Defrost system for refrigeration apparatus, and cooling unit

Abstract

A defrost system includes: a cooling device in a freezer, and includes a casing, a heat exchanger pipe with a difference in elevation in the casing, and a drain receiver unit below the heat exchanger pipe; a refrigerating device to cool and liquefy CO.sub.2 refrigerant; and a refrigerant circuit for permitting the cooled and liquefied CO.sub.2 refrigerant to circulate to the heat exchanger pipe. The defrost system includes a bypass pipe of the heat exchanger pipe to form a CO.sub.2 circulation path; an on-off valve in the heat exchanger pipe to be closed during defrosting so that the CO.sub.2 circulation path is a closed circuit; a pressure adjusting unit for adjusting pressure of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant during defrosting; and a brine circuit as a first heating medium, in which the defrost system permits the CO.sub.2 refrigerant to naturally circulate in the closed circuit during defrosting by a thermosiphon effect.

Claims

1. A defrost system for a refrigeration apparatus including: a cooling device which is disposed in a freezer, and includes a casing, a heat exchanger pipe with a difference in elevation disposed in the casing, and a drain receiver unit disposed below the heat exchanger pipe; a refrigerating device configured to cool and liquefy CO.sub.2 refrigerant; and a refrigerant circuit for permitting the CO.sub.2 refrigerant cooled and liquefied in the refrigerating device to circulate to the heat exchanger pipe, the defrost system comprising: a bypass pipe connected between an inlet path and an outlet path of the heat exchanger pipe to form a CO.sub.2 circulation path including the heat exchanger pipe; an on-off valve disposed in each of the inlet path and the outlet path of the heat exchanger pipe and configured to be-closed at a time of defrosting so that the CO.sub.2 circulation path becomes a closed circuit; a pressure adjusting unit for adjusting pressure of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulating in the closed circuit at the time of defrosting; and a brine circuit in which brine as a first heating medium circulates and which includes a first lead path disposed adjacent to the heat exchanger pipe in the cooling device and forming a first heat exchanger part for heating the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulating in the heat exchanger pipe, with the brine, in a lower area of the heat exchanger pipe, wherein the defrost system configured to permitting the CO.sub.2 refrigerant to naturally circulate in the closed circuit at the time of defrosting by a thermosiphon effect.

2. The defrost system for the refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first lead path is formed only in the lower area of the heat exchanger pipe in the cooling device, and the first heat exchanger is formed of an entire area of the first lead path-led into the cooling device.

3. The defrost system for the refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first lead path is provided with the difference in elevation in the cooling device and is configured in such a manner that the brine flows from a lower side to an upper side, and a flowrate adjustment valve is disposed at an intermediate position in an upper and lower direction of the first lead path, and the first heat exchanger part is formed at a portion of the first lead path on an upstream side of the flowrate adjustment valve.

4. The defrost system for the refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pressure adjusting unit comprises a pressure adjustment valve disposed in the outlet path of the heat exchanger pipe.

5. The defrost system for the refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pressure adjusting unit is configured to adjusts a temperature of the brine flowing into the first heat exchanger part to adjust the pressure of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulating in the closed circuit.

6. The defrost system for the refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the brine circuit includes a second lead path led to the drain receiver unit.

7. The defrost system for the refrigeration apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising a flow path switching unit which enables the first lead path and the second lead path to be connected in parallel or connected in series.

8. The sublimation defrost system for the refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a first temperature sensor and a second temperature sensor which are respectively disposed at an inlet and an outlet of the brine circuit and detect a temperature of the brine flowing through the inlet and the outlet.

9. The defrost system for the refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the refrigerating device includes: a primary refrigerant circuit in which NH.sub.3 refrigerant circulates and a refrigerating cycle component is disposed; a secondary refrigerant circuit in which the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulates, the secondary refrigerant circuit led to the cooling device, the secondary refrigerant circuit being connected to the primary refrigerant circuit through a cascade condenser; and a liquid CO.sub.2 receiver for storing the CO.sub.2 refrigerant liquefied in the cascade condenser and a liquid CO.sub.2 pump for sending the CO.sub.2 refrigerant stored in the liquid CO.sub.2 receiver to the cooling device, which are disposed in the secondary refrigerant circuit.

10. The defrost system for the refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the refrigerating device is a NH.sub.3/CO.sub.2 cascade refrigerating device including: a primary refrigerant circuit in which NH.sub.3 refrigerant circulates and a refrigerating cycle component is disposed; and a secondary refrigerant circuit in which the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulates and a refrigerating cycle component is disposed, the secondary refrigerant circuit led to the cooling device, the secondary refrigerant circuit being connected to the primary refrigerant circuit through a cascade condenser.

11. The defrost system for the refrigeration apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising a cooling water circuit led to a condenser provided as a part of the refrigerating cycle component disposed in the primary refrigerant circuit, wherein a second heating medium is cooling water circulating in the cooling water circuit and heated in the condenser, and the second heat exchanger part includes a heat exchanger to which the cooling water circuit and the brine circuit are led, the heat exchanger exchanging heat between the cooling water circulating in the cooling water circuit and heated in the condenser and the brine circulating in the brine circuit.

12. The defrost system for the refrigeration apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising a cooling water circuit led to a condenser provided as a part of the refrigerating cycle component disposed in the primary refrigerant circuit, wherein the second heating medium is cooling water circulating in the cooling water circuit and heated in the condenser, and the second heat exchanger part includes: a cooling tower for cooling the cooling water circulating in the cooling water circuit by exchanging heat between the cooling water and spray water; and a heating tower for receiving the spray water and exchanging heat between the brine circulating in the brine circuit and the spray water.

