Insulated building structure

Abstract

An insulated building structure, in particular an insulated roof structure or a wall structure of a building, comprises at least one thermal insulation layer. At least one moisture-variable protective layer for the thermal insulation layer is provided on an outer side of the thermal insulation layer and on an inner side of the thermal insulation layer facing a building interior of the building. The protective layers each have a water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thickness S.sub.d. The water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thicknesses S.sub.d of the two protective layers deviate from each other by less than 20%, preferably less than 10%, in the range of a relative humidity from 0% to 25% and/or in the range of a relative humidity from 80% to 100%.

Claims

1. An insulated building structure, having at least one thermal insulation layer, wherein at least one moisture-variable protective layer for the thermal insulation layer is provided on an outer side of the thermal insulation layer and also on an inner side of the thermal insulation layer facing a building interior of a building, wherein the moisture-variable protective layers each have a water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thickness S.sub.d that depends on the ambient moisture, wherein the water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thicknesses S.sub.d of both moisture-variable protective layers, in the range of a relative humidity between 0% and 25%, or in the range of a relative humidity between 80% and 100%, differ from each other by less than 20%, wherein an increase in the relative humidity of air surrounding each moisture-variable protective layer leads to a lowering of the S.sub.d value, and a decrease in the relative humidity of air surrounding each moisture-variable protective layer leads to an increase in the S.sub.d value.

2. The insulated building structure according to claim 1, wherein the water vapor diffusion equivalent air thicknesses S.sub.d of both of the moisture-variable protective layers, in the range of a relative humidity of 80% to 100%, differ from each other by less than 10%.

3. The insulated building structure according to claim 1, wherein, the moisture-variable protective layers are of identical design.

4. The insulated building structure according to claim 1, wherein the moisture-variable protective layers have the same S.sub.d values.

5. The insulated building structure according to claim 1, wherein the S.sub.d value, at a relative humidity of 25%, is between 20 m and 100 m, the S.sub.d value, at a relative humidity of 37.5%, is between 20 m and 90 m, the S.sub.d value, at a relative humidity of 65.5%, is between 4 m and 20 m, the S.sub.d value, at a relative humidity of 80%, is between 0.07 m and 0.1 m, and the S.sub.d value, at a relative humidity of 90%, is less than 0.09 m.

6. The insulated building structure according to claim 1, wherein the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 25% is between 10 m and 30 m, the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 37.5% is between 10 m and 30 m, but is less than at a relative humidity of 25%, the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 65.5% is between 5 m and 15 m, but is less than at a relative humidity of 37.5%, the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 80% is between 0.8 m and 5 m, and the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 90% is between 0.08 m and 0.12 m.

7. The insulated building structure according to claim 6, wherein the S.sub.d value at the relative humidity of 80% is between 1 m and 3 m, and the S.sub.d value at the relative humidity of 90% is less than 0.1 m.

8. The insulated building structure according to claim 1, wherein at least one protective layer comprises a material which, at a relative humidity of the atmosphere surrounding the moisture-variable protective layer of up to 25%, has a water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thickness S.sub.d of greater than or equal to 10 m, and at a relative humidity of the atmosphere surrounding the moisture-variable protective layer of more than 90%, has a water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thickness S.sub.d of less than 0.4 m.

9. The insulated building structure according to claim 8, wherein the material is designed as a flat structure, and formed as a film or a coating of a substrate material.

10. The insulated building structure according to claim 9, wherein the material is formed as a spray coating.

11. The insulated building structure according to claim 8, wherein the material comprises at least one of a polyamide, and a polyamide copolymer.

12. The insulated building structure according to claim 11, wherein the polyamide is PA 6 or PA 3.

13. The insulated building structure according to claim 8, wherein the material comprises an ionomer.

14. The insulated building structure according to claim 8, wherein the material is an ethylene vinyl alcohol homo- or copolymer.

