Method of obtaining paraffinic hydrocarbons from natural fat

Abstract

A method of obtaining paraffinic hydrocarbons from fat, by an exemplary method, whereby the method is performed in two stages, in a coupled flow-type system, under atmospheric pressure conditions, in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, after their thermal activation, so that in Stage I the fat and/or waste fat is heated at a temperature range of 100-500° C., in the presence of an inert gas, in the presence of a catalyst in the form of a metal oxide on an oxide support or in the form of a mixture of at least two metal oxides on an oxide support. The product obtained in Stage I is treated, in the presence of an inert gas, at a temperature range of 100-500° C., in the presence of a metallic catalyst on an oxide support, with hydrogen gas or with a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, obtained in the selective decomposition of methanol.

Claims

1. A method of obtaining paraffinic hydrocarbons from natural fat, from waste vegetable oils, animal fat or algal oils, in a coupled flow reactor, under atmospheric pressure conditions, in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, in two stages comprising; in a stage I; (a) activating at least one catalyst including at least one metal oxide on at least one oxide support by thermal activation at about 450° C. for about 1 hour, (b) heating fat derived from at least one of vegetable oil, animal fat and algal oil, to a temperature range of 100-500° C., in the presence of an inert gas, (c) reacting the fat of step (b) by heating in the presence of the activated catalyst of step (a), (d) whereby a stage I product is produced through step (c), in a stage II; (e) reacting the stage I product of step (d) in the presence of an inert gas, at a temperature in a range of 100-500° C., and in the presence of a metallic catalyst on an oxide support, with hydrogen gas or with a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, (f) whereby through step (e) a stage II product is produced and a paraffin product is obtained, and further comprising: (g) prior to step (e), decomposing selectively methanol by subjecting anhydrous methanol to a reduction reaction in a coupled system, under atmospheric pressure conditions, at a temperature in a range of 80-350° C., in the presence of an inert gas, and a heterogeneous catalyst in the form of a metal oxide on an oxide support, to produce the hydrogen gas or mixture of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide reacted in step (e).

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst activated in step (a) and used in step (c) of Stage I comprises at least one of CoO, NiO, FeO and MoO, and the oxide support comprises at least one of SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, MgO and aluminosilicate halloysite.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst activated in step (a) and used in step (c) of Stage I comprises a mixture of metal oxides, selected from the group comprising: CoO, NiO, FeO and MoO, and the oxide support comprises SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, MgO and aluminosilicate halloysite.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (c) the catalyst operates at a load of 0.5-20 hr.sup.−1.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (b) the inert gas comprises at least one of argon and nitrogen.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (e) when hydrogen gas is used, the catalyst comprises at least one of Pd, Ru, Pt, Rh, Co/Mo, Ni/Mo, Mo, W and Fe, and the oxide support comprises at least one of SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, MgO and ZrO.sub.2.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (e), when a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is used, the catalyst comprises at least one of Pd, Ru, Pt, Rh, Co/Mo, Ni/Mo, Mo, W, Fe and Zr, and the oxide support used is SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, MgO and ZrO.sub.2.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (e) the inert gas comprises at least one of argon and nitrogen.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (g) the catalyst used for selective decomposition of methanol comprises at least one of CoO, NiO, CuO, ZnO, FeO and MoO and the oxide support used comprises at least one of SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, MgO, and aluminosilicate halloysite.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst used for the selective decomposition of methanol is one of CoO, NiO, CuO, ZnO, FeO, and MoO and the oxide support used is one of SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, MgO, and aluminosilicate halloysite.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (g) the inert gas comprises argon.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (g) the decomposition of methanol is performed at a catalyst load of 0.5-20 hr.sup.−1.