13. A cooling unit comprising: a cooling device which includes a casing, a heat exchanger pipe with a difference in elevation in an upper and lower direction disposed in the casing, and a drain pan disposed below the heat exchanger pipe; a bypass pipe connected between an inlet path and an outlet path of the heat exchanger pipe and to form a CO.sub.2 circulation path including the heat exchanger pipe; an on-off valve which is disposed in each of the inlet path and the outlet path of the heat exchanger pipe and which is configured to be closed at a time of defrosting so that the CO.sub.2 circulation path becomes a closed circuit; a pressure adjusting valve for adjusting pressure of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulating in the closed circuit at the time of defrosting; and a brine circuit in which brine as a first heating medium circulates and which includes a first lead path disposed adjacent to the heat exchanger pipe in the cooling device- and forming a first heat exchanger part for heating the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulating in the heat exchanger pipe, with the brine, in a lower area of the heat exchanger pipe, and a second lead path led to the drain pan; and a flow path switching unit which enables the first lead path and the second lead path to be connected in parallel or connected in series.

14. The cooling unit according to claim 13, wherein the first lead path is formed only in the lower area of the heat exchanger pipe in the cooling device, and the first heat exchanger is formed of an entire area of the first lead path leading into the cooling device.

15. The cooling unit according to claim 13, wherein the first lead path is provided with the difference in elevation in the cooling device and is configured in such a manner that the brine flows from a lower side to an upper side, and a flowrate adjustment valve is disposed at an intermediate position in an upper and lower direction of the first lead path.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a general configuration diagram of a refrigeration apparatus according to one embodiment.

(2) FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a cooling device in the refrigeration apparatus according to one embodiment.

(3) FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a cooling device in the refrigeration apparatus according to one embodiment.

(4) FIG. 4 is a general configuration diagram of a refrigeration apparatus according to one embodiment.

(5) FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a cooling device in the refrigeration apparatus according to one embodiment.

(6) FIG. 6 is a general configuration diagram of a refrigeration apparatus according to one embodiment.

(7) FIG. 7 is a general configuration diagram of a refrigeration apparatus according to one embodiment.

(8) FIG. 8 is a system diagram of a refrigerating device according to one embodiment.

(9) FIG. 9 is a system diagram of a refrigerating device according to one embodiment.

(10) FIG. 10 is a line graph showing a result of an experiment on a refrigeration apparatus according to one embodiment.

(11) FIG. 11 is a line graph showing a result of an experiment on the refrigeration apparatus according to one embodiment.

(12) FIG. 12 is a line graph showing a result of an experiment on the refrigeration apparatus according to one embodiment.

(13) FIG. 13 is a line graph showing a result of an experiment on the refrigeration apparatus according to one embodiment.

(14) FIG. 14 is a line graph showing a result of an experiment on the refrigeration apparatus according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(15) Embodiments of the present invention shown in the accompanying drawings will now be described in detail. It is intended, however, that dimensions, materials, shapes, relative positions, and the like of components described in the embodiments shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not limitative of the scope of the present invention unless otherwise specified.

(16) For example, expressions indicating a relative or absolute arrangement such as “in a certain direction”, “along a certain direction”, “parallel to”, “orthogonal to”, “center of”, “concentric to”, and “coaxially” do not only strictly indicate such arrangements but also indicate a state including a tolerance or a relative displacement within an angle and a distance achieving the same function.

(17) For example, expressions such as “the same”, “equal to”, and “equivalent to” indicating a state where the objects are the same, do not only strictly indicate the same state, but also indicate a state including a tolerance or a difference achieving the same function.

(18) For example, expressions indicating shapes such as rectangular and cylindrical do not only indicate the shapes such as rectangular and cylindrical in a geometrically strict sense, but also indicate shapes including recesses/protrusions, chamfered portions, and the like, as long as the same effect can be obtained.

(19) Expressions such as “comprising”, “including”, “includes”, “provided with”, or “having” a certain component are not exclusive expressions that exclude other components.

(20) FIG. 1 to FIG. 7 show defrost systems for refrigeration apparatuses 10A to 10D according to some embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show the refrigeration apparatus 10A, FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 show the refrigeration apparatus 10B, FIG. 6 shows the refrigeration apparatus 10C, and FIG. 7 shows the refrigeration apparatus 10D.

(21) The refrigeration apparatuses 10A to 10D respectively include: cooling devices 33a and 33b respectively disposed in freezers 30a and 30b; refrigerating devices 11A and 11B which cool and liquefy CO.sub.2 refrigerant; and a refrigerant circuit (corresponding to secondary refrigerant circuit 14) which permits the CO.sub.2 refrigerant cooled and liquefied in the refrigerating devices to circulate to the cooling devices 33a and 33b. The cooling devices 33a and 33b respectively include: casings 34a and 34b; heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b with a difference in elevation disposed in the casings; and drain pans 50a and 50b disposed below the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b.

(22) As shown in FIG. 2, FIG. 3, and FIG. 5, in the exemplary configurations of the cooling devices 33a and 33b, an air opening is formed on the casing 34a, and a fan 35a is disposed at the opening. When the fan 35a operates, freezer inner air c forms an air flow flowing in and out of the casing 34a. The heat exchanger pipe 42a has a winding shape in a horizontal direction and an upper and lower direction for example. Headers 43a and 43b are disposed in an inlet tube 42c and an outlet tube 42d of the heat exchanger pipe 42a.

