Lithium electrochemical storage battery having a casing providing improved thermal dissipation, associated battery pack and production processes

Abstract

A lithium electrochemical storage battery including: at least one electrochemical cell; two current collectors, one of which is connected to the anode and the other to the cathode; and a casing of longitudinal axis X, the casing including a cap, a bottom, a lateral jacket joined both to the bottom and to the cap, and a central core arranged along the axis X, the central core being hollow at least over some of its height and made of a material the melting point of which is higher than the temperature reached by the cell when it malfunctions, the hollow portion of the central core opening onto the exterior of casing via the bottom and/or the cap and the central core having, at least one end of its hollow portion, an internal thread into which an external thread of a part forming one pole of the storage battery may be screwed.

Claims

1. A lithium electrochemical accumulator comprising: at least one electrochemical cell (C) made up of at least one anode and one cathode on either side of an electrolyte impregnated in a separator, two current collectors, one of which is connected to the anode and the other to the cathode, a casing of a shape that is elongate along a longitudinal axis, the casing comprising: a cover, a bottom, and a lateral jacket that is joined both to the bottom and to the cover, and a central core along the axis X, the central core being hollow at least over a portion of its height and made of a material, the melting point of which is above the temperature reached by the cell(s) in abnormal operation, the casing being arranged to sealably contain the electrochemical cell(s) wound around the central core while also being passed through by a portion of the current collectors forming the poles, the hollow portion of the central core opening onto the exterior of the casing via the bottom and/or cover, wherein the central core has, at at least one end of its hollow portion, an internal thread for receiving by screwing an external thread of a part forming one pole of the accumulator.

2. The accumulator as claimed in claim 1, the central core being hollow over its entire height.

3. The accumulator as claimed in claim 1, the casing and the central core being of generally cylindrical shape.

4. The accumulator as claimed in claim 1, the casing and the central core being of generally prismatic shape.

5. The accumulator as claimed in claim 1, the casing being made of a metal.

6. The accumulator as claimed in claim 1, the casing being at least partially made of polymer.

7. The accumulator as claimed in claim 1, the central core being made of a metal.

8. The accumulator as claimed in claim 7, the metal central core being coated with a coating made of an electrical insulator.

9. The accumulator as claimed in claim 1, the central core having a smooth external surface.

10. The accumulator as claimed in claim 1, the central core having at at least one end of its hollow portion an internal shape suitable for making a tight fit with a mandrel of a machine for spooling the electrochemical cell(s).

11. The accumulator as claimed in claim 10, the central core having at one of its ends the internal shape suitable for the tight fit and at the other of its ends the internal thread for screwing the pole of the accumulator.

12. The accumulator as claimed in claim 1, the internal thread opening onto the bottom or onto the cover of the casing.

13. The accumulator as claimed in claim 1, the central core being welded around a through-aperture in the bottom and/or cover.

14. The accumulator as claimed in claim 1, the central core and the bottom of the casing consisting of a single deep-drawn part.

15. The accumulator as claimed in claim 1, comprising one or more passive cooling elements.

16. The accumulator as claimed in claim 15, the passive cooling element(s) being arranged so as to make contact with the internal portion of a tube forming the central core.

17. The accumulator as claimed in claim 15, the passive cooling element(s) being one or more fins in the interior of the hollow portion of the central is core.

18. The accumulator as claimed in claim 1, comprising a portion of a safety device integrated into the cover and suitable for releasing to the exterior gases present in the interior of the casing in case of pressures higher than a preset threshold value.

19. The accumulator as claimed in claim 18, the center of the portion of the safety device making contact with the exterior being arranged halfway between the edge of the cover and the center of the central core.

20. A battery pack comprising: a plurality of accumulators as claimed in claim 1, a metal box containing the plurality of accumulators electrically connected in series or in parallel to one another, two poles, the poles comprising: a negative pole that is common to the accumulators and that forms a feedthrough through a wall of the box and a positive pole that is common to the accumulators and fastened to one wall of the box, and a film made of an electrical insulator between at least one end of the accumulators and one wall of the box.

21. The battery as claimed in claim 20, the plurality of accumulators being arranged vertically in the metal box, the negative common pole forming the feedthrough through the lower or upper wall whereas the positive common pole is fastened to the opposite wall, respectively.