13. The method of claim 1, and further comprises: prior to step (g) activating the heterogeneous catalyst for decomposition of methanol by heating at a temperature of about 450° C. for about 1 hour.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein in step (g) the catalyst is activated by heating in an air stream at a temperature of about 450° C. for about 1 hour.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (a) the catalyst is activated by heating in a stream of air at a temperature of about 450° C. for about 1 hour.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (e) the mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide reduces the reaction catalyst from its original form to a metallic form.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an exemplary system for obtaining paraffinnic hydrocarbons from natural fat using hydrogen from methanol decomposition (under atmospheric pressure conditions);

(2) FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an exemplary system for obtaining paraffinnic hydrocarbons from natural fat using hydrogen gas (under atmospheric pressure conditions).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(3) In an exemplary method to obtain paraffinic hydrocarbons from natural fat and/or waste fat is carried out, in a coupled flow system, under atmospheric pressure, at an elevated temperature, in the presence of an inert gas, and in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts. A double-stage process is carried out whereby raw waste fat, or any other natural fat, is thermally transformed under defined conditions (Fraction 1 is formed) in a first stage. Then the product obtained in the first stage is treated, in order to hydrogenate its olefin content, with hydrogen or with a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide obtained in the selective decomposition of methanol (Fraction 2 is formed).

(4) The fraction obtained in Stage I by the exemplary method (Fraction 1) may not be used directly as a biocomponent of fuels or as a biofuel because its hydrocarbons have a high degree of unsaturation. Therefore, it requires further treatment by hydrogenation of its olefins (Fraction 2).

(5) The thermodynamic conditions of the exemplary process of hydrogenation of Fraction 1, conducted with the use of methanol as a hydrogen donor, are much milder, compared with direct reduction with the use of hydrogen. The presence of carbon monoxide has a favorable effect on the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds under atmospheric pressure, especially in reactions where the hydrogenation of compounds with a carbon chain length of more than C.sub.20 does not occur.

(6) In the an exemplary method to obtain paraffinic hydrocarbons from natural fat, specifically from waste vegetable oils, animal fat or algal oils, the process is performed in two stages. The method is carried out in a coupled flow-type system, in atmospheric pressure conditions, in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts after such catalysts have been subject to thermal activation. In the exemplary method the catalysts are activated at a temperature of 450° C. in a stream of air for 1 hour. In Stage I the fat and/or waste fat is heated at a temperature of 100-500° C., in the presence of an inert gas, in the presence of a catalyst in the form of a metal oxide on an oxide support or in the form of a mixture of at least two metal oxides on an oxide support. Thereafter the product obtained in Stage I is treated, in the presence of an inert gas, at a temperature of 100-500° C., in the presence of a metallic catalyst on an oxide support, with hydrogen gas from a source 40 (shown in FIG. 2) or with a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, obtained by the selective decomposition of methanol.

(7) The exemplary catalyst used in Stage I may be CoO, NiO, FeO, MoO, and the exemplary oxide support used is SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, MgO, the aluminosilicate halloysite.

(8) The catalyst used in may be Stage I a mixture of metal oxides, including two or three metal oxides, selected from the group comprising CoO, NiO, FeO, MoO, and the oxide support used is SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, MgO, the aluminosilicate halloysite.

(9) Stage I of the exemplary process may be carried out at a catalyst load of 0.5-20 hr.sup.−1.

(10) The inert gas used in exemplary Stage I may be argon or nitrogen.

(11) In Stage II of the exemplary process, which is performed with the use of hydrogen gas, the catalysts which may be used are Pd, Ru, Pt, Rh, Co/Mo, Ni/Mo, Mo, W, Fe, and the oxide support used may be SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, MgO, ZrO.sub.2.

(12) In Stage II of the exemplary process, which is performed with the use of a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, the catalyst used may be Pd, Ru, Pt, Rh, Co/Mo, Ni/Mo, Mo, W, Fe, Zr, and the oxide support used is SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, MgO, ZrO.sub.2.

(13) Stage II of the exemplary process may be carried out at a catalyst load of 0.5-20 hr.sup.−1.