(23) The “inlet tube 42c” and the “outlet tube 42d” are ranges of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b disposed in the freezers 30a and 30b. The ranges extend from an area around partition walls of the casings 34a and 34b of the cooling devices 33a and 33b to the outer side of the casings.

(24) In the cooling device 33a shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 5, the air openings are formed on upper and side surfaces (not shown) of the casing 34a. The freezer inner air c flows in through the side surface and flows out through the upper surface.

(25) In the cooling device 34a shown in FIG. 3, air openings are formed on both side surfaces, whereby the freezer inner air c flows in and out through both side surfaces.

(26) The refrigerating device 11A included in the refrigeration apparatuses 10A to 10C and the refrigerating device 11B included in the refrigeration apparatus 10D include: a primary refrigerant circuit 12 in which NH.sub.3 refrigerant circulates and a refrigerating cycle component is disposed; and a secondary refrigerant circuit 14 in which the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulates, the secondary refrigerant circuit extending to the cooling devices 33a and 33. The secondary refrigerant circuit 14 is connected to the primary refrigerant circuit 12 through a cascade condenser 24.

(27) The refrigerating cycle component disposed in the primary refrigerant circuit 12 includes a compressor 16, a condenser 18, a liquid NH.sub.3 receiver 20, an expansion valve 22, and the cascade condenser 24.

(28) The secondary refrigerant circuit 14 includes a liquid CO.sub.2 receiver 36 which stores the liquid CO.sub.2 refrigerant liquefied in the cascade condenser 24 and a liquid CO.sub.2 pump 38 for permitting the liquid CO.sub.2 refrigerant stored in the liquid CO.sub.2 receiver 36 to circulate to the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b.

(29) A CO.sub.2 circulation path 44 is disposed between the cascade condenser 24 and the liquid CO.sub.2 receiver 36. CO.sub.2 refrigerant gas introduced from the liquid CO.sub.2 receiver 36 to the cascade condenser 24 through the CO.sub.2 circulation path 44 is cooled and liquefied with the NH.sub.3 refrigerant in the cascade condenser 24, and then returns to the liquid CO.sub.2 receiver 36.

(30) The refrigerating devices 11A and 11B use natural refrigerants such as NH.sub.3 and CO.sub.2 and thus facilitate an attempt to prevent the ozone layer depletion, global warming, and the like. Furthermore, the refrigerating devices 11A and 11D use NH.sub.3, with high cooling performance and toxicity, as a primary refrigerant and use CO.sub.2, with no toxicity or smell, as a secondary refrigerant, and thus can be used for room air conditioning and for refrigerating food products.

(31) In the refrigeration apparatuses 10A to 10D, the secondary refrigerant circuit 14 is branched to CO.sub.2 branch circuits 40a and 40b outside the freezers 30a and 30b, and the CO.sub.2 branch circuits 40a and 40b are connected to the inlet tube 42c and the outlet tube 42d of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b led to the outer side of the casings 34a and 34b, through a contact part 41.

(32) Solenoid on-off valves 54a and 54b are disposed in the inlet tube 42c and the outlet tube 42d in the freezers 30a and 30b. Bypass pipes 52a and 52b are connected to the inlet tube 42c and the outlet tube 42d between the solenoid on-off valves 54a and 54b and the cooling devices 33a and 33b. Solenoid on-off valves 53a and 53b are disposed in the bypass pipes 52a and 52b. A CO.sub.2 circulation path is formed of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b and the bypass pipes 52a and 52b. The solenoid on-off valves 54a and 54b are closed and the solenoid on-off valves 53a and 53b are opened at the time of defrosting, whereby the CO.sub.2 circulation path becomes a closed circuit.

(33) Pressure adjusting units which adjust pressure of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulating in the closed circuit at the time of defrosting are provided.

(34) In the refrigeration apparatuses 10A, 10B, and 10D, the pressure adjusting units 45a and 45b respectively include: pressure adjustment valves 48a and 48 disposed in parallel with the solenoid on-off valves 54a and 54b in the outlet tube 42d of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b; pressure sensors 46a and 46b disposed in the outlet tube 42d on the upstream side of the pressure adjustment valves 48a and 48b; and control devices 47a and 47b to which detected values of the pressure sensors 46a and 46b are input.

(35) Control is performed in such a manner that the solenoid on-off valves 54a and 54b are opened and the solenoid on-off valves 53a and 53b are closed in a refrigerating operation and the solenoid on-off valves 54a and 54b are closed and the solenoid on-off valves 53a and 53b are opened at the time of defrosting.

(36) Control devices 47a and 47b control valve apertures of the pressure adjustment valves 48a and 48b. Thus, the pressure of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant is controlled in such a manner that condensing temperature of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulating in the closed circuit becomes higher than a freezing point (for example, 0° C.) of water vapor in the freezer inner air c. A part of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant returns to the secondary refrigerant circuit 14 through the pressure adjustment valves 48a and 48b when the pressure of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant in the closed circuit exceeds set pressure. Thus, the pressure in the closed circuit is maintained at the set pressure.