22. A process for producing a lithium accumulator comprising at least one electrochemical cell made up of at least one anode and one cathode on either side of an electrolyte impregnated in a separator, and a casing arranged to sealably contain the electrochemical cell(s) while also being passed through by a portion of the current collectors forming the poles, comprising: a/ winding by spooling the anode, the cathode and the separator of the electrochemical cell(s) about a central core that is hollow over at least a portion of its height; the core having at at least one end of its hollow portion an internal thread; b/ welding, at one of the ends of the wound cell, the current collector portion bearing the anode to a terminal current collector portion taking the form of a shim; c/ inserting the wound cell with the shim into a rigid container forming the bottom and lateral jacket of a casing; d/ welding, at the other of the ends of the wound cell, the current collector portion bearing the cathode to the bottom of the casing; e/ welding the shim to a negative pole forming a feedthrough through a cover; f/ welding the cover to the rigid container; g/ welding the hollow central core around an aperture in the bottom and/or cover and into which it fitted; and h/ screwing the positive pole into the internal thread of the hollow central core.

23. A process for producing a lithium accumulator comprising at least one electrochemical cell made up of at least one anode and one cathode on either side of the electrolyte impregnated in a separator, and a casing arranged to sealably contain the electrochemical cell(s) while also being passed through by a portion of the current collectors forming the poles, comprising: a1/ winding by spooling the anode, the cathode and the separator of the electrochemical cell(s) about a carrier comprising a central core that is hollow over at least a portion of its height and a plate forming the bottom of a casing; the core having at at least one end of its hollow portion an internal thread; b1/ welding, at one of the ends of the wound cell, the current collector portion bearing the cathode to the bottom of the casing; c1/ welding, at the other of the ends of the wound cell, the current collector portion bearing the anode to a terminal current collector portion taking the form of a shim; d1/ inserting the wound cell with the shim into a rigid container forming the lateral jacket of the casing; e1/ welding the bottom to the lateral jacket; f1/ welding the shim to a negative pole forming a feedthrough through a cover; g1/ welding the cover to the rigid container; h1/ optionally, welding the hollow central core around an aperture in the cover into which it is fitted; and i1/ screwing the positive pole into the internal thread of the hollow central core.

24. The production process as claimed in claim 23, in which once step f1/ or g1/ has been carried out, the liquid electrolyte is inserted through a filling aperture produced in the cover in order to impregnate the separator(s) of the cell(s).

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(1) Other advantages and features will become more clearly apparent on reading the detailed description, given by way of illustration and with reference to the following figures, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded perspective view showing the various elements of a lithium-ion accumulator;

(3) FIG. 2 is a front view showing a lithium-ion accumulator with its flexible packaging according to the prior art;

(4) FIG. 3 is a perspective see-through view of a lithium-ion accumulator with its flexible packaging according to the prior art;

(5) FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a lithium-ion accumulator according to the prior art with its rigid packaging formed by a casing;

(6) FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a lithium-ion accumulator according to the prior art with its rigid packaging formed by a casing;

(7) FIG. 6A is an exploded perspective view showing the various elements of a lithium-ion accumulator according to a first embodiment of the invention;

(8) FIG. 6B is an exploded perspective view showing the various elements of a lithium-ion accumulator according to a second embodiment of the invention;

(9) FIGS. 7 to 9 are perspective views of a hollow central core of cylindrical shape according to first, second and third variant embodiments of the invention, respectively;

(10) FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a hollow central core of prismatic shape according to another variant embodiment of the invention;

(11) FIGS. 11A to 11F are perspective views illustrating the various steps of a process for producing a lithium-ion accumulator according to one embodiment of the invention;

(12) FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a battery pack comprising a plurality of lithium-ion accumulators according to the invention and a metal box containing the plurality of lithium-ion accumulators;

(13) FIG. 13 is an exploded perspective view of a lithium-ion accumulator according to the invention;

(14) FIG. 14 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the central core of prismatic interior shape of a lithium-ion accumulator according to the invention;

(15) FIG. 15A is a perspective view of a lithium-ion accumulator according to the invention;

(16) FIG. 15B is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a lithium-ion accumulator according to the invention; and

(17) FIG. 16 is a magnified bottom view of a lithium-ion accumulator according to the invention.

(18) For the sake of clarity, the same references are used in all of FIGS. 1 to 12 to designate equivalent elements of a lithium-ion accumulator according to the prior art and according to the invention.

(19) It will be noted that the various elements according to the invention are shown only for the sake of clarity and that they are not to scale.

(20) Lastly it will be noted that here and throughout the present application, the terms “lower”, “upper”, “vertical”, “upward”, “downward”, “below” and “above” are to be understood with reference to a lithium accumulator arranged in a vertical position with its cover at the top end of the casing.