(14) The inert gas used in exemplary Stage II may be argon or nitrogen.

(15) The selective decomposition of methanol may be carried out by subjecting anhydrous methanol to a reduction reaction in a coupled flow-type system, in atmospheric pressure conditions, at a temperature of 80-350° C., in the presence of an inert gas, over a heterogeneous catalyst in the form of a metal oxide on an oxide support.

(16) The catalyst used in the exemplary method for the selective decomposition of methanol may be CoO, NiO, CuO, ZnO, FeO, MoO while the oxide support is SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, MgO, the aluminosilicate halloysite.

(17) The inert gas used in the exemplary method of methanol decomposition may be argon.

(18) Methanol decomposition may be carried out in the exemplary method at a catalyst load of 0.5-20 hr.sup.−1.

(19) The exemplary methanol decomposition catalyst may be activated at a temperature of 450° C. in a stream of air for 1 hour.

(20) The mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide from methanol decomposition may be used for reducing the reaction catalyst, in Stage II of the process, from its starting form to a metallic form. The presence of carbon monoxide prevents agglomeration of the active phase of the catalyst during its reduction.

(21) In the process conducted according to an exemplary method, the starting raw material may be any kind of natural fat, including waste vegetable oils and waste animal fat from food processing, as well as algal oils containing triglycerides and/or fatty free acids C.sub.6-C.sub.22, of which the sources may include rapeseed, palm, coconut, sunflower, soy, linseed, maize, or peanut oils, animal fat, poultry fat, marine fat, prehydrolyzed fats, i.e., rendering fat, oils from various species of algae, or combinations of two or more fats.

(22) In the process conducted according to an exemplary method, a mixture of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, mainly C.sub.6-C.sub.18 (Fraction 1), is obtained in Stage I. In Stage II (hydrogenation stage) the hydrogenation of the olefins contained in Fraction 1 takes place. As a result, a mixture of synthetic hydrocarbons which is enriched with saturated hydrocarbons (Fraction 2) is formed, mainly C.sub.6-C.sub.18 and contains the particularly desirable C.sub.12-C.sub.17 fraction. The obtained mixture of paraffinic hydrocarbons (Fraction 2 without olefins) may be used as an independent fuel or as a component of liquid fuels, mainly diesel, thus becoming an alternative fuel source. In Stage I of the process conducted by an exemplary method, products are formed mainly as the result of decarboxylation involving the fatty acids and/or triglycerides contained in the starting raw material. Other probable mechanisms of the formation of Fraction 1 include hydrodeoxygenation with hydrogen being formed in situ as well as catalytic cracking.

(23) In the event of insufficient amount of paraffins obtained in Fraction 2, Stage II may be repeated by refluxing Fraction 2 to the reactor in Stage II of the process, thereby further enriching the hydrocarbon fraction in saturated hydrocarbons.

(24) The green diesel formed in an exemplary embodiment (Fraction 2 without olefins) has the properties required for it to be used as diesel fuel or for mixing with petrochemical products, for instance those with lower cetane numbers. The cetane number may be controlled by selecting the appropriate heterogeneous catalyst and process conditions. Green diesel has the desirable lubricity, viscosity and density, and is useful in the diesel engines currently in use.

EXAMPLES

(25) Exemplary embodiments utilizing the principals described herein are further illustrated by the following examples, which are set forth to illustrate the presently disclosed subject matter and are not to be construed as limiting.

(26) An exemplary method is illustrated in the Examples. A feasible way to carry out Stage I in the process by an exemplary method is illustrated in Examples I-VII. Stage II is illustrated in Examples VIII-X, while Examples XI-XV illustrate a combination of the two stages of the process conducted by the exemplary method.

