SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DESORBING AND DETECTING AN ANALYTE SORBED ON A SOLID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION DEVICE

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a system for desorbing and detecting an analyte sorbed on a solid phase microextraction (SPME) device. The system includes a desorption chamber sized to accept the SPME device while defining a void volume of less than about 50 μL; a flow injector in fluid connection with the desorption chamber, the desorption chamber and the flow injector being fluidly connected by at least a flow-insulating fluid connector; a solvent source in fluid connection with the flow injector; and a fluid switch that: in a desorption position, allows the solvent to be sprayed from the flow injector while flow-insulating any desorption solution in the desorption chamber, and in an detecting position, turns off the solvent source while maintaining the fluid connection between the flow injector and the desorption chamber, transferring the desorption solution through the flow-insulating fluid connector to the flow injector as a substantially undiluted plug of liquid.

Claims

1. A system for desorbing and detecting an analyte sorbed on a solid phase microextraction (SPME) device, the system comprising: a desorption chamber sized to accept the SPME device while defining a void volume of less than about 50 μL; a flow injector in fluid connection with the desorption chamber, the desorption chamber and the flow injector being fluidly connected by at least a flow-insulating fluid connector; a solvent source in fluid connection with the flow injector; and a fluid switch that: (a) in a desorption position, allows the solvent to be sprayed from the flow injector while flow-insulating any desorption solution in the desorption chamber, and (b) in an detecting position, isolates the solvent source from the flow injector by turning off the solvent flow while maintaining the fluid connection between the flow injector and the desorption chamber so as to transfer desorption solution in the desorption chamber through the flow-insulating fluid connector to the flow injector as a substantially undiluted plug of liquid.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the flow-insulating fluid connector is dimensioned to reduce or avoid diffusion of desorption solution from the desorption chamber to the solvent flowing to the flow injector when (a) the fluid switch is in the desorption position, and (b) the solvent flows from the solvent source to the flow injector.

3. The system according to claim 2, wherein: the flow-insulating fluid connector has a smaller cross-section than a cross-section of the desorption chamber; the length of the flow-insulating flow connector is sufficiently greater than the cross-section of the flow flow-insulating connector that liquid flowing past one end of the fluid connector does not affect liquid at the other end of the fluid connector; or both.

4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the flow-insulating fluid connector is sized to be fluidly blocked by an accepted SPME device, fluidly isolating the desorption chamber from the flow injector during desorption.

5. The system according to claim 4, further comprising at least one additional desorption chamber sized to accept the SPME device while defining a void volume of less than about 50 μL, wherein the additional desorption chamber: is connected in parallel to the other desorption chamber, is fluidly connected to an additional flow-insulating fluid connector that is sized to be fluidly blocked by an additional accepted SPME device, and is fluidly connected to the flow injector when the additional SPME device is not fluidly blocking the additional flow-insulating fluid connector.

6. The system according to claim 1, wherein the system includes a detection device at a lower pressure than the desorption chamber, and the flow injector is an electrospray needle, a thermospray nebulizer, a microelectrospray needle, an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization nebulizer, an ion-mobility spectrometry nebulizer, an inductively coupled plasma nebulizer, or a system that produces a pressure deferential that drives the solvent flow towards the detection device.

7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the detection device is a mass spectrometer, ion mobility spectrometer, or electrochemical or optical spectroscopy-based detector downstream of the flow injector for detecting the desorpbed analyte.

8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the solvent source is fluidly connected with the flow injector at least through a pump capable of applying a pressure to the solvent to transfer the solvent to the flow injector.

9. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a gas source for nebulizing solvent flowing from the flow injector.

10. The system according to claim 1, further comprising an agitator to vibrate an accepted SPME device, a heater to heat the desorption chamber, or both.

11. A method for desorbing and detecting an analyte sorbed on a solid phase microextraction (SPME) device, the method comprising: desorbing at least some of the analyte from the SPME device into a desorption solution in a desorption chamber, wherein the desorption solution in the desorption chamber is substantially not flowing to a flow injector; flushing substantially all of the desorption solution in the desorption chamber to the flow injector as a substantially undiluted plug of liquid; spraying the desorption solution through the flow injector into a detection device.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the desorption chamber is in fluid connection with the flow injector, and the method further comprises nebulizing a solvent from the flow injector while the analyte is desorbing into the desorption solution in the desorption chamber.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the solvent is nebulized from the flow injector at a rate sufficient to fluidly isolate the desorption solution in the desorption chamber from the solvent being nebulized.

