Ridged waveguide flared radiator array using electromagnetic bandgap material

Abstract

Presently disclosed is an antenna system having an array of ridged waveguide Vivaldi radiator (RWVR) antenna elements fed through a corporate network of suspended air striplines (SAS) with an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) ground plane surrounding the ridged waveguide transition. The SAS transfers the electromagnetic energy to the radiating element via the ridged waveguide coupler. The Vivaldi radiator matches the output impedance of the ridged waveguide coupler/SAS to the intrinsic impedance of the surrounding medium. The EBG, which may be comprised of a photonic bandgap material or other metamaterial, allows for better frequency and bandwidth performance in a lower-profile array package, thereby reducing size and weight of the array for applications requiring small size and or low-inertia packaging. In alternate embodiments, radiating elements other than Vivaldi radiators may be used. This configuration also reduces the complexity of the manufacturing process, which in turn lowers cost.

Claims

1. An antenna, comprising: a suspended air stripline (SAS) disposed in a housing, said SAS having a proximate end and a distal end; a ridged waveguide coupler, having a proximate end and a distal end, said proximate end of said ridged waveguide coupler disposed substantially in an aperture in said housing and coupled thereto, said aperture located above said distal end of said SAS; an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) ground plane disposed on said housing substantially surrounding said ridged waveguide coupler; and one or more radiating elements coupled to the distal end of said ridged waveguide coupler, wherein said one or more radiating elements are configured to couple electromagnetic energy from the proximate end of said SAS, through said ridged waveguide coupler, and into free space.

2. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said EBG ground plane is comprised of a photonic bandgap material.

3. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said EBG ground plane is comprised of a metamaterial.

4. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said one or more radiating elements comprise a number of elements selected from the group consisting of one, two, and four.

5. The antenna of claim 1, further comprising a corporate feed network coupled to said proximate end of said SAS.

6. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said SAS, said ridged waveguide coupler, and said one or more radiating elements are each configured to optimally transmit electromagnetic signals in at least one of the C, X, Ku, and Ka-band.

7. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said one or more radiating elements comprise a Vivaldi radiator.

8. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said one or more radiating elements comprise a flared radiator.

9. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said one or more radiating elements comprise a horn radiator.

10. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said one or more radiating elements comprise a spiral radiator.

11. The antenna of claim 1, wherein at least one of said one or more radiating elements and said ridged waveguide coupler are comprised of a conductive material.

12. The antenna of claim 1, wherein at least one of said one or more radiating elements and said ridged waveguide coupler are comprised of a conductive polymer.

13. The antenna of claim 1, wherein at least one of said one or more radiating elements and said ridged waveguide coupler are comprised of a non-conductive polymer with a conductive surface coating.

14. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said one or more radiating elements and said ridged waveguide coupler are monolithically formed such that, when taken together, said one or more radiating elements and said ridged waveguide coupler are of a one piece construction.

15. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said antenna is a receive antenna.

16. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said antenna is a transmit antenna.

17. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said antenna is configured to both receive and transmit electromagnetic energy.

18. A method of communicating with electromagnetic energy representing information, comprising: furnishing a suspended air stripline (SAS) disposed in a housing, said SAS having a proximate end and a distal end; furnishing a ridged waveguide coupler having a proximate end and a distal end, said proximate end of said ridged waveguide coupler disposed substantially in an aperture in said housing and coupled thereto, said aperture located above said distal end of said SAS; placing an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) ground plane on said housing substantially surrounding said ridged waveguide coupler; attaching one or more radiating elements coupled to the distal end of said ridged waveguide coupler; and coupling a supplied electromagnetic energy from the proximate end of said SAS, through said ridged waveguide coupler, and into free space through use of the ridged waveguide coupler's transverse electric ten (TE.sub.10) mode as a coupling mechanism and without a coaxial cable between said one or more radiating elements and said SAS to communicate said information represented thereby.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein said ERG ground plane is comprised of a photonic bandgap material.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein said ERG pound plane is comprised of a metamaterial.