15. The insulated building structure according to claim 8, wherein the material is a polyurethane.

16. The insulated building structure according to claim 8, wherein the material comprises an ethylene vinyl acetate.

17. The insulated building structure according to claim 8, wherein a change in the relative humidity of the atmosphere surrounding the moisture-variable protective layer leads to a delayed change in the water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thickness S.sub.d of the material.

18. The insulated building structure according to claim 17, wherein an increase in the relative humidity leads to a lowering of the water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thickness S.sub.d of the material after 2 h to 96 h.

19. The insulated building structure according to claim 1, wherein the S.sub.d value, at a relative humidity of 25%, is between 40 m and 90 m, the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 37.5% is between 30 m and 80 m, the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 65.5% is between 5 m and 15 m and the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 80% is less than 0.1 m.

20. An insulated building structure, having at least one thermal insulation layer, wherein at least one moisture-variable protective layer for the thermal insulation layer is provided on an outer side of the thermal insulation layer and also on an inner side of the thermal insulation layer facing a building interior of a building, wherein the moisture-variable protective layers each have a water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thickness S.sub.d that depends on the ambient moisture, wherein the water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thicknesses S.sub.d of both moisture-variable protective layers, in the range of a relative humidity between 0% and 25%, and/or in the range of a relative humidity between 80% and 100%, differ from each other by less than 20%, wherein the S.sub.d value, at a relative humidity of 25%, is between 20 m and 100 m, the S.sub.d value, at a relative humidity of 37.5%, is between 20 m and 90 m, the S.sub.d value, at a relative humidity of 65.5%, is between 4 m and 20 m, the S.sub.d value, at a relative humidity of 80%, is between 0.07 m and 0.1 m, and the S.sub.d value, at a relative humidity of 90%, is less than 0.09 m.

21. An insulated building structure, having at least one thermal insulation layer, wherein at least one moisture-variable protective layer for the thermal insulation layer is provided on an outer side of the thermal insulation layer and also on an inner side of the thermal insulation layer facing a building interior of a building, wherein the moisture-variable protective layers each have a water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thickness S.sub.d that depends on the ambient moisture, wherein the water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thicknesses S.sub.d of both moisture-variable protective layers, in the range of a relative humidity between 0% and 25%, and/or in the range of a relative humidity between 80% and 100%, differ from each other by less than 20%, wherein the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 25% is between 10 m and 30 m, the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 37.5% is between 10 m and 30 m, but is less than at a relative humidity of 25%, the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 65.5% is between 5 m and 15 m, but is less than at a relative humidity of 37.5%, the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 80% is between 0.8 m and 5 m, and the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 90% is between 0.08 m and 0.12 m.

22. An insulated building structure, having at least one thermal insulation layer, wherein at least one moisture-variable protective layer for the thermal insulation layer is provided on an outer side of the thermal insulation layer and also on an inner side of the thermal insulation layer facing a building interior of a building, wherein the moisture-variable protective layers each have a water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thickness S.sub.d that depends on the ambient moisture, wherein the water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thicknesses S.sub.d of both moisture-variable protective layers, in the range of a relative humidity between 0% and 25%, and/or in the range of a relative humidity between 80% and 100%, differ from each other by less than 20%, wherein at least one protective layer comprises a material which, at a relative humidity of the atmosphere surrounding the moisture-variable protective layer of up to 25%, has a water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thickness S.sub.d of greater than or equal to 10 m, and at a relative humidity of the atmosphere surrounding the moisture-variable protective layer of more than 90%, has a water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thickness S.sub.d of less than 0.4 m.

23. An insulated building structure, having at least one thermal insulation layer, wherein at least one moisture-variable protective layer for the thermal insulation layer is provided on an outer side of the thermal insulation layer and also on an inner side of the thermal insulation layer facing a building interior of a building, wherein the moisture-variable protective layers each have a water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thickness S.sub.d that depends on the ambient moisture, wherein the water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thicknesses S.sub.d of both moisture-variable protective layers, in the range of a relative humidity between 0% and 25%, and/or in the range of a relative humidity between 80% and 100%, differ from each other by less than 20%, wherein the S.sub.d value, at a relative humidity of 25%, is between 40 m and 90 m, the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 37.5% is between 30 m and 80 m, the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 65.5% is between 5 m and 15 m and the S.sub.d value at a relative humidity of 80% is less than 0.1 m.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an insulated roof structure.