14. The method according to claim 12, further comprising applying pressure to the solvent using a pump to transfer the solvent from a solvent source to the flow injector.

15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the desorption solution in the desorption chamber is flushed to the flow injector by (a) reducing the flow rate of solvent provided to the flow injector, or (b) fluidly isolating the flow injector from the solvent source, thereby hydrodynamically driving the desorption solution in the desorption chamber to the flow injector by suction generated by a nebulizing gas.

16. The method according to claim 15, further comprising refilling the desorption chamber by increasing the flow rate of solvent provided to the flow injector in comparison to the flow rate of solvent being nebulized, or decreasing the flow rate of solvent being nebulized in comparison to the flow rate of solvent provided to the flow injector.

17. The method according to claim 11, wherein the desorption chamber is not in fluid connection with the flow injector while the analyte is desorbing into the desorption solution in the desorption chamber, and flushing the desorption solution in the desorption chamber to the flow injector comprises making a fluid connection between the desorption chamber and the flow injector.

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the SPME device breaks the fluid connection between the desorption chamber and the flow injector while the analyte is desorbing from the SPME device by blocking an aperture fluidly connected to the flow injector, and making the fluid connection between the desorption chamber and the flow injector comprises unsealing the aperture.

19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising removing the SPME device from the desorption chamber and inserting another SPME device into the desorption chamber to block the aperture.

20. The method according to claim 17, further comprising desorbing, flushing, and spraying an analyte from at least one additional SPME device, wherein the desorbing of the analytes from the SPME device and from the at least one additional SPME device is performed in parallel.

21. The method according to claim 11, wherein the flow injector is an electrospray needle, a thermospray nebulizer, a microelectrospray needle, an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization nebulizer, an ion-mobility spectrometry nebulizer, an inductively coupled plasma nebulizer, or a system that produces a pressure deferential that drives the solvent flow towards the detection device.

22. The method according to claim 11, wherein the detection device is a mass spectrometer, an ion mobility spectrometer, or an electrochemical or optical spectroscopy-based detector.

23. The method according to claim 11, further comprising heating the desorption chamber, vibrating the SPME device, or both.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures.

[0019] FIG. 1 is a cut-away side view of an exemplary desorption chamber and fluid-isolating flow connector according to the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 2 is a three-quarter view of an exemplary desorption chamber and fluid-isolating flow connector according to the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 3 is an illustration of flow rates in a slice of the fluid-isolating flow connector illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0022] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary system according to the present disclosure

[0023] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary system according to the present disclosure

[0024] FIG. 6 is an illustration of an exemplary desorption chamber and fluid-isolating flow connector according to the present disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 7 is an ion chronograph of cocaine extracted and detected using a system and method according to the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 8 is an ion chronograph of cocaine extracted and detected using a conventional system and method.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] Generally, the present disclosure provides a system and a method for desorbing and detecting an analyte sorbed on a solid phase microextraction (SPME) device. The system and method transfer the desorption solution in a desorption chamber to a flow injector of a detecting instrument as a substantially undiluted plug of liquid.

[0028] The system includes a desorption chamber sized to accept the SPME device while defining a void volume of less than about 50 μL.

[0029] The term “void volume” should be understood to refer to the volume available to the desorption solvent when the SPME device is in the desorption chamber. It is desirable to use as small a void volume as possible because smaller void volumes reach equilibrium faster than larger void volumes and, under non-equilibrium desorption times, reducing the void volume can produce for a given desorption time a desorption solution with a more concentrated analyte in comparison to larger void volumes. In some examples, the void volume may be a volume from about 3 to about 50 μL or any volume therebetween, such as 3 μL, 4 μL, 5 μL, 10 μL, 20 μL, 30 μL, 40 μL, or 50 μL.