(37) In the refrigeration apparatus 10C, the pressure adjusting unit is a pressure adjusting unit 71. The pressure adjusting unit 71 includes: a three way valve 71a dispose on the downstream side of a temperature sensor 76 in a brine circuit (send path) 60; a bypass path 71b connected to the three way valve 71a and the brine circuit (return path) 60 on the upstream side of a temperature sensor 66; and a control device 71c to which a temperature of brine detected by a temperature sensor 74 is input, the control device 71c controlling the three way valve 71a in such a manner that the input value becomes equal to a set temperature. The control device 71c controls a temperature of the brine supplied to brine branch paths 61a and 61b is adjusted to be at a set value (for example, 10 to 15° C.).

(38) A brine circuit 60 (shown with a dashed line) in which the brine as a heating medium circulates is branched to brine branch circuits 61a and 61b (shown with a dashed line) outside the freezers 30a and 30b. The brine branch circuits 61a and 61b are connected to brine branch circuits 63a, 63b and 64a, 64b through a contact part 62 outside the freezers 30a and 30b. The brine branch circuits 63a and 63b (shown with a dashed line) are led into the cooling devices 33a and 33b, and are disposed adjacent to the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b in the cooling devices. A first heat exchanger part, in which the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulating in the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b is heated with the brine circulating in the brine branch circuits 63a and 63b, is formed in a lower area of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b.

(39) The brine branch circuits 63a and 63b disposed in the cooling devices 33a and 33b are referred to as a “first lead path”.

(40) In the refrigeration apparatuses 10A, 10C, and 10D, the first lead path is disposed in the lower area of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b in the cooling devices 33a and 33b. For example, the first lead path is disposed in the lower area at the height of ⅓ to ⅕ of the height of a disposed area of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b.

(41) In the refrigeration apparatus 10B shown in FIG. 4, the first lead path is provided with a difference in elevation in an entire area of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b in the cooling devices 33a and 33b and is configured in such a manner that the brine flows from a lower side to an upper side. Flowrate adjustment valves 80a and 80b are disposed at intermediate positions of the brine branch circuits 63a and 63b in the upper and lower direction, and form a heat exchanger part in the first lead path on the upstream side (lower area) of the flowrate adjustment valves.

(42) FIG. 2 shows a configuration of the cooling device 33a disposed in the refrigeration apparatuses 10A, 10C, and 10D.

(43) The brine branch circuit 63a is disposed in the lower area of the heat exchanger pipe 42a to have a winding shape with a difference in elevation in the horizontal direction and in the upper and lower direction, as in the case of the heat exchanger pipe 42a, for example.

(44) In an exemplary configuration, the drain pan 50a is inclined from the horizontal direction to discharge drainage, and has a drain outlet tube 51a formed at a lower end. The heat exchanger pipe 42a includes the headers 43a and 43b at an inlet and an outlet of the cooling device 33a.

(45) The brine branch circuit 63a includes headers 78a and 78b at an inlet and an outlet of the cooling device 33a. The brine branch circuit 64a is disposed adjacent to the drain pan 50a and is formed to have a winding shape along a back surface of the drain pan 50a.

(46) The heat exchanger pipe 42a and the brine branch circuit 63a are supported while being close to each other by a large number of plate fins 77a arranged in parallel.

(47) The heat exchanger pipe 42a and the brine branch circuit 63a are inserted in a large number of holes formed on the plate fins 77a and thus are supported by the plate fins 77a. Heat transmission between the heat exchanger pipe 42a and the brine branch circuit 63a is facilitated by the plate fins 77a.

(48) The cooling device 33b disposed in the refrigeration apparatuses 10A, 10C, and 10D has a similar configuration.

(49) FIG. 5 shows a configuration of the cooling device 33a disposed in the refrigeration apparatus 10B.

(50) The brine branch circuit 63a is disposed to have the winding shape across the entire heat exchanger pipe 42a in a height direction and the horizontal direction. The flowrate adjustment valve 80a is disposed at an intermediate position of the brine branch circuit 63a in the upper and lower direction. The cooling device 33b in the refrigeration apparatus 10B has a similar configuration.

(51) The freezer inner air c cooled in the cooling device 33a is diffused in the freezer 32a by the fan 35a, at the time of the refrigerating operation.

(52) A flow path switching unit 69a described later is omitted in FIG. 2 and FIG. 5.

(53) The brine branch circuits 64a and 64b (shown with a dashed line) are led to the back surfaces of the drain pans 50a and 50b in the freezers 30a and 30b.

(54) The brine branch circuits 64a and 64b led to the back surfaces of the drain pans 50a and 50b are referred to as a “second lead path”.

(55) At the time of defrosting, the drainage that has dropped onto the drain pans 50a and 50b can be prevented from refreezing with heat of the brine circulating in the brine branch circuits 64a and 64b.

(56) The refrigeration apparatuses 10A to 10D further include flow path switching units 69a and 69b to enable the first lead path and the second lead path to be connected in parallel or in series.

(57) The flow path switching units 69a and 69b respectively include: bypass pipes 65a and 65b connected between the brine branch circuits 63a, 63b and 64a, 64b; flowrate adjustment valves 68a and 68b disposed in the bypass pipes; and flowrate adjustment valves 66a, 66b and 67a, 67b respectively disposed in the brine branch circuits 63a, 63b and 64a, 64b.

(58) When the brine branch circuits 63a, 63b and 64a, 64b are connected in series, the flowrate adjustment valves 68a, 68b are opened, and the flowrate adjustment valves 66a, 66b and 67a, 67b are closed.

(59) When the brine branch circuits 63a, 63b and 64a, 64b are connected in parallel, the flowrate adjustment valves 68a and 68b are closed, and the flowrate adjustment valves 66a, 66b and 67a, 67b are opened.