Stage I Examples

Example 1

(27) The process was conducted in an exemplary flow-type catalytic system, as shown in FIG. 1 (Stage I). The catalyst was thermally activated in the reaction chamber 30 under nitrogen from a source 24. The interior of the reaction chamber 30 was maintained by a heater controller 28 at a temperature of about 450° C. for 1 hour. The temperature was then lowered through operation of the heater controller to 100° C. The raw material, heated to 60° C., through operation of a heating device (not shown) was started to be fed in by a feeder 26 such as a pump (at 3 ml/hr) to the reaction chamber 30. The process temperature was gradually elevated to 500° C. and stage I products were sampled and subjected to a chromatographic analysis.

(28) The catalyst used was 5% NiO+10% MoO/SiO.sub.2 in the amount of 1 g obtained from a single solution of precursors. The raw material used was Category III rendering fat (a hydrolyzed waste animal fat, whose composition is given in wt % in Table 1—Sample I). The composition of the rendering fat may vary depending on the season of the year. Sample II was also used in the examples that follow.

(29) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Composition of raw material Category III Rendering fat Compo- Content [wt %] sition* Systematic name (customary name) Sample I Sample II C14:0 Tetradecanoic acid (myristic acid) 2.4 1.7 C16:0 Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) 15.8 21.8 C16:1 9-Hexadecenoic acid (palmitoleic acid) 5.4 5.5 C17:0 Heptadecanoic acid (margaric acid) 0.8 1.1 C18:0 Octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) 13.4 13.9 C18:1 9-Octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) 34.5 40.6 C18:2 (Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid 9 10.3 (linoleic acid) C18:3 (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid 0.7 0 (linolenic acid) alcohols methanol 5.4 0 glycerin 2.5 0 other esters, amides, other 10.1 5.1 *The first number denotes the number of carbon atoms in a molecule, while the second the number of double bonds.

(30) The compositions of the raw material [wt %] and fraction 1 [wt %] are given in Table 2.

(31) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Content [wt %]; catalyst 5% NiO + 10% MoO/SiO.sub.2 Percentage After reaction Before in raw [500° C.] Percentage Composition reaction material Fraction 1 in product C14:0 2.4 82 — 2.7 C16:0 15.8 1.3 C16:1 5.4 — C17:0 0.8 — C18:0 13.4 — C18:1 34.5 1.4 C18:2 9 — C18:3 0.7 — methanol 5.4 5.4 — 0 glycerin 2.5 2.5 — 0 Saturated hydro- — — 38.3 (26.6) 93.5 (60.8) carbons C.sub.6—C.sub.18 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) Unsaturated hydro- — — 55.2 (34.2) carbons C.sub.6—C.sub.18 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) other 10.1 10.1 3.8 (includ- 3.8 ing other alcohols 2.4)

(32) As the above table describes, only 2.7% of C.sub.14-C.sub.18 fats remain, 93.5% included Saturated hydrocarbons C.sub.6-C.sub.18 (including C.sub.12-C.sub.17) and unsaturated hydrocarbons C.sub.6-C.sub.18 (including C.sub.12-C.sub.17).

Example 2

(33) The process was conducted as in Example 1. The catalyst used was 10% NiO+10% MoO/SiO.sub.2 in the amount of 1 g obtained from a single solution of precursors, and the raw material was Category III rendering fat, whose composition in wt % is given in Table 1—sample II).

(34) The compositions of the raw material [wt %] and fraction 1 [wt %] are given in Table 3.

(35) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Content [wt %]; catalyst 10% NiO + 10% MoO/SiO.sub.2 Percentage After reaction Before in raw [500° C.] Percentage Composition reaction material Fraction 1 in product C14:0 1.7 94.9 — 2.2 C16:0 21.8 0.3 C16:1 5.5 — C17:0 1.1 — C18:0 13.9 0.8 C18:1 40.6 1.1 C18:2 10.3 — Saturated hydro- — — 29.4 (26.5) 72.8 (55.4) carbons C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) Unsaturated hydro- — — 43.4 (28.9) carbons C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) other 5.1  5.1 25 (mainly 25   benzene derivatives)

Example 3

(36) The process was conducted as in Example 1. The catalyst used was 10% NiO/SiO.sub.2 in the amount of 1 g and the raw material was Category III rendering fat, whose composition in wt % is given in Table 1—sample I).