[0030] SPME devices are substrates coated with a solid or liquid extraction phase, which may also be referred to as the “sorbent”. The substrate may be, for example, a needle. Exemplary SPME devices are discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,232,689; 7,259,019; 7,384,794; 7,479,390; 8,008,064; 8,080,407; 8,114,660; and 8,598,325; and in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. US2015/0318158; and US2015/0318160.

[0031] The system also includes a flow injector in fluid connection with the desorption chamber. A flow injector would be understood to refer to an injector, such as a needle, that takes a liquid and injects it into a flowing transfer stream, such as a transfer gas. The transfer stream transports the analyte into the detecting instrument. Depending on the detecting instrument, the liquid may ionized and/or at least partially vaporized. In some examples, the flow injector may be a nebulizing needle. In other examples, the flow injector may be an electrospray needle.

[0032] The desorption chamber and the flow injector are fluidly connected by at least a flow-insulating fluid connector. The expressions “flow-insulating” should be understood to refer to a fluid connector that is sized and/or shaped to reduce or prevent fluid in the desorption chamber from mixing with fluids flowing in the rest of the system when the analyte is being desorbed from the SPME device. The fluid connector allows the solution in the desorption chamber to flow to the flow injector during the detection step, during which time the desorption solution may mix with fluids outside of the desorption chamber but is preferably transported to the flow injector with minimum mixing with fluids outside of the desorption chamber.

[0033] Insulating the desorption solution in the desorption chamber from fluids flowing in the rest of the system during the desorption step allows the concentration of the analyte in the desorption solution to increase over time, such as until an equilibrium concentration is reached. Insulating the desorption solution in the desorption chamber from fluids flowing in the rest of the system during the desorption step may also increase stability in the detection system. In void volumes of less than about 50 μL, where the desorption solution is flow-insulated from fluids in the rest of the system, the analyte may reach an equilibrium concentration in as little as 10 seconds. The time needed to reach equilibrium may be shorted by vibrating the SPME device in the desorption chamber and/or by heating the desorption solvent or the SPME device to increase mass transfer in the system. The terms “insulated” and “isolated” when used to discuss a fluid, solvent, or solution, are equivalent and should be understood to refer to reducing or preventing the fluid, solvent, or solution from mixing with other fluids in the system.

[0034] The system also includes a solvent source in fluid connection with the flow injector, and a fluid switch having at least a desorption position and a detecting position. In the desorption position, the fluid switch allows the solvent to be sprayed from the flow injector while flow-insulating any desorption solution in the desorption chamber. In the detecting position, the fluid switch isolates the solvent source from the flow injector by turning-off the solvent flow, while maintaining the fluid connection between the flow injector and the desorption chamber so as to transfer desorption solution in the desorption chamber through the flow-insulating fluid connector to the flow injector as a substantially undiluted plug of liquid.

[0035] In the context of the present disclosure, the expression “substantially undiluted plug of liquid” should be understood that at least 90% of the desorption solution in the desorption chamber is transferred to the flow injector in a single volume of fluid, and that the analyte concentration in the plug of fluid once it reaches the flow injector is at least 90% of the analyte concentration in the plug of fluid leaving the desorption chamber.

[0036] In one example of a system according to the present disclosure, the flow-insulating fluid connector is dimensioned to reduce or avoid diffusion of desorption solution from the desorption chamber to the solvent flowing to the flow injector when (a) the fluid switch is in the desorption position, and (b) the solvent flows from the solvent source to the flow injector. The flow-insulating fluid connector may have a sufficiently smaller cross-section than a cross-section of the desorption chamber; the length of the flow-insulating flow connector may be sufficiently greater than the cross-section of the flow flow-insulating connector that liquid flowing past one end of the fluid connector does not affect liquid at the other end of the fluid connector; or both. The expressions “sufficiently smaller cross-section” and “length of the flow-insulating flow connector may be sufficiently greater” should be understood to refer to fluid connectors that are dimensioned to prevent or reduce fluid at one of the fluid connector from interacting with fluid at the other end of the fluid connector. A fluid connector that is sufficiently small in cross-section and/or sufficiently long can reduce or prevent turbulent fluid flow at a first end of the connector from affecting the fluid at a second end of the connector, thereby fluidily isolating the fluid at the second end from fluid at the first end.