21. The method of claim 18, further comprising furnishing a corporate feed network coupled to said proximate end of said SAS.

22. The method of claim 18, wherein said SAS, said ridged waveguide coupler, and said one or more radiating elements are each configured to optimally transmit electromagnetic signals in at least one of the C, X, Ku, and Ka-band.

23. The method of claim 18, wherein said one or more radiating elements comprise a Vivaldi radiator.

24. An apparatus, comprising: a suspended air stripline (SAS) disposed in a housing, said SAS having a proximal end and a distal end; a ridged waveguide coupler having a proximate end and a distal end, said proximal end of said ridged waveguide coupler disposed substantially in an aperture in said housing and coupled thereto, said aperture located above said distal end of said SAS; an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) ground plane on said housing substantially surrounding said ridged waveguide coupler; one or more radiating elements coupled to the distal end of said ridged waveguide coupler; and a connector for coupling a supplied electromagnetic energy to the proximal end of said SAS, such that electromagnetic energy is coupled through said ridged waveguide coupler, and into free space through use of the ridged waveguide couplers transverse electric ten (TE.sub.10) mode as a coupling mechanism and without a coaxial cable between said one or more radiating elements and said SAS to communicate said information represented thereby.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the concepts, systems, techniques and circuit described herein will be apparent from the following description of particular embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the concept, systems, techniques and circuits described herein.

(2) FIG. 1 is a top view of an array antenna provided from an array of ridged waveguide Vivaldi radiators (RWVR) antenna elements.

(3) FIG. 1A is a top view of an array antenna provided from an array of ridged waveguide Vivaldi radiators (RWVR) antenna elements having an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) ground plane.

(4) FIG. 2 is an isometric view of a RWVR antenna element.

(5) FIG. 3 is an exploded assembly view of one exemplary embodiment of a RWVR element within an array.

(6) FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an RWVR assembly similar to that shown in FIG. 3.

(7) FIG. 5A is a top view of a ridged waveguide coupler disposed over a substrate.

(8) FIG. 5B is an isometric view of a suspended air stripline transmission line mounted within a cavity of an enclosure.

(9) FIG. 6 is an isometric view of an RWVR antenna element having an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) ground plane below a RWVR antenna element and surrounding a ridged waveguide transition.

(10) FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method of communicating with an RWVR array according to one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(11) The term “forward” is used herein to describe a direction towards the radiating aperture of an antenna, and the terms “back” and “backward” is used to describe the opposing direction. The forward end of an element is in the forward direction and the back end of an element is in the backward direction.

(12) Embodiments of the present apparatus are directed to an array of ridged waveguide Vivaldi radiator (RWVR) antenna elements fed by a corporate network implemented, at least in part, using of suspended air stripline (SAS) transmission lines, such as the configuration shown in FIG. 1.

(13) Referring now to FIG. 1, an array 100 is comprised of a plurality of ridged waveguide Vivaldi radiator (RWVR) antenna elements 110 disposed on a substrate 120 having a surface 120a corresponding to a ground plane. In one embodiment, surface 120a is provided as an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) ground plane 120a, shown in FIG. 1A. It should be appreciated that although in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1A, the entire surface 120a corresponds to an EBG ground plane, it is not necessary that the entire surface 120a be an EBG ground plane. Rather, it is only necessary that portions of the ground plane proximate antenna elements 110 be provided as EBG ground planes such that the height of the RWVR antenna elements is reduced compared with the height of a RWVR antenna element over a copper ground plane.