(60) In the refrigeration apparatuses 10A to 11D, the temperature sensors 74 and 76 are disposed in send and return paths of the brine circuit 60.

(61) In the refrigeration apparatuses 10A to 10C, a receiver (open brine tank) 70 that stores the brine and a brine pump 72 are disposed in the send path of the brine circuit 60.

(62) In the refrigeration apparatus 10D, an expansion tank 92 for offsetting pressure change and adjusting a flowrate of the brine is disposed instead of the receiver 70.

(63) A second heat exchanger part where heat exchange between a second heating medium and the brine takes place is disposed in the refrigeration apparatuses 10A to 10D.

(64) For example, in the refrigerating device 11A, a cooling water circuit 28 is led to the condenser 18. A cooling water branch circuit 56 including a cooling water pump 57 branches from the cooling water circuit 28 and is led to a heat exchanger part 58 corresponding to the first heat exchanger part. The brine circuit 60 is also connected to the heat exchanger part 58.

(65) Cooling water circulating in the cooling water circuit 28 is heated with the NH.sub.3 refrigerant in the condenser 18. The heated cooling water as the second heating medium heats the brine circulating in the brine circuit 60 at the time of defrosting, in the heat exchanger part 58.

(66) For example, when a temperature of the cooling water introduced to the cooling water branch circuit 56 is 20 to 30° C., the brine can be heated up to 15 to 20° C. with the cooling water.

(67) An aqueous solution such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol can be used as the brine for example.

(68) In other embodiments, for example, any heating medium other than the cooling water can be used as the heating medium. Such a heating medium includes NH.sub.3 refrigerant gas with high temperature and high pressure discharged from the compressor 16, warm discharge water from a factory, a medium that has absorbed heat emitted from a boiler or potential heat of an oil cooler, and the like.

(69) In the exemplary configuration of the refrigerating device 11, the cooling water circuit 28 is disposed between the condenser 18 and a closed-type cooling tower 26. A cooling water pump 29 makes the cooling water circulate in the cooling water circuit 28. The cooling water that has absorbed exhaust heat from the NH.sub.3 refrigerant in the condenser 18 comes into contact with the outer air in the closed-type cooling tower 26 and is cooled with vaporization latent heat of water.

(70) The closed-type cooling tower 26 includes: a cooling coil 26a connected to the cooling water circuit 28; a fan 26b that blows outer air a into the cooling coil 26a; and a spray pipe 26c and a pump 26d for spraying the cooling water onto the cooling coil 26a. The cooling water sprayed from the spray pipe 26c partially vaporizes. The cooling water flowing in the cooling coil 26c is cooled with the vaporization latent heat thus produced.

(71) In the refrigerating device 11B shown in FIG. 7, a closed-type cooling and heating unit 90 integrating the closed-type cooling tower 26 and a closed-type heating tower 91 is provided. The closed-type cooling tower 26 in the present embodiment cools the cooling water circulating in the cooling water circuit 28 through heat exchange with spray water, and has the configuration that is the same as that of the closed-type cooling tower 26 in the embodiments described above.

(72) In the present embodiment, the brine circuit 60 is led to the closed-type heating tower 91. The closed-type heating tower 91 receives spray water used for cooling the cooling water circulating in the cooling water circuit 28 in the closed-type cooling tower 26, and causes heat exchange between the spray water and the brine circulating in the brine circuit 60.

(73) The closed-type heating tower 91 includes: a heating coil 91a connected to the brine circuit 60; and a spray pipe 91c and a pump 91d for spraying the cooling water onto the cooling coil 91a. An inside of the closed-type cooling tower 26 communicates with an inside of the closed-type heating tower 91 through a lower portion of a common housing.

(74) The spray water that has absorbed the exhaust heat from the NH.sub.3 refrigerant circulating in the primary refrigerant circuit 12 is sprayed onto the cooling coil 91a from the spray pipe 91c, and serves as a heating medium which heats the brine circulating in the brine circuit 60.

(75) In the exemplary configuration of the refrigeration apparatus 10B shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, an auxiliary electric heater 82a is disposed near the back surface of the drain pan 50a.

(76) In the refrigeration apparatuses 10A, 10C, and 10D, cooling units 31a and 31b disposed in the freezers 30a and 30b are formed.

(77) The CO.sub.2 branch circuits 40a and 40b are respectively connected to the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b through the contact part 41 outside the freezers 30a and 30b. The brine branch circuits 61a and 61b are connected to the brine branch circuits 63a, 63b and 64a, 64b disposed in the freezers 30a and 30b through the contact part 62 outside the freezers 30a and 30b.

(78) The cooling units 31a and 31b respectively include: the cooling devices 33a and 33b; the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b as well as the inlet tube 42c and the outlet tube 42d thereof; the brine branch circuits 63a and 63b disposed in the lower area of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b; the brine branch circuits 64a and 64b; the flow path switching units 69a and 69b; and devices attached to these.

(79) The components of the cooling units 31a and 31b may be integrally formed in advance.

(80) In the refrigeration apparatus 10B shown in FIG. 3, cooling units 32a and 32b are formed. The cooling units 32a and 32b have the same components as the cooling units 31a and 31b except for the brine branch circuits 63a and 63b disposed across the entire disposed area of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b in the upper and lower direction and the horizontal direction and an auxiliary electric heater 94a disposed on the back surfaces of the drain pans 50a and 50b.

(81) The components of the cooling units 32a and 32b can be integrally formed in advance.