(37) The compositions of the raw material [wt %] and fraction 1 [wt %] are given in Table 4.

(38) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Content [wt %]; catalyst 10% NiO/SiO.sub.2 Percentage After reaction Before in raw [500° C.] Percentage Composition reaction material Fraction 1 in product C14:0 2.4 82 1.6 14.1 C16:0 15.8 5.3 C16:1 5.4 0.7 C17:0 0.8 — C18:0 13.4 1.8 C18:1 34.5 4.7 C18:2 9 — C18:3 0.7 — methanol 5.4 5.4 — 0 glycerin 2.5 2.5 — 0 Saturated hydro- — — 33.8 (23.6) 77.2 (45.4) carbons C.sub.6—C.sub.18 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) Unsaturated hydro- — — 43.4 (21.8) carbons C.sub.6—C.sub.18 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) other 10.1 10.1 8.7 (including 8.7 1.4 ketones C.sub.17, 2.9 acids C.sub.7-C.sub.10)

Example 4

(39) The process was conducted as in Example 4, at a temperature of about 400° C. The catalyst used was 5% MoO/5% CoO/SiO.sub.2 in the amount of 1 g obtained by impregnation, and the raw material was Category III rendering fat, whose composition in wt % is given in Table 1—sample II).

(40) The compositions of the raw material [wt %] and fraction 1 [wt %] are given in Table 5.

(41) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Content [wt %]; catalyst 5% MoO/5% CoO/SiO.sub.2 Percentage After reaction Before in raw [400° C.] Percentage Composition reaction material Fraction 1 in product C14:0 1.7 94.9 — 3.2 C16:0 21.8 1.5 C16:1 5.5 — C17:0 1.1 — C18:0 13.9 1.7 C18:1 40.6 — C18:2 18.3 — Saturated hydro- — — 49.3 (43.1) 87.3 (74.4) carbons C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) Unsaturated hydro- — —   38 (31.3) carbons C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) other 5.1  5.1 9.5 (including 9.5 3 ketones, 1.6 esters)

Example 5

(42) The process was conducted as in Example 1, at a process temperature of about 400° C. The catalyst used was 5% MoO/10% CoO/SiO.sub.2 in the amount of 1 g obtained by impregnation, and the raw material was Category III rendering fat, whose composition in wt % is given in Table 1—sample II.

(43) The compositions of the raw material [wt %] and fraction 1 [wt %] are given in Table 6.

(44) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Content [% wag]; catalyst 5% MoO/10% CoO/SiO.sub.2 Percentage After reaction Before in raw [400° C.] Percentage Composition reaction material Fraction 1 in product C14:0 1.7 94.9 — 0   C16:0 21.8 — C16:1 5.5 — C17:0 1.1 — C18:0 13.9 — C18:1 40.6 — C18:2 18.3 — Saturated hydro- — — 53.1 (41.1) 93.5 (68.6) carbons C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) Unsaturated hydro- — — 40.4 (27.5) carbons C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) other 5.1  5.1 6.5 (including 6.5 5.2 ketones)

Example 6

(45) The process was conducted as in Example 1 at a temperature of about 440° C. The catalyst used was 5% MoO/10% CoO/SiO.sub.2 obtained by impregnation, in the amount of 6 g, and the raw material was Category III rendering fat, whose composition in wt % is given in Table 1—sample II). The compositions of the raw material [wt %] and fraction 1 [wt %] are given in Table 7.