(14) Referring now to FIG. 2, in which like elements of FIG. 1 are provided having like reference designations, and taking antenna element 110a as representative of each of the antenna elements 110 in FIG. 1, an RWVR antenna element 110a includes a pair of Vivaldi radiators 230 coupled to a portion (i.e. ridges 221) of a ridged waveguide coupler 220. Vivaldi radiators 230 are disposed above a portion of a suspended air stripline (SAS) transmission line 210 (only a portion of which is shown in FIG. 2). Each antenna element 110a is thus fed by an SAS transmission line 210. Electromagnetic energy is coupled between Vivaldi radiators 230 and SAS transmission line 210 via the ridged waveguide coupler 220. As is well known in the antenna arts and as used herein, the term ridged waveguide refers to a variation of a rectangular waveguide having a single or double ridge protruding into the waveguide from the broad faces of the rectangular waveguide and Vivaldi radiators 230 gradually match the output impedance of the ridged waveguide coupler 220 to the intrinsic impedance of the medium surrounding the radiators (typically free space).

(15) In operation, radio frequency (RF) energy is coupled between a feed network (comprising the SAS transmission line), the ridged waveguide coupler 220, and radiators 230.

(16) Vivaldi radiators 230 are disposed over the EBG ground plane 120a. By using EBG ground plane 120a, the height of Vivaldi radiators 230 above ground plane 120a is reduced. Theoretically, the Vivaldi radiators 230 can be in intimate contact with the surface of ground plane 120a. In practical applications, the height reduction will depend upon the particular element and the manner of manufacture. Thus, by using an EBG ground plane, antenna element 110a is provided as a low-profile antenna element (i.e. the antenna element 110a is smaller in height than conventional elements). Although a Vivaldi radiator is described, those of ordinary skill in the art will realize that known RF radiating structures and devices, other than a Vivaldi radiator, can be used. For example, a horn radiator, patch radiator, or the like may also be employed to radiate electromagnetic energy into the surrounding media, which may be free space.

(17) Referring still to FIG. 2, each RWVR antenna element 110a has the same configuration with a generally parallelepiped, hollow ridged waveguide coupler 220 and a pair of Vivaldi radiators 230 extending outwardly from respective surfaces of ridges 221 of coupler 220 in a direction generally perpendicular to the substrate surface 120a (as depicted in FIG. 1).

(18) In some embodiments, all or portions of coupler 220 and Vivaldi radiators 230 may be separately machined or otherwise formed by conventional means from any suitable conductive material, including (without limitation) any of the metals or metal alloys commonly in use in the RF component arts or yet to be discovered. In one embodiment, radiators 230 may be formed or otherwise provided as part of ridge portions 221 which are then coupled to outer walls of coupler 220.

(19) Alternatively, coupler 220 and Vivaldi radiators 230 may be, taken together, of a one-piece construction. In one preferred embodiment, this may be accomplished by injection molding a polymeric material into a die cavity defining the shape of the body and the ear-like arms. An important economy is achieved by making the broadband radio frequency radiating elements of one-piece construction, rather than two-piece or multiple-piece construction.

(20) When employed, the polymeric material is most preferably glass-fiber-reinforced polyetherimide (PEI). In such an embodiment, the entire outer surface of each broadband radio frequency radiating element is coated with an electrically conductive metallization coating. Coating is preferably accomplished by electroless deposition of copper, gold, or silver to a thickness of at least about 0.0015 inches. (No such coating is required when the antenna element is machined or otherwise constructed of a conductive material.)

(21) In a further alternate embodiment, coupler 220 and Vivaldi radiators 230 may be formed as a single piece of a conductive polymer or a part formed from molded plastic or the like that is then conductively plated through means well known in the art.

(22) One of ordinary skill in the art will immediately recognize that the above alternate partitioning of the components of the RWVR element 110 into functional components does not necessarily imply that the functional components are physically separable or separately fabricated. Various alternate embodiments and methods of manufacture are with within the skills of an ordinary practitioner.

(23) In contrast with other approaches, this approach requires no additional components other than ridged waveguide coupler 220 and Vivaldi radiators 230. Use is made of the ridged waveguide's dominant TE10 mode as a coupling mechanism rather than the coaxial mode employed in the prior art (such as, for example, Yu '889).