[0037] In another example of a system according to the present disclosure, the flow-insulating fluid connector is sized to be fluidly blocked by an accepted SPME device. Blocking the fluid connector fluidly isolates the desorption chamber from the flow injector during desorption. Such an exemplary system may also include at least one additional desorption chamber sized to accept an additional SPME device while defining a void volume of less than about 50 μL. The additional desorption chamber may be: connected in parallel to the first desorption chamber through an additional flow-insulating fluid connector that is sized to be fluidly blocked by an additional accepted SPME device. In this manner, this exemplary system can desorb analytes from a plurality of SPME devices, and can inject desorption fluid from one of the SPME devices while the other SPME device(s) are desorbing. A system that includes such a plurality of desorption chambers in parallel may allow the overall throughput to be increased, thereby increasing the duty cycle, even while the time for a single desorption and detection operation is unchanged.

[0038] In systems according to the present disclosure, the flow injector may be an electrospray needle, a thermospray nebulizer, a microelectrospray needle, an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization nebulizer, an ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS) nebulizer, an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) nebulizer, or any device that produces a pressure deferential that drives the flow towards the detecting instrument.

[0039] The detecting instrument in a system according to the present disclosure may be a mass spectrometer (such as IMS, electrochemical, or spectroscopy based detection) downstream of the flow injector for detecting the desorbed analyte.

[0040] Detecting instruments used in a system according to the present disclosure may be operated at a pressure lower than the desorption chamber, which may be at atmospheric pressure. During operation, the flow injector may generate a local low pressure, or the solvent source may have a pressure applied. In either situation, a pressure differential is generated that sucks solvent from the flow injector to the detecting instrument. When the fluid switch is in the desorption position, the solvent being sucked from the flow injector to the detecting instrument is the solvent in the desorption chamber.

[0041] A system according to the present disclosure may include a gas source for nebulizing solvent flowing from the flow injector. The gas may be an inert gas. A system may also include an agitator to vibrate an accepted SPME device, a heater to heat the desorption chamber, or both. Agitating the SPME device and heating the desorption fluid in the desorption chamber may increase the rate of analyte desorption.

[0042] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for desorbing and detecting an analyte sorbed on a solid phase microextraction (SPME) device. The method includes desorbing at least some of the analyte from the SPME device into a desorption solution in a desorption chamber. The desorption solution in the desorption chamber is substantially not flowing to a flow injector during the desorption. The method includes flushing substantially all of the desorption solution in the desorption chamber to the flow injector as a substantially undiluted plug of liquid. The SPME device may be left in the desorption chamber, or may be removed from the desorption chamber. Removing the SPME device may more efficiently empty the desorption chamber. The method also includes spraying the desorption solution through the flow injector into a detection device. The expression “substantially not flowing to a flow injector” should be understood to mean that the desorption solution is fluidly isolated from fluid flowing to the flow injector.

[0043] The desorption chamber may be in fluid connection with the flow injector, and the method may include nebulizing a solvent from the flow injector while the analyte is desorbing into the desorption solution in the desorption chamber. The solvent may be nebulized from the flow injector at a rate sufficient to fluidly isolate the desorption solution in the desorption chamber from the solvent being nebulized. Nebulizing the solvent draws fluid from the flow injector. When there is a differential between the flow rate of fluid being drawn from the flow injector and the flow of fluid being provided to the system, fluid may be drawn from the desorption chamber (if the flow rate out of the flow injector is greater) or may be driven into the desorption chamber (if the flow rate into the system is greater) to fill-up the chamber for the next desorption. Further, the flow rate of fluid passing the desorption chamber may affect the mixing of fluid at the entrance of the desorption chamber. In some examples, a fluid velocity of at least about 0.4 cm/s passing by a flow-isolating connector having a sub-microliter volume fluidly isolates the desorption solvent in the desorption chamber. Accordingly, the rate of nebulizing the solvent affects fluid flow into and out of the desorption chamber when the desorption chamber is in fluid connection with the flow injector.

