Method for detecting a moving radioactive source and associated device

Abstract

A method for detecting a radioactive source moving on a linear path substantially parallel to an alignment of N detectors. The method includes: forming N×N.sub.t pulse counting values M.sub.i,t (i=1, 2, . . . , N and t=1, 2, . . . , N.sub.t) from N×N.sub.t detection signals delivered by the N detectors in the form of a succession over time of N.sub.t sets of N signals simultaneously detected by the N detectors over a same duration Δt, a pulse counting value representing a number of pulses detected by a detector over a duration Δt; and computing, using a computer: a set of N.sub.t correlation products R.sub.t, a static mean R of the N×N.sub.t counting values, a correlation condition for each correlation product R.sub.t.

Claims

1. A method for detecting a radioactive source moving on a linear path substantially parallel to an alignment of N detectors, N being an integer equal to or greater than 2, the method comprising: simultaneously detecting N signals by N detectors; delivering N×N.sub.t detection signals from the N detectors in the form of a succession over time of N.sub.t sets of the N signals simultaneously detected by the detector over a duration Δt, N.sub.t being significantly greater than N, a pulse counting value representing a number of pulses detected by a detector over a duration Δt; forming N×N.sub.t pulse counting values M.sub.i,t (i=1, 2, . . . , N and t=1, 2, . . . , N.sub.t) from the N×N.sub.t detection signals; computing, using a computer: a set of N.sub.R correlation products R.sub.z so that:
R.sub.z=Π.sub.i=1.sup.NM.sub.i,[(N−i)z+1] (z=1,2, . . . , N.sub.R) with N.sub.R being an integer equal to $\frac{N_t-1}{N-1},$ a statistical mean R of the N.sub.t products Π.sub.i=1.sup.NM.sub.i,t such that: $\stackrel{\_}{R}=\frac{1}{N_t}\underset{t=1}{\overset{N_t}{.Math.}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{.Math.}}{M}_{i,t}$ a standard deviation σ(R) of the N.sub.t products Π.sub.i=1.sup.NM.sub.i,t, and a correlation condition for each correlation product R.sub.z; and determining that a radioactive source moved in front of the detectors if R.sub.z≧R+K.sub.2σ(R), K.sub.2 being a scalar, or determining that no radioactive source moved in front of the detectors if R.sub.z<R+K.sub.2σ(R).

2. The method according to claim 1, the method further comprising computing, by the computer, a speed V of the radioactive source as soon as a radioactive source is determined to have moved in front of the detectors, such that:
V=d/(T×Δt), where d is a distance separating two neighbouring detectors and T is a rank t of a set of N pulse counting values for which the correlation product R.sub.Z is maximum.

3. The method according to claim 1, the method further comprising computing, by the computer, an intensity I of the radioactive source as soon as a radioactive source is determined to have moved in front of the detectors, such that: $I=\frac{1}{N}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{.Math.}}{M}_{i,\left(N-i\right)T+1}-\frac{1}{N\times N_t}\underset{t=1}{\overset{N_t}{.Math.}}\left[\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{.Math.}}{M}_{i,t}\right].$

4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising smoothing the pulse counting values before computing.

5. A device for detecting a radioactive source moving over a substantially linear path, the device comprising: N detectors (D.sub.i, i=1, 2, . . . , N) substantially aligned parallel to the linear path of the radioactive source, N being an integer equal to or greater than 2, the N detectors simultaneously delivering N detection signals over duration Δt, N processing circuits (T.sub.i, i=1, 2, . . . , N) connected to the N detectors, each processing circuit being configured to deliver an electronic signal corresponding to a detection signal delivered by a different detector, N counting circuits (K.sub.i, i=1, 2, . . . , N) connected to the N processing circuits, each counting circuit being configured to count, during N.sub.t successive counting durations Δt, a number of electronic pulses delivered by a different processing circuit and to deliver, for each counting duration Δt, a pulse counting value (M.sub.i,t) (t=1, 2, . . . , N.sub.t), N.sub.t being significantly greater than N, a memory block (B) that stores the N×N.sub.t pulse counting values delivered by the N counting circuits during the N.sub.t successive counting durations, a computer configured to compute: a set of N.sub.R correlation products R.sub.z so that:
R.sub.z=Π.sub.i=1.sup.NM.sub.i,([N−i)z+1] (z=1,2, . . . , N.sub.R) with N.sub.R being an integer equal to $\frac{N_t-1}{N-1},$ a statistical mean R of the N.sub.t products Π.sub.i=1.sup.NM.sub.i,t such that: $\stackrel{\_}{R}=\frac{1}{N_t}\underset{t=1}{\overset{N_t}{.Math.}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{.Math.}}{M}_{i,t}$ a standard deviation σ(R) of the N.sub.t products Π.sub.i=1.sup.NM.sub.i,t, and a correlation condition for each correlation product R.sub.z, the computer being further configured to determine that: a radioactive source moved in front of the detectors if R.sub.z≧R+K.sub.2σ(R), K.sub.2 being a scalar, or no source moved in front of the detectors if R.sub.z<R+K.sub.2σ(R).