(24) Referring now to FIG. 3, a portion of an array antenna 300 includes Vivaldi radiators 310, which as noted above, may be formed as a part of ridged waveguide coupler (e.g. formed as part of ridges 320) or vice versa. Alternatively, radiators and coupler structures (e.g. ridges 320) may be formed separately and joined together by any of a number of means and/or techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

(25) Although, in the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3, each antenna element is provided from two Vivaldi radiators 310. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a single Vivaldi radiator may be used (e.g. in beam-shaping applications). Likewise, in other applications, multiple radiators (e.g., four radiators located 90° apart) may be used to provide an RWVR antenna element. Accordingly, the concepts, systems, circuits, and techniques described herein are not limited to any particular number or type of Vivaldi radiators.

(26) Ridges 320 fit into opening 330 in substrate 333. Surface 333a of substrate 333 acts as a ground plane for radiators 310. In some applications in which a low-profile compact antenna is desired, surface 333a is provided as an EBG material. In one embodiment, substrate 333 may be provided wholly or partially from an EBG material while in other embodiments substrate 333 may have an EBG material disposed thereon to provide surface 333a as an EBG surface at least in the regions around ridge waveguide coupler and proximate radiators 310 such that radiators 310 may be provided having a size which is reduced compared with the size of radiators disposed over a ground plane provided from a perfect electric conductor (PEC). Substrate 333 acts as a cover for baseplate 336 to define a cavity 350 therebetween.

(27) SAS 340 is mounted or otherwise disposed in cavity 350. Preferably, the separation between the top surface of SAS 340 and the bottom-most surface 320a of ridges 320, when assembled, is about 0.020 inches (20 mils). Variations in spacing and dimensions adjusted to optimize the operation of the element at various frequencies are well-within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art; accordingly, further discussion of such variants is not warranted.

(28) In some embodiments, an exemplar of which is shown in FIG. 3, SAS 340 is fed by a conventional SMA connector 360, which may be soldered or otherwise coupled to SAS 340. Such a configuration may be useful for testing and characterization, or for simple arrays of directly-driven elements. In a preferred embodiment, SAS 340 is coupled to or part of a corporate stripline feed network (not shown).

(29) Referring now to FIG. 4, in which like elements of FIG. 3 are provided having like reference designations, an assembled antenna element 400 includes radiators 310 disposed on ridges 320 of the ridge waveguide coupler, shown in partial section. The combination of radiators 310 and ridges 320 form a radiator sub assembly, which can be mounted in opening 330 (FIG. 3) of substrate 333. The ridged waveguide coupler is provided by mounting the ridges 320 in opening 330 (shown, for clarity, in FIG. 3 only) of substrate 333 and mounting substrate 333 to baseplate 336 to thereby form cavity 350. Cavity 350, enclosing SAS 340, is thus formed by ridges 320, substrate 333, and base plate 336 and in turn, the ridged waveguide coupler is formed from ridges 320, opening 330 and cavity 350.

(30) Referring now to FIG. 5A, substrate 310 has ridged waveguide coupler 325 disposed thereon. SAS 340 is visible through openings in the ridged waveguide coupler. FIG. 5B depicts suspended air stripline 340 inside enclosure 510, which may be the same as or similar to a cavity 350 (referring to FIGS. 3 and 4) in baseplate 336 or, alternatively, as a separate structure mounted on the backside of substrate 333.

(31) The foregoing has discussed the RWVR antenna elements as being coupled on and through a substrate 333, which in turn acts as a cover to baseplate 336. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the cover/baseplate assembly make take any form and may comprise of one or multiple pieces suitably configured to support the RWVR antenna elements in whatever array format (and within any form factor) necessary. Accordingly, the support structure or housing shown is for illustration only and need not limit the configuration of an array of RWVR antenna elements.

(32) A particular advantage of antenna structure described herein is that the assembly only requires the radiator subassembly (e.g. Vivaldi elements and ridges) be mounted (for example, but not by way of limitation, by using common epoxy techniques) into opening 330 of substrate 333 in order to achieve the desired performance. The need for coaxial connections, additional piece parts, and complex assemblies are eliminated.