(82) In such a configuration, the solenoid on-off valves 54a and 54b are opened and the solenoid on-off valves 53a and 53b are closed at the time of the refrigerating operation. In this state, the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulates in the CO.sub.2 branch circuits 40a and 40b and in the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b. The fan 35a and a fan 35b form a circulation flow of the freezer inner air c passing in the cooling devices 33a and 33b inside the freezers 30a and 30b. The freezer inner air c is cooled with the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulating in the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b, whereby the temperature in the freezers is kept as low as −25° C., for example.

(83) The solenoid on-off valves 54a and 54b are closed and the solenoid on-off valves 53a and 53b are opened at the time of defrosting, whereby the CO.sub.2 circulation path including the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b and the bypass pipes 52a and 52b becomes a closed circuit. Then, warm brine, at +15° C. for example, circulates in the brine branch circuits 63a, 63b and 64a, 64b.

(84) In the refrigeration apparatuses 10A, 10B, and 10D, the control devices 47a and 47b control opening aperture of the pressure adjustment valves 48a and 48b to raise the pressure in of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulating in the closed circuit. Thus, the CO.sub.2 refrigerant has condensing temperature (for example, +5° C./4.0 MPa) higher than the freezing point of the water vapor in the freezer inner air c.

(85) In the refrigeration apparatus 10C, the temperature of the bring flowing into the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b is adjusted to the set temperature (for example, 10 to 15° C.) by the pressure adjusting unit 71. Thus, the CO.sub.2 refrigerant in the closed circuit has the condensing temperature higher than the freezing point of the water vapor in the freezer inner air c.

(86) In the refrigeration apparatuses 10A, 10C, and 10D, the CO.sub.2 refrigerant is heated and vaporized with the brine in the first heat exchanger part formed in the lower area of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b. The vaporized CO.sub.2 refrigerant has a temperature higher than the freezing point of the water vapor in the freezer inner air in the freezers. Frost attached to outer surfaces of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b in the lower area is melted by sensible heat of the vaporized CO.sub.2 refrigerant. The vaporized CO.sub.2 refrigerant rises to an upper area of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b by a thermosiphon effect.

(87) The CO.sub.2 refrigerant that has risen melts the frost attached to the outer surfaces of the heat exchanger pipes with the condensation latent heat (219 kJ/kg under +5° C./4.0 MPa), and then the CO.sub.2 refrigerant is liquefied. The liquefied CO.sub.2 refrigerant falls in the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b with gravity and is vaporized again with the heat of the brine in the lower area.

(88) Thus, the CO.sub.2 refrigerant naturally circulates in the closed circuit by an effect of a looped thermosiphon.

(89) The drainage of the melted frost drops onto the drain pans 50a and 50b to be discharged through the drain outlet tubes 51a and 51b. The drainage is prevented from refreezing with the sensible heat of the brine circulating in the brine branch circuits 63a and 63b. The drain pans 50a and 50b can be heated and defrosted with the sensible heat of the brine.

(90) In the refrigeration apparatus 10B, the flowrate adjustment valves 80a and 80b are narrowed to restrict the flowrate of the brine at the time of defrosting. Thus, the heat exchanger parts in which the heat exchange between the CO.sub.2 refrigerant and the brine takes place can be formed only in the area (lower area) on the upstream side of the flowrate adjustment valves 80a and 80b. Thus, the CO.sub.2 refrigerant vaporizes and the attached frost melts in the upstream side area, and the vaporized CO.sub.2 refrigerant rises to an area (upper area) on the downstream side of the flowrate adjustment valves 80a and 80b. The attached frost is melted by the condensation latent heat of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant and the CO.sub.2 refrigerant liquefies in the upstream side area.

(91) Thus, the CO.sub.2 refrigerant naturally circulates in the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b as the closed circuit by the thermosiphon effect, whereby the attached frost can be melted with the circulating CO.sub.2 refrigerant.

(92) The brine branch circuits 63a, 63b and 64a, 64b can be switched between the parallel connection and the serial connection with the flow path switching units 69a and 69b.

(93) It is determined that the defrosting is completed when the difference between the detected values of the temperature sensors 74 and 76 decreases so that the temperature difference reduces to a threshold value (for example, 2 to 3° C.), and thus the defrosting operation is terminated.

(94) According to some embodiments of the present invention, the vaporization latent heat of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant is used to remove the frost attached to the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b from the inside through the pipe walls at the time of defrosting, whereby the amount of heat transmitted to the frost can be increased.

(95) The heat exchange between the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulating in the closed circuit at the time of defrosting and other portions is blocked, whereby the thermal energy in the closed circuit is not emitted outside, and thus the defrosting which can achieve power saving can be performed.

(96) The CO.sub.2 refrigerant is naturally circulated by the thermosiphon effect in the closed circuit formed at the time of defrosting, whereby no pump power is required for circulating the CO.sub.2 refrigerant and thus further power saving can be achieved.

(97) With the temperature of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant at the time of defrosting operation kept at a temperature closer to the freezing point of the water vapor in the freezer inner air c as much as possible, fogging can be prevented, and the pressure of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant can be lowered. Thus, the pipes and the valves forming the closed circuit may be designed for lower pressure, whereby further cost reduction can be achieved.

(98) In the configurations of the cooling device 33a shown in FIG. 2, FIG. 3, and FIG. 5, the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b and the brine branch circuits 64a and 64b are supported by a large number of plate fins 77a. Thus, the amount of heat transmitted between the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b and the brine branch circuits 63a and 63b can be increased through the heat transmission through the plate fins 77a.