(46) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Content [wt %]; catalyst 5% MoO/10% CoO/SiO.sub.2 Percentage After reaction Before in raw [440° C.] Percentage Composition reaction material Fraction 1 in product C14:0 1.7 94.9 — 3.3 C16:0 21.8 2.4 C16:1 5.5 — C17:0 1.1 — C18:0 13.9 0.9 C18:1 40.6 — C18:2 18.3 — Saturated hydro- — — 43.1 (34.8) 86.8 (65) carbons C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) Unsaturated hydro- — — 43.7 (30.2) carbons C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) other 5.1  5.1 9.9 (including 9.9 6.1 ketones. 1.5 aldehydes)

Example 7

(47) The process was conducted as in Example 1, at a temperature of about 400° C. The catalyst used was 5% CoO/5% MoO/SiO.sub.2 in the amount of 1 g obtained by dry impregnation, and the raw material was Category III rendering fat, whose composition in wt % is given in Table 1—sample II).

(48) The compositions of the raw material [wt %] and fraction 1 [wt %] are given in Table 8.

(49) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Content [wt %]; katalizator5% CoO/5% MoO/SiO.sub.2 Percentage After reaction Before in raw [400° C.] Percentage Composition reaction material Fraction 1 in product C14:0 1.7 94.9 — 3   C16:0 21.8 1.1 C16:1 5.5 — C17:0 1.1 — C18:0 13.9 — C18:1 40.6 1.9 C18:2 18.3 — Saturated hydro- — — 49.2 (42.0) 87.4 (73.1) carbons C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) Unsaturated hydro- — — 38.2 (31.1) carbons C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) other 5.1  5.1 9.6 (including 9.6 3.5 ketones, 0.7 esters

Stage II Examples

Hydrogenation of the Olefins Contained in Fraction 1 from Stage 1 to Fraction 2

(50) The process of reduction of the olefins contained in Fraction 1 from Stage 1 is illustrated in the examples.

Example 8

(51) The process was conducted in a flow-type, coupled catalytic system, composed of a methanol decomposition system and a Fraction 1 hydrogenation system, as shown in, FIG. 1 (Stage II). The catalyst used for methanol decomposition was CoO/SiO.sub.2 in the amount of 0.5 g, and the catalyst in Stage II was PdCl.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 in the amount of 0.5 g. Methanol was obtained from a source such as a vessel 20. The catalyst in the methanol decomposition reaction was initially activated thermally in the reaction chamber 16 in a stream of air at a temperature of about 450° C. for 1 hour. The interior of the reaction chamber 16 was maintained by a heater controller 18 at a temperature of about 450° C. for 1 hour. The temperature in the methanol decomposition reactor 16 was then lowered to 100° C. through operation of the heater controller 18, the stream of carrier gas was switched to argon through appropriate valving 22, and then anhydrous methanol was fed in through operation of a feeder 21. The catalyst load was 10 h.sup.−1. Methanol decomposition products were passed directly through a condenser 14 to the Stage II reactor 34 via a connection 10 wherein the gaseous methanol decomposition products are contacted by the Stage II catalyst. Impurities from the reaction were contained in a bottom flask 12. The catalyst in the Stage II reaction was initially activated thermally in the reaction chamber 34 in a stream of air at a temperature of about 450° C. for 1 hour. Then temperature in the reaction vessel 34 was then lowered to 100° C. through operation of the heater controller 32. The stage II catalyst reduces the active phase within 1 hour to the metal (Pd), at a temperature of about 450° C. Temperature in the catalytic bed in Stage II was then lowered to 100° C.

(52) The raw material from Fraction 1 from Example 6 was fed into reaction chamber 34. The catalyst load was 1.5 h.sup.−1. Temperature in Stage II was gradually elevated to 300° C. through operation of the heater controller 32 and products contained in bottom flask 38 were analyzed by chromatographic analysis. Additional outlet gases are released through an outlet 36.

(53) The compositions of fraction 1 [wt %] and fraction 2 [wt %] are given in Table 9.

