PERFORATING GUN WITH CONDUCTIVE DETONATING CORD

Abstract

A detonating cord for using in a perforating gun includes an explosive layer and an electrically conductive layer extending around the explosive layer. The electrically conductive layer is configured to relay a communication signal along a length of the detonating cord. In an embodiment, a protective jacket extends around the electrically conductive layer of the detonating cord. The detonating cord may be assembled in a perforating gun to relay a communication signal from a top connector to a bottom connector of the perforating gun, and to propagate a detonating explosive stimulus along its length to initiate shaped charges of the perforating gun. A plurality of perforating guns, including the detonating cord, may be connected in series, with the detonating cord of a first perforating gun in communication with the detonating cord of a second perforating gun.

Claims

1. A perforating gun comprising: a top connector including a first contact; a bottom connector including a second contact; at least one charge holder between the top connector and the bottom connector, wherein the charge holder is configured for holding a shaped charge; and a detonating cord extending from the top connector to the bottom connector, and ballistically connected to the shaped charge, the detonating cord comprising: an explosive layer, an electrically conductive layer extending around the explosive layer, and a jacket extending around the electrically conductive layer, wherein the detonating cord is configured to relay a communication signal from the first contact to the second contact.

2. The perforating gun of claim 1, further comprising: an insulating layer extending along a length of the detonating cord between the explosive layer and the electrically conductive layer.

3. The perforating gun of claim 1, wherein the detonating cord is in electrical communication with the first contact and the second contact, further wherein the first contact is in electrical communication with an upstream second contact in an upstream perforating gun and the second contact is in electrical communication with a downstream first contact in a downstream perforating gun.

4. The perforation gun of claim 1, wherein the detonating cord is configured to initiate the shaped charge disposed in each charge holder.

5. The perforation gun of claim 1, wherein the first and second contacts are in electrical communication with at least a portion of the electrically conductive layer and are configured to input the communication signal at a first contact portion of the detonating cord and output the communication signal at a second contact portion of the detonating cord.

6. The perforation gun of claim 1, wherein the first and second contacts comprise at least one of a split sleeve and a conductive pin, wherein the at least one of the split sleeve and the conductive pin is configured to pierce the jacket to engage the electrically conductive layer.

7. The perforation gun of claim 1, further comprising: a detonator arranged in the top connector or the bottom connector, wherein the detonator is energetically and electrically coupled to the detonating cord through the at least one of the first contact and the second contact.

8. A perforating gun comprising: a top connector; a bottom connector; at least one charge holder between the top connector and the bottom connector, wherein the charge holder is configured for holding a shaped charge; a detonating cord extending from the top connector to the bottom connector, and ballistically connected to the shaped charge, the detonating cord comprising an explosive layer, an electrically conductive layer extending around the explosive layer, and a jacket extending around the electrically conductive layer; and a tandem seal adapter configured for housing a bulkhead assembly, wherein a first end of the bulkhead assembly is in electrical communication with the bottom connector of the perforating gun, and a second end of the bulkhead assembly is in electrical communication a top connector of an adjacent perforating gun, wherein the detonating cord is configured to transfer a communication signal along a length of the detonating cord, and the communication signal is communicated through the tandem seal adapter to the adjacent perforating gun.

9. The perforation gun of claim 8, further comprising: one or more contacts configured to connect to the electrically conductive layer of the detonating cord, wherein the contacts are configured to input the communication signal at a first contact portion of the detonating cord and output the communication signal at a second contact portion of the detonating cord; and a detonator arranged in the top connector or the bottom connector, wherein the detonator is energetically and electrically coupled to the detonating cord through the contacts.

10. The perforating gun of claim 9, wherein the contacts comprise: a first contact positioned in the top connector; and a second contact positioned in the bottom connector, wherein the detonating cord is in electrical communication with the first contact and the second contact, the first contact is in electrical communication with an upstream second contact in an upstream perforating gun and the second contact is in electrical communication with a downstream first contact in a downstream perforating gun, and the detonating cord is configured to initiate the shaped charge disposed in each charge holder.

11. The perforating gun of claim 10, wherein the detonating cord further comprises an insulating layer extending along the length of the detonating cord between the explosive layer and the electrically conductive layer, and the first and second contacts comprise at least one of a split sleeve and a conductive pin, wherein the at least one of the split sleeve and the conductive pin is configured to pierce the jacket to engage the electrically conductive layer.

12. A perforating gun comprising: a top connector; a bottom connector; a shaped charge positioned between the top connector and the bottom connector; a detonating cord comprising: an explosive layer; an electrically conductive layer extending around the explosive layer; a jacket extending around the electrically conductive layer; and a contact coupled to at least one of the top connector and the bottom connector, wherein the contact is secured to the jacket and extends into at least a portion of the electrically conductive layer, and is configured to pierce the jacket to engage the electrically conductive layer, wherein the explosive layer, the electrically conductive layer and the jacket each extends along a length of the detonating cord, the electrically conductive layer is configured to transfer a communication signal along the length of the detonating cord, and the explosive layer is configured to detonate the shaped charge.