(2) FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a layer structure for the roof structure of FIG. 1.

(3) FIG. 3 is a graphical profile of S.sub.d vs. relative humidity for a protective layer of an insulated building structure according to the present disclosure.

(4) FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an insulated building structure, such as an insulated roof or wall structure, according to the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(5) The invention is explained below using examples.

(6) The hygrothermal simulations described below were carried out with the simulation program WUFI® 5.2. The calculations generally proceed from the most unfavorable conditions. The following basic conditions were considered: the outer layer covers the entire area (of the roof and/or facade cladding); the rear ventilation plane has a moisture storage function and an air and moisture source is assumed; the roof pitch is 35°, red roofing tiles are assumed, with rain adhesion corresponding to inclination; for facades, wood cladding is assumed; the buildings are aligned in the direction of the lowest radiant energy input to simulate the worst case; calculations were made in two-hour intervals for Sep. 1, 2013 to Sep. 1, 2018; if multiple records were saved in the climate data, the worst case was used; an installation plane of 25 mm and a gypsum plasterboard were arranged on the inner side; the initial moisture content over the component was set at a constant 80%; the indoor climate was calculated depending on the external air according to EN 15026, with high moisture load.

Example 1

(7) On the basis of the standard pitched roof structure 1 shown in FIG. 1, with the layer structure and the layer thicknesses shown in FIG. 2, WUFI® 5.2. hygrothermal simulations were performed using the above-mentioned method to calculate the transient heat and moisture transport in components. Different climate zones were considered.

(8) However, in the simulation, the assumption was made that the pitched roof structure 1 is protected on the outer side and the inner side, by way of example, with a moisture-variable film and/or membrane as a protective layer 9 (see FIG. 4), which has an S.sub.d value according to the invention of 0.05 m in the moist range at a relative humidity of greater than 80% and more than 20 m in the dry range at a relative humidity of less than 25%. The S.sub.d value profile of the relative humidity of the film which was considered in the simulation is shown schematically in FIG. 3. In addition, an outer glass wool boundary layer 5a and an inner glass wool boundary layer 5c, both adjacent to the protective layers 9 (moisture-variable film) were considered, with a thickness of the glass wool boundary layers 5a, 5c of 1 mm in each case. The simulations carried out led to the following quantities of water in the glass wool boundary layers 5a, 5c:

(9) TABLE-US-00004 Glass wool water content Average [g/m.sup.2] Temperature Humidity Inner Outer Climate region Climate type per Neef [° C.] [%] side side Holzkirchen Transition climate 6.8 (−20b32) 81 3 19 Miami, USA Moist trade wind climate 25 (6b34) 71 6 8 Malaga, Spain Winter rain climate of the 18 (0b40) 64 3 9 west sides Karasjok, Norway (arctic) (sub)polar −3.1 (−44b24) 87 2 15 Tokyo, Japan Subtropical east-side climate 16 (−1b35) 62 4 8 Christchurch, New Oceanic climate of the west sides 11 (−6b34) 75 3 12 Zealand Santiago de Chile 14 (0b27) 62 2 8 Anchorage, Alaska, USA 0.8 (−30b24) 71 2 15 Honolulu warm Tropical alternating climate 25 (16b32) 65 3 9 Las Vegas Dry trade wind climate 20 (−8b46) 25 3 5 Minneapolis Cool continental climate 6 (−32b35) 72 4 14 San Francisco Winter rains of the west sides 14 (2b38) 71 2 13 Salt Lake City, USA High alpine climate 12 (−13b38) 61 3 11 Colorado Springs Continental warm summer climate 8 (−25b33) 57 4 13 Atlantic City East side climate 12 (−21b34) 71 3 4

(10) For the Earth's climate zones of the greatest diversity, non-critical moisture contents were calculated in the mineral wool layers which are directly adjacent to the protective layers according to the invention, both in hot and humid climates and in very cold climates.