(21) FIGS. 1 to 4 have already been discussed in detail in the preamble. They are therefore not described below.

(22) FIG. 5 shows a lithium-ion accumulator A according to the invention.

(23) The accumulator A firstly comprises at least one electrochemical cell C made up of at least one anode and one cathode on either side of an electrolyte impregnated in a separator. The anode and the cathode are made of lithium insertion material and may be deposited using a conventional technique in the form of an active layer on a metal sheet forming a current collector. By way of example, the anode is made of Li.sub.4Ti.sub.5O.sub.12, the cathode of LiFePO.sub.4 and the current collector sheets of aluminum.

(24) The Li-ion accumulator comprises two current collectors one of which is connected to the anode and the other to the cathode of each cell C.

(25) The accumulator also comprises a sealed casing 6, by way of rigid packaging, the casing being of a shape that is elongate along a longitudinal axis (X).

(26) The casing 6 comprises a cylindrical lateral jacket 7, a bottom 8 at one end and a cover 9 at the other end, the bottom 8 and the cover 9 being joined to the jacket 7 by welding.

(27) The cover 9 bears the current output terminals or poles 50. The positive pole (not shown) is welded to the cover 9 whereas the negative pole 50 passes through the cover 9 with interposition of a seal (not shown), thereby forming a feedthrough that electrically insulates the pole 50 from the cover 9.

(28) Such as illustrated in FIG. 5, a shim 51, taking the form of a solid disk 52 drilled in its center and of a tongue 53 folded on itself, is housed between the upper end of the cell C, to which it is welded, and the cover 9. The shim 51 forms a portion of the terminal current collector ensuring the continuity between the current collector supporting the anode of the cell, also referred to as the negative support, and the negative pole 50.

(29) The lower end of the cell C is for its part welded to the bottom 8 of the casing 6.

(30) In order to improve thermal dissipation from the heart of the electrochemical cell C in operation of the accumulator, especially in abnormal operation, the inventors have thought to introduce a continuous body of air into the cell C, the air originating from outside the casing 8. This continuous body of air making contact with the exterior ensures a continuous dissipation of heat from the center or in other words the heart of the wound cell C.

(31) The inventors have thus envisioned a solution that is simple to implement, namely providing a cylinder forming a hollow central core 10 along the axis X and about which the electrochemical cell C is wound, this core being made of a material the melting point of which is higher than the temperature reached by the cell in abnormal operation, and the hollow portion 11, 12 of which opens onto the exterior of the casing via the bottom 8 and/or cover 9.

(32) Such as illustrated in all of FIGS. 5 to 16, the central core 10 is hollow over its entire height and its two hollow ends 11, 12 open, through the cover 9 and the bottom 8, respectively, onto the exterior of the casing 6. Thus, it is possible to obtain a continuous flow of air through the interior of the core 10 by natural convection, thereby further increasing the dissipation of heat from the heart of the wound cell. However, the central core 10 may be hollow over only some of its height and then only one of its ends 11 or 12 is hollow and opens onto the exterior of the casing 6.

(33) Such as illustrated in all of FIGS. 5 to 16, the hollow central core 10 preferably has an external surface that is smooth in order to best match the shape of the cell C during its winding, and an internal thread 14 at one of its ends in order to make it possible to receive the external thread (not shown) of the output terminal (pole) of the accumulator 40.

(34) The hollow central core 10 is advantageously made of metal and more advantageously of aluminum the melting point of which, at about 650° C., is much higher than the temperatures reached during abnormal operation of the accumulator, typically as high as 150° C.

(35) Two separate embodiments may be envisioned for producing the Li-ion accumulator according to the invention: one consists in winding, by spooling, the cell C directly around the hollow central core 10 according to the invention then in housing this wound sub-assembly in a rigid container 70 integrating both the bottom 8 and the lateral jacket 7 and thus forming a cup (FIGS. 6A and 13); the other consists in winding, by spooling, the cell C directly around a carrier 80 integrating both the hollow central core 10 according to the invention and the bottom 8, then in housing this wound sub-assembly in a rigid container consisting only of a lateral jacket 7 (FIG. 6B).

(36) The internal shape of the hollow central core 10 may be a homothetic transform of the external shape, such as a hollow cylinder as illustrated in FIG. 5. It may also be suitable for making a tight fit with the mandrel of a machine for spooling the cell C: this is illustrated in FIG. 7 in which it may be seen that the interior 13 of the hollow end 11 is a regular polygonal shape, such as a pentagon or a hexagon, in order to engage by complementary interfitting with a mandrel of complementary shape. The hollow central core 10 then directly forms the spool of the cell.