6. The device according to claim 5, the computer being further configured to compute a source speed V if R.sub.z≧R+K.sub.2σ(R), such that:
V=d/(T×Δt), where d is a distance separating two neighbouring detectors and T is a rank t of a set of N pulse counting values for which the correlation product R.sub.Z is maximum.

7. The device according to claim 5, the computer being further configured to compute a source intensity I if R.sub.z≧R+K.sub.2σ(R), such that: $I=\frac{1}{N}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{.Math.}}{M}_{i,\left(N-i\right)T+1}-\frac{1}{N\times N_t}\underset{t=1}{\overset{N_t}{.Math.}}\left[\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{.Math.}}{M}_{i,t}\right].$

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

(1) Other features and advantages of the invention will appear upon reading the following description, made in reference to the appended figures, among which:

(2) FIG. 1 symbolically shows a radioactive source moving in front of a set of detectors of the device for detecting a moving radioactive source of the invention;

(3) FIG. 2 shows the schematic diagram of an exemplary device for detecting a moving radioactive source of the invention;

(4) FIG. 3 shows a processing method involved in the method for detecting a moving radioactive source of the invention;

(5) FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the method for detecting a radioactive source of the invention in the case of a low intensity and low speed radioactive source;

(6) FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate the method for detecting a radioactive source of the invention in the case of a low intensity and high speed radioactive source;

(7) FIG. 6 shows the false alarm rate as a function of the number of used detectors, for a device of the invention and for a prior art device;

(8) FIG. 7 shows the non-detection rate of a radioactive source as a function of the number of used detectors, for a device of the invention and for a prior art device;

(9) FIG. 8 shows the detection rate of a radioactive source as a function of the intensity of the signal emitted by the source, for a device of the invention and for a prior art device;

(10) FIGS. 9A and 9B each show the measured intensity of two radioactive sources of different intensity, as a function of the number of detectors, for a device of the invention and for a prior art device.

DISCLOSURE OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

(11) FIG. 1 symbolically shows a radioactive source moving in front of a set of detectors.

(12) The radioactive source S which is wanted to be detected moves in principle over a linear path TL (road/conveyor/etc.). The N detectors D.sub.1, D.sub.2, . . . , D.sub.i, . . . , D.sub.N of the detection device are aligned parallel to the path TL. A distance d separates two neighbouring detectors and a distance D separates each detector D.sub.i (i=1, 2, . . . N) from the path TL.

(13) FIG. 2 shows the schematic diagram of an exemplary detection device implementing the method for detecting a moving radioactive source of the invention.

(14) The device comprises N detectors D.sub.i (i=1, 2, . . . , N), N processing circuits T.sub.i, N pulse counting circuits K.sub.i, a memory block B made of N FIFO memories M.sub.i (FIFO stands for “First In First Out”), and a computer C.

(15) Each detector D.sub.i (i=1, 2, . . . , N) which detects an incident radiation delivers a pulse signal. The pulse signal delivered by the detector D.sub.i is then processed by a processing circuit T.sub.i, the latter comprising, for example, an amplifier A.sub.i and a filtering circuit F.sub.i. Each processing circuit T.sub.i delivers an electronic pulse. The electronic pulses delivered by a processing circuit T.sub.i are counted by a counting circuit K.sub.i. Counting the electronic pulses is made by successive time slots of a duration Δt. The counting values which are delivered by the counter K.sub.i are transmitted to the FIFO memory M.sub.i. A FIFO memory M.sub.i consequently contains a succession of counting values M.sub.i,1, M.sub.i,2, . . . M.sub.i,t, etc., where t is the time position index of the counting values in the history of the FIFO memories.

(16) According to the known principle which governs the FIFO memories, as soon as a FIFO memory is full, the oldest counting value which is stored in the memory is extracted to enable a new counting value to be stored. The counting values which are simultaneously extracted from different memories M.sub.i are then transmitted to the computer C. In a particular embodiment of the invention (not shown in the figure), the counting values are smoothed by a smoothing circuit before being transmitted to the FIFO memory.

(17) The computer C implements a method for processing counting values M.sub.i,t. FIG. 3 illustrates this processing method.

(18) In a first step (step 1), the computer C computes N.sub.R correlation products R.sub.Z (z=1, 2, . . . , N.sub.R) such that:

(19) R.sub.ZΠ.sub.i=1.sup.NM.sub.[i,(N−i)z+1]+, with

(20) $N_R=\frac{N_t-1}{N-1},$
N.sub.t being a very large integer ahead of N.

(21) The statistical mean R of the N.sub.t products Π.sub.i=1.sup.NM.sub.i,t is then computed (step 2):

(22) $\stackrel{\_}{R}=\frac{1}{N_t}\underset{t=1}{\overset{N_t}{.Math.}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{.Math.}}{M}_{i,t}$

(23) Next, the standard deviation σ(R) of the N.sub.t products Π.sub.i=1.sup.NM.sub.i,t is then computed (step 3):

(24) $\sigma \left(\stackrel{\_}{R}\right)=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N_t}\underset{t=1}{\overset{N_t}{.Math.}}{\left(\stackrel{\_}{R}-\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{.Math.}}{M}_{i,t}\right)}^2}$

(25) Once the standard deviation is computed, it is verified whether there is a significant correlation of the time series among the R.sub.t values (step 4). It is thus verified whether the following inequation is performed or not:
R.sub.z≧R+K.sub.2σ(R)

(26) where the magnitude K.sub.2 is a scalar chosen with respect to the false alarm rate desired for detection. The order of magnitude of K.sub.2 is a few units.