Example 2

(11) The hygrothermal simulation considered a typical structure of a timber framework wall with rear-ventilated facade cladding made of wood. For the simulation, it was assumed that a wood fiber insulating board is included on the outer side of the insulation to stiffen the structure, and the water content was also determined for a thin boundary layer of 1 mm at the boundary layer with the protective layer according to the invention. The exterior cladding is made of wood. The structure was calculated vertically.

(12) The following amounts of water were determined:

(13) TABLE-US-00005 Wood fiber Glass wool water insulation panel Average content [g/m.sup.2] water content [g/m.sup.2] Temperature Humidity Inner Outer Outer Climate region Climate type per Neef [° C.] [%] side side side Holzkirchen Transition climate .sup. 6.8 (−20b32) 81 2 1 30 Miami, USA Moist trade wind climate 25 (6b34) 71 2 1 27 Malaga, Spain Winter rain climate of the 18 (0b40) 64 2 1 27 west sides Karasjok, Norway (arctic) (sub)polar  −3.1 (−44b24) 87 1 1 30 Tokyo, Japan Subtropical east-side climate  16 (−1b35) 62 2 1 27 Christchurch, New Oceanic climate of the west  11 (−6b34) 75 2 1 27 Zealand sides Santiago de Chile 14 (0b27) 62 2 1 28 Anchorage, Alaska, .sup. 0.8 (−30b24) 71 1 1 29 USA Honolulu warm Tropical alternating climate  25 (16b32) 65 2 1 27 Las Vegas Dry trade wind climate  20 (−8b46) 25 2 1 28 Minneapolis Cool continental climate    6 (−32b35) 72 2 1 32 San Francisco Winter rains of the west 14 (2b38) 71 2 1 27 sides Salt Lake City, USA High alpine climate  12 (−13b38) 61 2 1 28 Colorado Springs Continental warm summer    8 (−25b33) 57 2 1 29 climate

(14) The amounts of water in the wood fiber insulation vary only insignificantly for the considered climates. They correspond, at a density of 165 kg/m.sup.3, to a maximum water content percentage of 18.2 ma. %. These are therefore within the normal range, achieving a safe physical building structure.

Example 3

(15) WUFI® 5.2. hygrothermal simulations were performed using the above-mentioned method to calculate the transient heat and moisture transport in components. Here, a pitched roof structure was considered, with a clamping felt as insulation and moisture source, the construction of which substantially corresponds to the construction of the pitched roof structure in Example 1. In this case as well, the simulation calculations used protective layers 9 with the S.sub.d value profile according to the invention, rather than the vapor retarders 4, 6, in FIG. 1.

(16) In addition, the simulation program took into consideration that moisture sources are arranged beneath the outer protective layer. Therefore, this simulates the case in which the airtight layer has leaks. Otherwise, the simulation proceeded as in Example 1.

(17) TABLE-US-00006 Clamping felt water content Average [g/m.sup.2] Temperature Humidity Inner Outer Climate region Climate type per Neef [° C.] [%] side side Holzkirchen Transition climate 6.8 (−20b32) 81 1 19 Miami, USA Moist trade wind climate 25 (6b34) 71 3 1 Malaga, Spain Winter rain climate of the 18 (0b40) 64 1 1 west sides Karasjok, Norway (arctic) (sub)polar −3.1 (−44b24) 87 1 35 Tokyo, Japan Subtropical east-side climate 16 (−1b35) 62 1 1 Christchurch, New Oceanic climate of the west sides 11 (−6b34) 75 1 2 Zealand Santiago de Chile 14 (0b27) 62 1 1 Anchorage, Alaska, USA 0.8 (−30b24) 71 1 1 Honolulu warm Tropical alternating climate 25 (16b32) 65 1 1 Las Vegas Dry trade wind climate 20 (−8b46) 25 1 1 Minneapolis Cool continental climate 6 (−32b35) 72 2 8 San Francisco Winter rains of the west sides 14 (2b38) 71 1 2 Salt Lake City, USA High alpine climate 12 (−13b38) 61 1 3 Colorado Springs Continental warm summer climate 8 (−25b33) 57 1 1 Atlantic City East side climate 12 (−21b34) 71 1 10

(18) Even with modified insulation material, no harmful condensation is to be expected.