(54) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Fraction 1 from Fraction 2 Composition Example VI [440° C.] [300° C.] C14:0 — — C16:0 2.4 0.9 C16:1 — — C17:0 — — C18:0 0.9 — C18:1 — — C18:2 — — C18:3 — — Saturated hydrocarbons 43.1 (34.8) 79 (60.5) C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) Unsaturated hydrocarbons 43.7 (30.2) 7.5 (3.6).sup.  C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) other 9.9 12.6 (including esters)

Example 9

(55) The process was conducted as in Example 8, at a temperature of about 400° C. The catalyst used for Stage II was H.sub.2PtCl.sub.6/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 in the amount of 0.5 g, and the product from Example 6 was used as Fraction 1.

(56) The compositions of fraction 1 [wt %] and fraction 2 [wt %] are given in Table 10.

(57) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Fraction 1 from Fraction 2 Composition Example VI [440° C.] [400° C.] C14:0 — — C16:0 2.4 — C16:1 — — C17:0 — — C18:0 0.9 — C18:1 — — C18:2 — — C18:3 — — Saturated hydrocarbons 43.1 (34.8) 76.7 (57) C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) Unsaturated hydrocarbons 43.7 (30.2) .sup. 8.6 (5.4) C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) other 9.9 14.7 (including esters)

Example 10

(58) The process was conducted in a single-stage flow-type catalytic system, composed of a glass reactor, as shown in the FIG. 2 (Stage II). The catalyst was PdCl.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3, used in the amount of 0.5 g and the process was conducted using compressed hydrogen. At the beginning, the catalyst was thermally activated in a stream of air at a temperature of about 450° C. for 1 hour, then the active phase was reduced for 1 hour to the metal (Pd), at a temperature of about 450° C., using a compressed hydrogen fed directly to the Stage II reactor. The temperature in the catalytic bed was then lowered to 100° C. and the raw material (Fraction 1 from Example 6) was fed in. The catalyst load was 1.5 h.sup.−1. Temperature in Stage II was gradually elevated to 300° C. and products were analyzed by chromatographic analysis.

(59) The compositions of fraction 1 [wt %] and fraction 2 [wt %] are given in Table 11.

(60) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Fraction 1 from Fraction 2 Composition Example VI [440° C.] [300° C.] C14:0 — — C16:0 2.4 0.3 C16:1 — — C17:0 — — C18:0 0.9 — C18:1 — — C18:2 — — C18:3 — — Saturated hydrocarbons 43.1 (34.8) 79.5 (59.0) C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) Unsaturated hydrocarbons 43.7 (30.2) 5.8 (3.4) C.sub.6—C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12—C.sub.17) other 9.9 14.4 (including esters)

Stage I and Stage II Combined Examples

(61) A double-stage process including Stages I and II is illustrated in the following Examples.

Example 11

(62) The process was conducted in a flow-type catalytic system shown in the FIG. 1 (Stage I and II). At the beginning, the catalysts of both stages were initially activated thermally (I—5% MoO/10% CoO/SiO.sub.2 in the amount of 9 g, II—10% ZrO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 in the amount of 4 g), obtained by impregnation in a stream of argon at a temperature of about 450° C. for 1 hour. Then the Stage II catalyst was reduced from its original form to its metallic form using hydrogen from the decomposition of anhydrous methanol (350° C., catalyst 10% CoO/SiO.sub.2) at a temperature of about 450° C. for 1 hour, which was fed at a rate of 0.9 ml/hr. The temperature in the Stage I and Stage II reactors was lowered to 100° C. and the raw material was fed in preheating to a temperature of 60° C. at the rate of 10 ml/hr. The raw material was Category III rendering fat, Sample II. The temperature in both Stages was gradually elevated to about 440° C. (Stage I) and 300° C. (Stage II), respectively, and after a stable condition was reached (about 1 hr) the major product (Fraction 2) was collected.

