shown in FIG. 9.
(27) In order to further extinguish an arc which arises when the electrical connection between the terminal lugs 11, 12 and the receptacles 13, 14 is broken, in the situation of the overvoltage protection element 1 shown in FIG. 3, the two connection elements 4, 5 are surrounded by a plastic part 29 which evolves gas when an arc is present. When an arc is present, a blowing on the arc is produced by the dissociation of the plastic parts 29, and as a result of which the arc is extinguished.
(28) FIGS. 10-12 show three different versions of an overvoltage protection element 1 which differ from one another and from the version according to FIG. 6 only by the execution of the thermally expandable material 6.
(29) In the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 10, there are conductive particles 30 in the thermally expandable material 6. The conductive particles 30 can be, for example, graphite powder or copper powder. By adding the conductive particles 30, an inherent conductivity of the material 6 is achieved so that, when a voltage is present, a current flows through the thermally expandable material 6 by which the material 6 is heated throughout its volume. When the material 6 reaches its activation temperature, the volume increases; this also leads to the number of conductive components per unit of volume being reduced so that, with the increase in the volume, the conductivity of the material 6 is reduced, preferably to such an extent that current no longer flows through the material 6 at a maximum increase of the volume.
(30) In the exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 11 & 12, a heat pipe 31 or a resistance wire 32 is embedded in the thermally expandable material 6, as a result of which additional heating of the material 6 occurs when a current is flowing through the heat pipe 31 and the resistance wire 32. The connections of the heat pipe 31 and of the resistance wire 32 can be either routed out separately as shown in FIGS. 11 & 12 or can be connected to the connection elements 4, 5. In the latter case, the current via the surge arrester 3′ can also be used for additional heating of the thermally expandable material 6 by the heat pipe 31 and the resistance wire 32.
(31) It is apparent that the above described versions or configurations of the thermally expandable material 6 can be used not only in an overvoltage protection element 1 with a gas-filled surge arrester 3′ according to FIG. 6, but also for an overvoltage protection element 1 with a varistor 3 according to FIG. 1.