(27) If the above inequation is not performed, no source is considered to have moved in front of the detectors (step 5: no source).

(28) If the above inequation is performed, a source is considered to have moved in front of the detectors and its speed V and/or its intensity I (number of hits per second) are computed (step 6).

(29) Among the R.sub.t values, there is an R.sub.t value which is maximum. Letting T be the rank t for which the R.sub.t value is maximum, we therefore have:
V=d/(T×Δt),

(30) where d is the distance separating two neighbouring detectors, and

(31) $I=\frac{1}{N}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{.Math.}}{M}_{i,\left(N-i\right)T+1}-\frac{1}{N\times N_t}\underset{t=1}{\overset{N_t}{.Math.}}\left[\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{.Math.}}{M}_{i,t}\right]$

(32) As soon as the steps 5 and 6 are carried out, a new computing cycle is started (back to step 1).

(33) FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the method for detecting a radioactive source of the invention in the case of a low intensity and low speed radioactive source.

(34) The results illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B are obtained for a detection device made of five detectors. A low intensity radioactive source moves at a speed of 5 m/s in front of the detectors.

(35) FIG. 4A shows the counting values M.sub.i,t (i=1, 2, . . . , 5) associated with each of the five detectors involved in the detection device of the invention, as a function of time τ. With reference to the previously defined magnitudes t, and Δt, we have:
τ=t×Δt

(36) FIG. 4B represents the correlation product R computed as a function of a speed v representing the speed of the source. With reference to the previously defined magnitudes d, t and Δt, we have:
v=d/t×Δt

(37) It can be noticed that the correlation product clearly shows a peak P at a speed substantially equal to 5 m/s.

(38) FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate the method for detecting a radioactive source of the invention in the case of a low intensity and high speed radioactive source.

(39) FIGS. 5A and 5B respectively correspond to the preceding FIGS. 4A and 4B. The speed of the source moving in front of the detectors is here equal to 17 m/s. A correlation peak P at a speed substantially equal to 17 m/s can indeed be noticed.

(40) FIG. 6 illustrates the false alarm rate T.sub.F as a function of the number of detectors N, for a thresholding detection device according to the prior art (curve T.sub.1) and for a correlation detection device according to the invention (curve T.sub.2), all other things being equal. Very advantageously, it can be noticed that, beyond three detectors, the false alarm rate is very substantially lower with the detection device of the invention.

(41) FIG. 7 illustrates the non-detection rate T.sub.ND as a function of the number of detectors N, for a thresholding detection device according to the prior art (curve ND.sub.1) and for a correlation detection device according to the invention (curve ND.sub.2), all other things being equal. Also very advantageously, it can be noticed that the non-detection rate is very substantially lower with the detection device of the invention.

(42) FIG. 8 illustrates the detection rate T.sub.D as a function of the signal intensity I.sub.0 (expressed as a counting rate or as a number of hits per second (cps)) between a thresholding detection device according to the prior art and a correlation detection device according to the invention. In each case, the detection device comprises six detectors. Curve D.sub.1 represents the detection rate of the prior art device and curve D.sub.2 represents the detection rate of the invention device. Particularly advantageously, it appears that the detection rate of the device of the invention is always very substantially greater than the one of the prior art device for a counting rate between 2 and 13 cps, both detection rates being equal beyond the counting rate of 13 cps.

(43) FIG. 9A shows the measured intensity of a strong intensity radioactive source as a function of the number N of detectors, for a thresholding detection device according to the prior art and for a correlation detection device according to the invention. The intensity I.sub.0 of the source is, for example, equal to 100 hits per second. It appears that the intensity I.sub.S measured by the prior art device and the intensity I.sub.C measured by the invention device are identical and equal to I.sub.0, whatever the number of detectors. The measurement inaccuracy which is represented by the intervals Δ.sub.i (i=1, 2, . . . , 6) in FIG. 9A is also identical for both detection devices.

(44) FIG. 9B shows the measured intensity of a low intensity radioactive source as a function of the number N of detectors, for a thresholding detection device according to the prior art and for a correlation detection device according to the invention. The source intensity I.sub.0 is for example equal to 12 hits per second. It appears that the intensity I.sub.C measured by the invention device is very substantially equal to the emitted intensity I.sub.0 whatever the number of detectors. On the contrary, the intensity I.sub.S measured by the prior art device is very different from the emitted intensity I.sub.0. Similarly, whereas the inaccuracy Δ.sub.i of the measurements read by the invention device is relatively low, the inaccuracy δ.sub.i of the measurements read by the prior art device is high. Furthermore, a bias b of the measurements read by the prior art device appears, which is not the case of the measurement read by the invention device.