(63) In Fraction 2 (at a 99% conversion), only saturated hydrocarbons C.sub.6-C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12-C.sub.17) in the amount of 85% (80%), respectively, and esters in the amount of 15% were obtained.

Example 12

(64) The process was conducted as in Example 11, the temperature used in Stage II was about 400° C. The raw material used was a waste refined rapeseed oil of the following composition: C16:0 (10%), C18:0 (1.1%), C18:1 (46%), C18:2 (13%), C18:3 (4.5%), other (25.4%). The catalyst in Stage II was 10% Pd/Al.sub.2O.sub.3. In Fraction 2 (at a 100% conversion) the following hydrocarbons were obtained: saturated C.sub.6-C.sub.18 (including C.sub.12-C.sub.17) 85% (66%) respectively, unsaturated C.sub.6-C.sub.18 (including C.sub.12-C.sub.17), 7.2% (6%) respectively, and other products—7.8% (mainly esters and alcohols).

Example 13

(65) The process was conducted as in Example 11, the temperature in Stage II was about 500° C. The raw material used was waste animal fat (pork lard) of the following composition: C14:0 (3%), C16:0 (30%), C18:0 (15%), C18:1 (45%), C18:2 (5%), other (2%). The catalyst in Stage II was 10% Pd/Al.sub.2O.sub.3. In fraction 2 (at a 100% conversion) the following hydrocarbons were obtained: saturated C.sub.6-C.sub.18 (including C.sub.12-C.sub.17) 80% (63%) respectively, unsaturated C.sub.6-C.sub.18 (including C.sub.12-C.sub.17) 8% (3%) respectively, and other products—12% (mainly esters and alcohols).

Example 14

(66) The process was conducted as in Example 11. The raw material used was a mixture of palmitic acid C16:0 and stearic acid C18:0 as a composition model of an algal oil after pyrolysis (Chlorella sp.) at a molar ratio of C16:0 to C18:0 of 1:0.7, respectively. The catalyst in Stage II was 10% Pd/Al.sub.2O.sub.3. In fraction 2, saturated C.sub.15 and C.sub.17 hydrocarbons were obtained with a yield of 75%.

Example 15

(67) The process was conducted as in Example 11. The catalyst used in Stage II was 10% Pd/Al.sub.2O.sub.3. The raw material used was a waste hydrolyzed poultry fat of the following composition: C14:0 (1%), C16:0 (24%), C16:1 (6%), C18:0 (8%), C18:1 (29%), C18:2 (22%), other (10%). The catalyst used in Stage II was 10% Pd/Al.sub.2O.sub.3. In fraction 2 (at a 100% conversion) the following hydrocarbons were obtained: saturated C.sub.6-C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12-C.sub.17) 85% (65%) respectively, unsaturated C.sub.6-C.sub.17 (including C.sub.12-C.sub.17) 5% (2%) respectively, and other products—10% (mainly esters).

(68) Of course these methods are exemplary and alterations thereto are possible by those having skill in the relevant technology.

(69) Thus the example embodiments and arrangements achieve improved capabilities, eliminate difficulties encountered in the use of prior methods and systems, and attain the desirable results described herein.

(70) In the foregoing description, certain terms have been used for brevity, clarity and understanding. However, no unnecessary limitations are to be implied therefrom because such terms are used for descriptive purposes and are intended to be broadly construed.

(71) Moreover the descriptions and illustrations herein are by way of examples and the inventive scope is not limited to the features shown and described.

(72) Further, it should be understood that features and/or relationships associated with one embodiment can be combined with features and/or relationships from other embodiments. That is, various features and/or relationships from various embodiments can be combined in further embodiments. The inventive scope of the disclosure is not limited to only the embodiments shown or described herein.

(73) Having described the features, discoveries and principles of the exemplary embodiments, the manner in which they are utilized and carried out, and the advantages and useful results attained, the new and useful arrangements, combinations, methodologies, structures, devices, elements, combinations, operations, processes and relationships are set forth in the appended claims.