(99) In the refrigeration apparatuses 10A, 10C, and 10D, the brine branch circuits 63a and 63b are disposed only in the lower area of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b. Thus, the pressure loss of the air flow formed by the fans 35a and 35b can be reduced, and the power used for the fans 35a and 35b can be reduced. The heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b can be additionally disposed in a vacant space in the upper area, whereby the cooling effect with the CO.sub.2 refrigerant can be increased.

(100) In the refrigeration apparatus 10B, the brine branch circuits 63a and 63b are disposed across the entire disposed area of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b. Thus, with a simple modification of providing the flowrate adjustment valves 80a and 80b to the existing cooling device, the defrosting using the vaporization latent heat of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulating in the closed circuit that can achieve power saving and lower cost can be performed.

(101) In the refrigeration apparatuses 10A, 10B, and 10D, the pressure adjusting units 45a and 45b are provided, whereby the pressure adjusting unit can be simplified and provided at a low cost.

(102) In the refrigeration apparatus 10B, the pressure adjusting unit 71 is disposed. Thus, the pressure adjusting unit needs not to be provided for each cooling device, and only a single pressure adjusting unit needs to be provided. Thus, the cost reduction can be achieved, and the defrosting operation can be simplified because the pressure adjusting unit 71G can adjust the pressure in the closed circuit from the outside of the freezers 30a and 30b at the time of defrosting.

(103) The brine branch circuits 64a and 64b are led to the back surfaces of the drain pans 50a and 50b, whereby the water as a result of the melting dropped onto the drain pans 50a and 50b can be prevented from refreezing with the sensible heat of the brine. At the same time the drain pans 50a and 50b can be heated and defrosted with the sensible heat of the brine. Thus, a heater needs not to be additionally provided to the drain pans 50a and 50b and the low cost can be achieved.

(104) According to some embodiments, the flow path switching units 69a and 69b are provided so that the brine branch circuits 63a, 63b and 64a, 64b can be connected in parallel and in series. With the serial connection, the flowrate of the brine flowing in the brine branch circuits can be increased and a larger amount of the sensible heat can be used. With the parallel connection, the settable range of the flowrate and the temperature of the brine flowing in the circuits can be widened.

(105) According to some embodiments, by checking the difference between the detected values of the temperature sensors 74 and 76, the timing at which the defrosting operation is terminated can be accurately determined. Thus, the excessive heating and the water vapor diffusion in the freezers can be prevented, whereby further power saving can be achieved, and the quality of the food products cooled in the freezers can be improved with a more stable freezer inner temperature.

(106) In an embodiment including the refrigerating device 11A, the brine can be heated with the cooling water heated in the condenser 18 of the refrigerating device 11A. Thus, no heating source outside the refrigeration apparatus is required.

(107) The temperature of the cooling water can be lowered with the brine at the time of the defrosting operation, whereby the condensing temperature of the NH.sub.3 refrigerant at the time of the refrigerating operation can be lowered, and the COP of the refrigerating device can be improved.

(108) Furthermore, in the exemplary configuration in which the cooling water circuit 28 is disposed between the condenser 18 and the cooling tower 26, the heat exchanger part 58 can be disposed in the cooling tower. Thus, the installed space for the device used for the defrosting can be downsized.

(109) In the embodiment including the refrigerating device 11B, the closed-type cooling and heating unit 90 integrating the closed-type cooling tower 26 and the closed-type heating tower 91 is provided. Thus, the installation space for the first heat exchanger part can be downsized.

(110) By using the closed-type heating tower 91 connected to the closed-type cooling tower 26, the heat can also be acquired from the outer air. When the refrigeration apparatus 10B employs an air cooling system, the outer air can be used as the heat source with the heating tower alone.

(111) A plurality of the closed-type cooling towers 26, incorporated in the closed-type cooling and heating unit 90, may be laterally coupled in parallel to be installed.

(112) With the refrigeration apparatus 10B shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, the auxiliary electric heater 94a is provided for the drain pans 50a and 50b, whereby the heating effect of the drain pans 50a and 50b can be improved, and the dropped water as a result of the melting can be prevented from refreezing. The brine circulating in the brine branch circuits 63a and 63b led to the drain pans 50a and 50b can be additionally heated.

(113) In the refrigeration apparatuses 10A, 10C, and 10D, the cooling units 31a and 31b are formed, whereby the cooling devices 33a and 33b as well as the defrosting device thereof can be easily attached. Furthermore, the defrosting using the vaporization latent heat of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulating in the closed circuit that can achieve power saving and cost reduction can be achieved.

(114) When the components of the cooling units 31a and 31b are integrally assembled, the cooling unit can be easily operated.

(115) In the refrigeration apparatus 10B, the cooling units 32a and 32b are formed, whereby the cooling unit with the defrosting device that can perform power saving and low cost defrosting can be achieved with a simple modification to the existing cooling device with the defrosting device provided with the brine branch circuits 64a and 64b across substantially the entire area of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b.

(116) The electric heater 82a is provided to the cooling unit 32a, whereby the heating effect of the brine circulating in the drain pan 50a and the brine branch circuit 63a can be improved.

(117) The auxiliary electric heater 82a is not necessarily attached to the cooling units 32a and 32b.

(118) The embodiments may be combined as appropriate in accordance with an object and use of the refrigeration apparatus.