(37) The internal shape is advantageously internally threaded at one and/or other of its ends in order to receive by screwing a positive pole 40 of the accumulator A: this is shown in FIG. 8 and in FIGS. 13, 14, 15A, 15B and 16 in which the terminal fastened in place by screwing 40 and the threaded interior 14 may be seen. Care is taken that the interior of the terminal fastened in place by screwing 40 is also hollow in order to ensure the body of air still extends from the interior of the core 10 to the exterior. A busbar 41, preferably of small thickness and rectangular shape and containing a hole 42, is interposed between the bottom 8 and the terminal fastened in place by screwing 40. This busbar is made of a conductor, for example of copper.

(38) In order to prevent possible short-circuits that could occur in the cell, provision may advantageously be made to coat the external surface of the hollow metal core with a coating 15 made of an electrical insulator such as polyolefin (FIG. 9).

(39) The casing 6 and the hollow central core 10 according to the invention may be cylindrical in shape. They may also be prismatic in shape: provision is then made for a hollow central core 10 in the form of a hollow prism that is a homothetic transform of the prismatic jacket 7, as shown in FIG. 10.

(40) The various steps of the process for producing a Li-ion accumulator of cylindrical shape according to the second embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 6B will now be described with reference to FIGS. 11A to 11F.

(41) A carrier 80 comprising a aluminum central core 10 that is hollow over its entire height and a plate 8 made of aluminum forming the bottom 8 of a casing 6 (FIG. 11A) are produced beforehand.

(42) Step a1/:

(43) The anode, the cathode and the separator of the electrochemical cell C are wound, by spooling, around the core 10 of the carrier 80 (FIG. 11B). The carrier 80 may take the form of a single part produced by deep-drawing. It may also be produced by fitting one of the ends 11 or 12 of the hollow core into a circular central aperture in a solid disk forming the plate 8, then by welding these two parts together around the circular aperture.

(44) Step b1/:

(45) At one of the ends of the wound cell, the current collector portion bearing the cathode (positive support) is welded to the bottom 8 of the casing 6 (FIG. 11B).

(46) Step c1/:

(47) At the other of the ends of the wound cell, the current collector portion bearing the anode (negative support) is welded to a terminal current collector portion taking the form of a shim 51 (FIG. 11C). More precisely, the shim 51 takes the form of a solid disk 52 drilled in its centre and into which the end 11 of the core 10 is fitted, and of a tongue 53 protruding laterally from the disk 52.

(48) Step d1/:

(49) The wound cell with the shim 51 is inserted into a rigid container made of aluminum forming only the lateral jacket 7 of the casing 6 (FIG. 11D). Care is in particular taken in this step d1/ that the tongue 53 of the shim 51 does not hinder the insertion. For this reason, the latter is advantageously folded upward.

(50) Step e1/:

(51) The bottom 8 is welded to the cylindrical lateral jacket 7. To do this, a circular weld is produced on the circular edge 81 of the bottom 8 (FIG. 11D).

(52) Step f1/:

(53) The shim 51 is welded to a negative pole 50 forming a feedthrough through a cover 9 (FIG. 11D). This cover 9 comprises a central through-aperture 90 suitable for having the upper hollow end 11 of the hollow central core 10 fitted therein.

(54) This cover 9 also comprises another through-aperture 91 of smaller diameter than the aperture 90 and offset laterally relative to the axis X of the core. Typically, this other through-aperture 91 is located halfway between the circular edge 92 of the cover and the axis X of the central core 10. This other through-aperture 91 forms the aperture for releasing gases of a safety device integrated into the accumulator casing 6 in case of overpressure in the interior. The safety device may be one conventionally used in Li-ion batteries, also referred to as “venting”.

(55) Step g1/:

(56) Next, the cover 9 is welded to the rigid metal container 7. Prior to this step g1/, care is taken that the cover 9 is put in place on the upper end of the cylindrical lateral jacket 7, the hollow end 11 being fitted into the aperture 90 of the cover 9. This welding step consists in producing a circular weld on the circular edge 92 of the cover 9 (FIG. 11E).

(57) Step h1/:

(58) Next the hollow central core 10 is welded around the central aperture 90 of the cover 9 into which it is fitted. To do this, a circular weld is produced around the hollow end 11 fitted into the central aperture 90 of the cover 9 (FIG. 11F).