[0044] The desorption solution in the desorption chamber may be flushed to the flow injector by (a) reducing the flow rate of solvent provided to the flow injector, or (b) fluidly isolating the flow injector from the solvent source. In either case, the desorption solution in the desorption chamber is hydrodynamically driven to the flow injector by suction generated by the nebulizing gas. The desorption chamber may be refilled by (a) increasing the flow rate of solvent provided to the flow injector in comparison to the flow rate of solvent being nebulized, or (b) decreasing the flow rate of solvent being nebulized in comparison to the flow rate of solvent provided to the flow injector.

[0045] In another exemplary method, the desorption chamber is not in fluid connection with the flow injector while the analyte is desorbing into the desorption solution in the desorption chamber, and the method includes flushing the desorption solution in the desorption chamber to the flow injector by making a fluid connection between the desorption chamber and the flow injector. For example, the SPME device can be shaped to facilitate the break in the fluid connection between the desorption chamber and the flow injector while the analyte is desorbing from the SPME device by blocking an aperture fluidly connected to the flow injector. In such a situation, making the fluid connection between the desorption chamber and the flow injector may include unsealing the aperture sealed by the SPME device. The method may include removing the SPME device from the desorption chamber and inserting another SPME device into the desorption chamber to again block the aperture, for example once desorption solvent has been hydrodynamically driven into the desorption chamber. The method may include re-filling the desorption chamber with solvent supplied from the solvent source.

[0046] The method may be operated with a plurality of SPME devices being desorbed in parallel. For example, the method may include desorbing, flushing, and spraying an analyte from at least two SPME devices. The desorbed analytes from one of the SPME devices may be flushed to the flow injector and detected by the detecting instrument while the analytes from the other SPME devices are being desorbed in their respective desorption chambers.

[0047] The method may include heating the desorption chamber, vibrating the SPME device, or both. Doing so may increase the rate of analyte desorption. Under some conditions, the desorption may be effected for 5 to 20 seconds in order to desorb a sufficient amount of analyte to be detected. In some methods, such as methods that use relatively thicker coatings, the desorption is effected for more than 20 seconds.

[0048] Systems and methods according to the present disclosure may have an increased sensitivity, narrower chronogram bands, more reproducible desorption volumes, and/or more reproducible results over systems and methods with desorption chambers that are not fluidly isolated during desorption.

[0049] In a system where the desorption chamber is not fluidly isolated during desorption, analyte sorbed on one portion of the SPME coating may take a longer time to travel to the detector than analyte sorbed on another portion of the SPME coating. For example, some desorbed analyte may be transported to the detector by suction flow only, while other desorbed analyte may need to first travel by diffusion before reaching a part of the diffusion chamber where fluid is transported by suction flow to the detector. Since systems and methods according to the present disclosure transport the desorption solvent in substantially a single plug of fluid, the time difference to travel to the detector for analytes at the front of the plug of fluid vs. analytes at the back of the plug of fluid is based only on the volume of the desorption chamber and the flow rate.

[0050] Using a desorption chamber with known dimensions where the volume of desorption solvent does not vary over time (since the desorption chamber is fluidly isolated during desorption) may provide a more reproducible desorption volume, which may result in more reproducible desorption results.

[0051] Reducing the void volume of the desorption chamber reduces the dilution factor. Desorption chambers according to the present disclosure may have a volume of about 7 μL and a void volume of about 4 μL when the SPME fiber occupies 3 μL, while the total volume of a conventional open port probe (OPP) (i.e. volume of the gap and dome) over a 5 second desorption period is 30-40 μL.

[0052] One example of a desorption chamber and flow-insulating flow connector that may be used in a system according to the present disclosure is illustrated in FIG. 1. The desorption chamber (10) is fluidly connected to the flow injector (not illustrated) through the flow-insulating flow connector (12). Fluid travels as noted by the arrows from the solvent source, past the aperture (14) of the flow connecter (12) without significantly disturbing solvent in the desorption chamber (10), and to the flow injector. The dimensions of one specific example are shown in FIG. 1, but it should be understood that these are exemplary only and that the size and shape of the desorption chamber and/or fluid connector may be varied in view of the discussion above.