(33) An array's bandwidth can be severely limited by the coupling between the corporate feed structure and the elements, and/or by the elements themselves. The coupling method and the radiating elements in this design are both wideband mediums; therefore, the antenna array produces wideband results.

(34) Another benefit of the RWVR array is its relatively high directivity. The directivity of an individual RWVR element is relatively high in comparison to other array elements such as dipoles or radiating slots.

(35) The physical dimensions of the RWVR array are not as sensitive to its electrical performance as other antenna designs since its bandwidth is quite large, reducing the occurrence of an out-of-specification antenna. This also reduces the complexity of the manufacturing process, which in turn lowers cost.

(36) Designing an array from RWVR elements is not limited to resonant element spacing, as is the case with radiating slots from a resonant waveguide, giving the antenna designer another degree of freedom to adjust side lobe levels. Here, the dimensions of the Vivaldi radiator and the ridged waveguide coupler may be determined using conventional design techniques given the required bandwidth (including both the low band and the high band) and desired gain for the antenna element or array. It should be appreciated that the design of an array is affected by use of an EBG ground plane to the degree such that the radiation pattern of an antenna element on the EBG ground plane may be more directional and/or symmetrical (as compared with the same antenna element on a non-EBG ground plane) thus allowing for smaller/tighter element spacing.

(37) Antennas constructed according to the concepts, systems, and techniques disclosed herein may be designed and simulated using a software tool adapted to solve three-dimensional electromagnetic field problems. The software tool may be a commercially available electromagnetic field analysis tool such as CST Microwave Studio™, Agilent's Momentum™ tool, or Ansoft's HFSS™ tool. The electromagnetic field analysis tool may be a proprietary tool using any known mathematical method, such as finite difference time domain analysis, finite element method, boundary element method, method of moments, or other methods for solving electromagnetic field problems. The software tool may include a capability to iteratively optimize a design to meet predetermined performance targets. Accordingly, the operating frequency and/or bandwidth of the present apparatus is not limited to any particular region, but is only constrained by the physical properties of the assembly as designed.

(38) Although an RWVR antenna element and array of RWVR antenna elements is described in the context of receiving electromagnetic energy in general, and RF signals in particular, those skilled in the art will recognize that such apparatus is equally capable of transmitting as well. Accordingly, the concepts, systems, and techniques described herein are not limited to receive antennas, but may include transmit antennas, bi-directional antennas, monopulse or other tracking systems, radars, and the like without limitation.

(39) Referring now to FIG. 6, an antenna element 600 includes a pair of Vivaldi radiators 620 coupled to ridges 630 of a ridged waveguide transition which couples RF energy between a suspend air stripline (SAS) transmission line 632 and the radiators 620. Vivaldi radiators 620 are disposed over an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) ground plane 610. Use of an EBG ground plane 610 provided below the antenna element 620 reduces (or in some cases, even minimizes) the overall height of radiators 620 above ground plane surface 610a. The EBG ground plane 610 surrounds the ridged waveguide transition 630. By surrounding the waveguide transition, any additional array thickness necessary for the creation of the magnetic ground plane is reduced or in some cases even minimized. Reducing the height of the antenna elements 620 above ground plane 610 leads to an overall reduction in thickness of an antenna provided from an array of such elements (i.e. the antenna may be provided as a low-profile antenna). Reducing antenna array thickness reduces its inertia, which in turn significantly reduces the load on the array mounting, such as the gimbals in a missile seeker head of similar applications.

(40) In comparison to a radiator that utilizes a perfect conducting ground plane (PEC), the height of a radiator above an EBG ground plane is approximately one-third that of an embodiment using a PEC yet still provides equivalent performance. Indeed, the two alternative embodiments (i.e. a PEC ground plane and an EBG ground plane) have been tested and have nearly identical radiation efficiencies.

(41) Furthermore, the use of the EBG ground plane allows one to extend the operating frequency and bandwidth of an RWVR array beyond that achievable with a conventional (e.g., PEC) ground plane. This too is highly advantageous in compact antenna applications such as on missile seekers employing a gimbaled array.