(119) FIG. 8 shows another embodiment of a refrigerating device that can be applied to the present invention. In the refrigerating device 11C, a lower stage compressor 16b and a higher stage compressor 16a are disposed in the primary refrigerant circuit 12 in which the NH.sub.3 refrigerant circulates. An intermediate cooling device 84 is disposed in the primary refrigerant circuit 12 and between the lower stage compressor 16b and the higher stage compressor 16a. A branch path 12a is branched from the primary refrigerant circuit 12 at an outlet of the condenser 18, and an intermediate expansion valve 86 is disposed in the branch path 12a.

(120) The NH.sub.3 refrigerant flowing in the branch path 12a is expanded and cooled in the intermediate expansion valve 86, and then is introduced into the intermediate cooling device 84. In the intermediate cooling device 84, the NH.sub.3 refrigerant discharged from the lower stage compressor 16b is cooled with the NH.sub.3 refrigerant introduced from the branch path 12a. Providing the intermediate cooling device 84 can improve the COP of the refrigerating device 11B.

(121) The liquid CO.sub.2 refrigerant, cooled and liquefied by exchanging heat with the NH.sub.3 refrigerant in the cascade condenser 24, is stored in the liquid CO.sub.2 receiver 36. Then, the liquid CO.sub.2 pump 38 makes the liquid CO.sub.2 refrigerant circulate in the cooling device 33 disposed in the freezer 30, from the liquid CO.sub.2 receiver 36.

(122) FIG. 9 shows another embodiment of a refrigerating device that can be applied to the present invention. The refrigerating device 11D forms a cascade refrigerating cycle. A higher temperature compressor 88a and an expansion valve 22a are disposed in the primary refrigerant circuit 12. A lower temperature compressor 88b and an expansion valve 22b are disposed in the secondary refrigerant circuit 14 connected to the primary refrigerant circuit 12 through the cascade condenser 24.

(123) The refrigerating device 11D is a cascade refrigerating device in which a mechanical compression refrigerating cycle is formed in each of the primary refrigerant circuit 12 and the secondary refrigerant circuit 14, whereby the COP of the refrigerating device can be improved.

(124) FIG. 10 to FIG. 14 illustrate experiment data obtained by the defrosting operation performed with the temperature of the brine circulating in the brine branch circuits 63a and 63b at +15° C. and with the serial connection achieved with the flow path switching units 69a and 69b. FIG. 10 illustrates a change in pressure of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant in the cooling device, and FIG. 11 illustrates a send temperature and a return temperature of the warm brine and the difference between both temperatures. FIG. 12 illustrates a change in temperature at each location. FIG. 13 shows a relationship between a change in pressure of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant in the refrigerant path and an increase in discharged water. FIG. 14 illustrates a change in the amount of discharged water due to the melting of the frost.

(125) From FIG. 10 and FIG. 12, it has been confirmed that the temperature at the header and the bend portion of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b rises over 0° C. with the increase in the pressure of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant in the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b in 10 to 15 minutes after the start of the defrosting operation.

(126) As shown in FIG. 13 and FIG. 14, it has been confirmed that frost on the outer surfaces of the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b starts to melt with the increase in the pressure of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant in the heat exchanger pipes 42a and 42b.

(127) From FIG. 11, it has been found that the difference between the send temperature and the return temperature of the warm brine decreases as the defrosting operation proceeds. Thus, it has been confirmed that the timing at which the defrosting operation is completed can be recognized by detecting the difference.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

(128) According to the present invention, reduction in initial and running costs required for defrosting a cooling device disposed in a cooling space such as a freezer and power saving can be achieved in a refrigeration apparatus using CO.sub.2 refrigerant.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

(129) 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D refrigeration apparatus 11A, 11B, 11C, 11D refrigerating device 12 primary refrigerant circuit 14 secondary refrigerant circuit 16 compressor 16a higher stage compressor 16b lower stage compressor 18 condenser 20 liquid NH.sub.3 receiver 22, 22a, 22b expansion valve 24 cascade condenser 26 closed-type cooling tower 28 cooling water circuit 29, 57 cooling water pump 30, 30a, 30b freezer 31a, 31b, 32a, 32b cooling unit 33, 33a, 33b cooling device 34a, 34b casing 35a, 35b fan 36 liquid CO.sub.2 receiver 38 liquid CO.sub.2 pump 40a, 40b CO.sub.2 branch circuit 41, 62 contact part 42a, 42b heat exchanger pipe 42c inlet tube 42d outlet tube 43a, 43b, 78a, 78b header 44 CO.sub.2 circulation path 45a, 45b, 71 pressure adjusting unit 46a, 46b pressure sensor 47a, 47b, 71c control device 48a, 48b pressure adjustment valve 50a, 50b drain pan 51a, 51b drain outlet tube 52a, 52b, 65a, 65b bypass pipe 53a, 53b, 54a, 54b solenoid on-off valve 56 cooling water branch circuit 58 heat exchanger 60 brine circuit 61a, 61b, 63a, 63b, 64a, 64b brine branch circuit 66a, 66b, 67a, 67b, 68a, 68b, 80a, 80b flowrate adjustment valve 69a, 69b flow path switching unit 70 receiver 72 brine pump 74, 76 temperature sensor 82a, 82b auxiliary electric heater 84 intermediate cooling device 86 intermediate expansion valve 88a higher temperature compressor 88b lower temperature compressor 90 closed-type cooling and heating unit 91 closed-type heating tower 92 expansion tank a outer air b brine c freezer inner air