[0053] Another example of a desorption chamber and flow-insulating flow connector that may be used in a system according to the present disclosure is illustrated in FIG. 2. The desorption chamber (20) is fluidly connected to the flow injector (not illustrated) through the flow-insulating flow connector (22). Fluid travels up base (24) through an inflow passage (26A) and past the aperture (28) of the flow connecter (22) without significantly disturbing solvent in the desorption chamber (20), and then down to the flow injector through an outflow passage (26B). The inflow passage (26A) and the outflow passage (26B) are fluidly connected and may be formed though the nesting of concentric cylinders, with the inflow passage (26A) defined by the space between the two cylinders and the outflow passage (26B) defined by the interior space of inner cylinder. The flow-insulating connector (22) illustrated in FIG. 2 has a volume of about 0.25 μL, and the desorption chamber (20) illustrated in FIG. 2 has a volume of about 7 μL.

[0054] The fluid velocity of solvent in the passages and the flow connector of FIG. 2 under steady state conditions is illustrated in FIG. 3 where darker colours represent faster fluid velocity and lighter colours represent slower fluid velocity. The flow profile calculated to generate FIG. 3 was based on a two-dimensional version of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2. The fluid velocity in the darkest portions of FIG. 3 represents a velocity of about 0.4 cm/s, while the fluid velocity in the lightest portions represents a velocity of about 0.05 cm/s.

[0055] Regulating the suction conditions, such as generated by the Venturi effect at the flow injector, and the pump flow conditions allows the fluid flowing through the passages to reach an equilibrium state in which a constant rate of fluid is injected by the flow injector while, at the same time, a stagnant volume of fluid is achieved in the desorption chamber. This is evidenced by the flow lines and velocity gradients shown in FIG. 3 which shows that an SPME fiber can be placed in the desorption chamber without interfering in the electrospray process.

[0056] A schematic illustration of a system according to the present disclosure is shown in FIG. 4. The desorption chamber (30) is illustrated as having an SPME fiber (32) inserted into the chamber. The SPME fiber has an extraction coating (34). The desorption chamber (30) is fluidly connected to an electrospray needle (36). The electrospray needle produces an electrospray cone (38) of charged components (40) from the solvent. The desorption chamber is also fluidly connected to a tube or passage (42) that can provide solvent to the desorbtion chamber by increasing the fluid flow rate from the tube (42) in comparison to the flow generated by the electrospray needle (36). The chamber also includes an optional fluid sensor (44) that may be used to automatically stop the filling of the desorption chamber. FIG. 4 also illustrates the flow of a drying gas (46) and a mass spectrometer (48) as a detector for the electrosprayed charged components (40).

[0057] FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of a system similar to the system illustrated in FIG. 4 and, accordingly, the reference numerals are unchanged. However, the system of FIG. 5 additionally includes a narrowed orifice (50) that better fluidly isolates the desorption chamber (30) from the flow of fluid travelling to the electrospray needle (36). In some examples, the orifice (50) may be closed or blocked by the insertion of a SPME device, as illustrated in FIG. 6 which shows the desorption chamber (30), part of the electrospray needle (36), and the orifice (50). In this illustration, the SPME device is moved so that it blocks the orifice (50), thereby preventing or reducing a flow of desorption solvent into the electrospray needle (36) even while fluid flows through the tube or passage (42). Movement of the SPME device away from the orifice (50) opens the desorption chamber and desorption solution can flow to the electrospray needle. The flow of desorption solution to the electrospray needle may be increased by reducing or stopping the flow of fluid from the tube or passage (42).

EXAMPLE

[0058] LC-MS grade methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (ACN), water and isopropanol (IPA) were provided by Fisher Scientific. Codeine, cocaine, buprenorphine, clenbuterol, sertraline, oxycodone and salbutamol were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). The fibers evaluated for extractions were manufactured using an in-house procedure. The coatings used were a mixture of HLB (hydrophilic and lipophilic balance) 5 μm particles and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) prepared by painting the SPME surface with a dispersion of HLB particles (10% by weight) in acrylonitrile monomer, followed by polymerization at 150° C. The fibers were coated having a coating thickness of 20 μm and a length of 4 mm. The experiments were carried out in a triple quadrupole API-4000 from SCIEX.