(42) The concepts, systems, and techniques discussed above may also be expressed in terms of a method of communicating with electromagnetic energy representing information. Such a process 700 may comprise, in one exemplary embodiment, of the steps described with regard to FIG. 7.

(43) In step 710, a suspended air stripline (SAS) is provided, where the SAS has a proximate end and a distal end. The SAS may be enclosed (in whole or in part, without limitation) by a housing. The proximate end of the SAS may be fed, as above, from a corporate feed structure.

(44) In step 720, a ridged waveguide (RWG) coupler is provided. The RWG coupler has a proximate end and a distal end. The proximate end of the RWG is mounted (through conventional means, without limitation) in an aperture in the SAS housing and electrically and mechanically coupled thereto. The housing's aperture is located above the distal end of the SAS.

(45) In step 730, one or more radiating elements, such as (without limitation) a Vivaldi radiator, are coupled to the distal end of the RWG.

(46) Finally, in step 740, electromagnetic (EM) energy (i.e., radio waves, RF signals, or the like, without limitation) is coupled from the proximate end of the SAS, through said RWG, and into free space to communicate the information represented by the electromagnetic energy or signals.

(47) In an alternate embodiment of step 740, the EM energy may be received energy, as that conventional term is understood. In such embodiments, the EM energy is incident on the radiating elements and coupled thence through the RWG and to the SAS before leaving the apparatus through the corporate feed structure.

(48) The order in which the steps of the present method are performed is purely illustrative in nature. In fact, the steps can be performed in any order or in parallel, unless otherwise indicated by the present disclosure.

(49) As used herein, “plurality” means two or more. As used herein, a “set” of items may include one or more of such items. As used herein, whether in the Detailed Description or the Claims, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of,” respectively, are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases with respect to claims. Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements. As used herein, “and/or” means that the listed items are alternatives, but the alternatives also include any combination of the listed items.

(50) While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following claims. Accordingly, the appended claims encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications.

(51) As is known in the art, a radio frequency (RF) antenna for use in a microwave radar radiates or receives energy in a frequency range typically of about 1-20 GHz (gigahertz), but may be higher or lower. Depending upon the needs of a particular application, the RF antenna may be structured to radiate or receive energy over a broad bandwidth or a narrow bandwidth. RF antennas are widely used in both commercial military applications such as aircraft and missile guidance.

(52) In an array antenna, and considering a transmit mode, the RF energy needed to excite individual radiating antenna elements typically originates from a single RF source. The energy is then distributed to all antenna elements through a feed network. To have the array antenna operate across a relatively wide instantaneous bandwidth, the feed network often uses a corporate architecture with matched four port power dividers (one port is terminated in a matched load) performing the RF power distribution. Such corporate feed structures are well known in the art.

(53) A number of different types of RF antennas are also well known. Some RF antennas are provided from waveguide antenna elements which direct RF energy in a selected direction and radiate the RF energy outwardly into free space (or equivalently, receives energy radiated through free space).

(54) The radiating elements may include conventional waveguides, waveguide horns, and various other forms. In most applications, the operational bandwidth of a waveguide or waveguide horn is typically considered to be the range of electromagnetic waves that can propagate within the waveguide as a single fundamental mode (a/k/a a dominant mode) or a pair of orthogonal fundamental modes. The addition of conductive ridges in the walls of a waveguide (typically referred to as a “ridged waveguide” or RWG) is known to increase the bandwidth of the waveguide.

(55) The principal known techniques for fabricating RF antennas that utilize waveguides include foil forming, dip brazing, and electroforming of metallic-based structures. Individual antenna elements are fastened to the feed structure by mechanical fasteners, adhesives, or solders. Mechanical fasteners are time-consuming to install. Adhesives typically require careful application and curing at elevated temperature for an extended period of time. Solders are sometimes difficult to use, especially when there is an attempt to achieve precision alignment of soldered structures. Additionally, all of these techniques result in a relatively heavy antenna structure, which is undesirable in a flight-worthy vehicle.