(59) Step i1/:

(60) as shown in FIGS. 13, 15A, 15B and 16, the hollow positive pole 40 is then screwed into the internal thread 14 of the hollow central core 10.

(61) Next, a step of filling under vacuum the casing 6 with a liquid electrolyte through another through-aperture (not shown) that is produced in the cover 9 is carried out.

(62) Production of the Li-ion accumulator according to the invention finishes with stopping of the filling aperture by means of a rivet (not shown).

(63) By virtue of the continuous body of air originating from the exterior and introduced into the heart of the cell C, an accumulator according to the invention, production of which has just been described, benefits from continuous dissipation of heat during its operation. A Li-ion accumulator according to the invention is therefore safer than prior-art Li-ion accumulators.

(64) Because they are safer, a plurality of accumulators according to the invention, i.e. comprising a continuous body of air that extends from the exterior of the casing 6, may be assembled together to form a new battery arrangement (battery pack).

(65) FIG. 12 shows a battery pack comprising a plurality of cylindrically shaped Li-ion accumulators A1, A2 . . . A6 according to the invention connected together electrically in series or parallel and contained in the same metal box 16 forming a common packaging.

(66) At the bottom of the metal box 16 a film 17 made of an electrical insulator is arranged.

(67) The accumulators A1-A6 are all connected to a positive terminal 18 fastened, especially by welding, to the cover 18S of the box 16, and to a negative terminal 19 forming a feedthrough through the bottom 16f of the box, by way of a seal 20 made of an electrical insulator.

(68) Such as illustrated in FIG. 12, the metal box 16 is a rectangular parallelepipedal shape but provision could be made for it to be another shape.

(69) Such as illustrated in FIG. 12, all the accumulators A1-A6 are identical to one another. Provision could be made to house within the same metal box 16 accumulators according to the invention having different electrical properties (capacity, energy density, voltage, etc.) and/or different dimensions.

(70) The invention is not limited to the examples described above; in particular features of the illustrated examples may especially be combined together in variants that are not illustrated.

(71) Thus, although in the illustrated examples, the negative terminal (pole) is that which forms a feedthrough through the cover 9 and the positive terminal is that which is electrically connected to the electrically conductive casing 6, the opposite case may be envisioned, depending on the chemistry of the materials of the electrodes and their arrangement in the electrochemical cell.

(72) Furthermore, although in the illustrated examples, the positive pole not forming a feedthrough is welded to one portion of the casing 6, i.e. the cover 9, it is possible to envision it being welded to the bottom 8, i.e. to an opposite end of the casing 6.

(73) Although in the illustrated example of the production process, step c1 of welding the shim 51 was carried out before the cell wound around the carrier 80 was introduced into the lateral jacket 7 and the bottom 8 welded to the latter, it may be carried out afterward, i.e. the cell C wound around the carrier 80 may be inserted into the lateral jacket 7 and then the bottom 8 and lastly the shim 51 welded thereto.

(74) Although in the examples illustrated in FIGS. 5, 6A, 6B and 11A-11F, the casing 6 and the hollow central core 10 are cylindrical in shape, the accumulator according to the invention and all its described production steps may be implemented with a casing and a hollow central core of prismatic shape.

(75) Even though this is not apparent from the schematic figures, it is possible to envision hollow central cores 10 of large diameters in order to further increase the continuous dissipation of heat from an accumulator according to the invention. This may prove to be important especially for electrochemical cells that are analyzed as being at risk and/or that are liable to see significant heating. Of course, in these cases, care is taken to ensure a good compromise is obtained between the power of the accumulator and its weight, on account of the fact that a hollow central core of large diameter will add to the weight of the accumulator assembly.

(76) Moreover, although described with reference to a monopolar battery, the invention also applies to a bipolar battery. Thus, the Applicant filed on Oct. 1, 2012 a patent application FR 12 59260 that describes and claims a solution for spooling bipolar batteries around a core. Thus, the invention may apply to a hollow central core 10 used as a spool (bobbin) of a bipolar battery.

(77) Other variants and improvements are possible without however departing from the scope of the invention.

(78) Although in the illustrated embodiments, the terminal that is screwed into the internal thread of the hollow central core is the positive terminal, it could equally well be the negative terminal.

(79) Moreover, although in the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 13 to 16, the terminal screwed into the internal thread of the hollow central core is intended to be located at the bottom end of the accumulator, it could equally well be located at the top end.