[0059] A desorption chamber as illustrated in FIG. 1 was used, and may be referred to as a modified open port probe (OPP). The desorption chamber was machined from Teflon for its chemical inertness. The desorption chamber includes a hole of 1 mm diameter and 1 cm length that has an approximate volume of 7 μL. The desorption chamber is connected to a flow restriction 0.5 mm in diameter, which generates an additional back pressure to the pump flow. The space between the fitting of the modified OPP and the desorption chamber was minimized (less than 1 mm) in order to reduce the dwell volumes. The system was connected to a 6-port valve in order to bypass the pump flow and produce an efficient flush of the chamber.

[0060] The ESI-MS flow conditions of the nebulizer gases (Nitrogen) in the modified open port probe (OPP) were: 90 PSI for gas 1, 70 PSI for gas 2, and 20 PSI for curtain gas 20 PSI. The electrospray voltage was 5500 V.

[0061] The MS/MS transitions monitored are shown in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 MS/MS transitions and collision energies employed Compound Precursor (m/z) Product (m/z) Collision Energy (V) Oxycodone 316.098 241.054 27 Clenbuterol 276.971 202.995 16 Salbutamol 240.071 148.071 18 Codeine 300.385 165.054 39 Cocaine 304.089 182.093 18 Sertraline 306.356 159.000 26 Buprenorphine 468.250 396.111 38

[0062] The modified OPP was tested using a standard solution of 50 ng/mL of each compound in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The compounds were extracted using an SPME fiber from a 300 μL of sample for 10 minutes at 1500 rpm. The compounds were desorbed for 5 seconds by placing the SPME fiber in the desorption chamber. After this time, the SPME fiber was taken out from the chamber and the valve was switched to the flushing position for 3 seconds. In the flushing position, methanol from a solvent source is not traveling past the desorption chamber and is instead being actively pumped into the waste. In the flushing position, the only hydrodynamic driven force on the fluid in the desorption chamber is the Venturi suction due to the electrospray. In this manner, a plug of approximate 7 μL is directly injected in to the mass spectrometer with no further dilution. The desorption chamber is refilled by decreasing the Venturi suction for 3 seconds, which can be achieved by reducing the gas 1 pressure from 90 to 80 PSI and switching the valve to the desorption position. Finally, the chamber was ready to use for further experiments.

[0063] The ion chronograph of cocaine extracted and detected using the method and system described above is shown in FIG. 7, while the ion chronograph of cocaine extracted and detected using a conventional open port probe is shown in FIG. 8. The peak profile in FIG. 7 is very sharp, having a FWHM of 2-3 seconds. In contrast, the peak profile in FIG. 8 is less sharp, having a FWHW of 6 seconds. This corresponds to an increase in sensitivity of between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude.

[0064] The length of desorption time was evaluated. Desorption times of 5 and 10 seconds were evaluated. The peak heights, standard deviations, and relative standard deviation (% RSD) are shown in Table 2 for four replicate extractions and desorptions. A desorption time of 10 seconds showed better recovered areas, but the improvements were not significant for the tested compounds. Longer desorption times may be used, for example when desorbing a compound with low kinetics of desorption, or when desorbing from an SPME device with a thick coating.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 5 s 10 s desorption Peak Std. % peak Std. % time height dev. RSD height dev. RSD buprenorphine 6760 1527 23 2520 410 16 clenbuterol 551 154 28 641 21 3 cocaine 61733 14468 23 196475 63640 32 codeine 197500 19092 10 144000 31225 22 sertraline 13400 2252 17 23333 4994 21 fentanyl 19900 2914 15 37467 15205 41 oxycodone 85050 20577 24 39660 6437 16

[0065] In the preceding description, for purposes of explanation, numerous details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the examples. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required. Accordingly, what has been described is merely illustrative of the application of the described examples and numerous modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings.

[0066] Since the above description provides examples, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations can be effected to the particular examples by those of skill in the art. Accordingly, the scope of the claims should not be limited by the particular examples set forth herein, but should be construed in a manner consistent with the specification as a whole.