(19) The constructions simulated in Examples 1 to 3 can be used substantially independent of climate, and are fully functional.

(20) Possible preparations/formulations for a suitable protective layer are described below, whereby the simulations described above were performed with a protective layer according to recipe 2:

(21) Recipe 1:

(22) A compound consisting of 60 wt. % of an ether-TPU, brand name DESMOPAN, from the Bayer company, and 40 wt. % of an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, brand name EVAL F, from the Kuraray company, was poured into a cast film as a protective layer, with a weight per unit area of 100 g/m.sup.2.

(23) Recipe 2:

(24) A fleece having a weight per unit area of 70 g/m.sup.2 was extrusion coated with a compound comprising 65 wt. % of an ether-ester TPU, brand name DESMOPAN, from the Bayer company, and 35 wt. % of an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, brand name EVAL C, from the Kuraray company, with a weight per unit area of 70 g/m.sup.2.

(25) Recipe 3:

(26) A 41% aqueous polyether polyurethane dispersion from the Alberdingk Boley company was filled with 5 wt. % nanophyllosilicate by means of a ball mill, homogenized and knife-coated onto a PET fleece, having a weight per unit area of 70 g/m.sup.2, and cross-linked by heat treatment. This produced a film with a weight per unit area of 170 g/m.sup.2.

(27) All named value ranges include all intermediate values and intervals, even if they are not explicitly expressed. These intermediate values and intervals are considered essential to the invention. Further features, advantages and details of the invention will become apparent from the following description with reference to FIG. 4 of the drawings.

(28) FIG. 4 schematically shows an insulated building structure 10, which can be an insulated roof and/or wall structure of a building. The building structure 10 has a thermal insulation layer 11. One film, as a protective layer 9, is arranged on an outer side 12 of the thermal insulation layer 11, and another is arranged on an inner side 13 of the thermal insulation layer 11 facing the building interior. Preferably, the same, or identically-constructed, protective layers 9 are arranged on both sides 12, 13 of the thermal insulation layer 11. Each protective layer 9 is made of a film or membrane having a water vapor diffusion equivalent air thickness S.sub.d, at a relative humidity of the atmosphere surrounding the protective layer 9 in the range of less than 25%, of more than 10 m, preferably more than 20 m, and more preferably more than 30 m, and having, at a relative humidity of the atmosphere surrounding the protective layer 9 in the range of more than 90%, a water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thickness S.sub.d of less than 0.4 m. In this way, the barrier values of the protective layer 9 are optimized in such a manner that they can be used both on the outer side 12 and on the inner side 13 of the thermal insulation layer 11. An air layer 14 contacts the protective layers 9 on each side 12, 13 of the thermal insulation layer 11. A cladding 15 for the outermost layer, which can be, in the case of a roof structure, a roofing made of tiles or the like. It should be understood that a corresponding construction can also be provided in an insulated building structure in which the outermost layer is a facade cladding made of stone, wood or another facade material. The innermost layer is formed by a cladding 16, which can be a gypsum plasterboard wall or another conventional internal cladding.

(29) A building structure can in principle also have a layer sequence and/or layer thicknesses that deviates from the sequence of layers and the layer thicknesses shown in FIG. 4. Only the position of the protective layer 9 according to the invention directly on the outer and/or inner side of the insulation package is fixed.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

(30) 1 Roof structure 2 Roof tile 3 Air layer 4 Vapor retarder 5a-c Glass wool layers 6 Vapor retarder 7 Air layer 8 Gypsum plasterboard 9 Protective layer 10 Building structure 11 Thermal insulation layer 12 Outer side 13 Inner side 14 Air layer 15 Cladding 16 Cladding