13. The perforating gun of claim 12, wherein the contact comprises: a conductive pin.

14. The perforating gun of claim 13, wherein the conductive pin comprises: an upper portion; and at least one lower portion extending from the upper portion, wherein the lower portion is configured for engaging the electrically conductive layer.

15. The perforating gun of claim 14, wherein the lower portion comprises a plurality of retention mechanisms configured for securing the conductive pin within the electrically conductive layer.

16. The perforating gun of claim 12, further comprising: an insulating layer extending along the length of the detonating cord between the explosive layer and the electrically conductive layer.

17. The perforating gun of claim 12, further comprising: a first contact portion configured for receiving the communication signal; and a second contact portion spaced apart from the first contact portion and configured for outputting the communication signal.

18. The perforating gun of claim 17, wherein the contact further comprises: a first contact secured to the first contact portion; and a second contact secured to the second contact portion.

19. The perforating gun of claim 17, wherein the first contact is one of a first split sleeve and a first conductive pin; and the second contact is one of a second split sleeve and a second conductive pin.

20. The perforating gun of claim 12, further comprising: a detonator arranged in the top connector or the bottom connector, wherein the detonator is energetically and electrically coupled to the detonating cord through the contact.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] A more particular description will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments thereof and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, exemplary embodiments will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

[0011] FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of a detonating cord/electrically conductive detonating cord, according to an embodiment;

[0012] FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of a detonating cord/electrically conductive detonating cord including an insulating layer, according to an embodiment;

[0013] FIG. 2A is a side, cross-sectional view of the detonating cord of FIG. 1A;

[0014] FIG. 2B is a side, cross-sectional view of the detonating cord of FIG. 1B;

[0015] FIG. 3A is a side, partial cross-sectional view of a detonating cord/electrically conductive detonating cord, illustrating contacts embedded therein, according to an embodiment;

[0016] FIG. 3B is a side, partial cross-sectional view of a detonating cord/electrically conductive detonating cord illustrating contacts extending around a portion of the detonating cord, according to an embodiment;

[0017] FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of a split sleeve contact partially extending around and partially embedded in a detonating cord/electrically conductive detonating cord, according to an embodiment;

[0018] FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view of a contact including a conductive pin partially embedded in a detonating cord/electrically conductive detonating cord, according to an embodiment;

[0019] FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional view of a contact including a conductive pin having retention mechanisms and partially embedded in a detonating cord/electrically conductive detonating cord, according to an embodiment;

[0020] FIG. 5 is a side, cross-sectional view of the contact of FIG. 4C, illustrating a plurality of lower portions and retention mechanisms;

[0021] FIG. 6 is a side, cross-sectional view of a perforating gun including a detonating cord/electrically conductive detonating cord, according to an embodiment;

[0022] FIG. 6A is a side, perspective view of the perforating gun of FIG. 6, illustrating the arrangement of the electrically conductive detonating cord;

[0023] FIG. 6B is a side, perspective view of the perforating gun of FIG. 6, illustrating the arrangement of the components of the perforating gun;

[0024] FIG. 7 is a side, cross-sectional view of a portion of the perforating gun of FIG. 6; and

[0025] FIG. 8 is a side, partial cross-sectional view of the perforating gun of FIG. 6, illustrating a detonator housed in a top connector, and a detonating cord extending from the top connector to a charge holder.

[0026] Various features, aspects, and advantages of the embodiments will become more apparent from the following detailed description, along with the accompanying figures in which like numerals represent like components throughout the figures and text. The various described features are not necessarily drawn to scale, but are drawn to emphasize specific features relevant to some embodiments.

[0027] The headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to limit the scope of the description or the claims. To facilitate understanding, reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate like elements common to the figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments. Each example is provided by way of explanation and is not meant as a limitation and does not constitute a definition of all possible embodiments.

[0029] For purposes of illustrating features of the embodiments, reference be made to various figures. FIGS. 1A-1B illustrate various features of a detonating cord for use in a perforating gun/perforating gun assemblies. As will be discussed in connection with the individual illustrated embodiments, the detonator generally is connected electrically, which requires the transmission of a communication signal (i.e., electric current) through a lead wire or along the length of the conductive detonating cord. The electric current may be used to transmit telemetry signals, charge down-hole capacitors, initiate detonators in perforating gun assemblies, and communicate to other devices such as an igniter for bridge plug setting tool which are positioned below the perforating gun assembly. The electrically conductive materials of the detonating cord helps to reduce the number of required wires in perforating gun assemblies, and helps to facilitate the electrical connection between a plurality of perforating guns.

[0030] Embodiments of the disclosure may be associated with a detonating cord/electrically conductive detonating cord 10. The detonating cord 10 may be a flexible structure that allows the detonating cord 10 to be bent or wrapped around structures. According to an aspect, the detonating cord 10 may include a protective structure or sheath 16 that prevents the flow of an extraneous or stray electric current through the explosive layer 14 within the detonating cord 10.

[0031] According to an aspect, and as illustrated in FIGS. 1A-2B, the detonating cord 10 includes an explosive layer/linear explosive layer 14. The explosive layer 14 may include an insensitive secondary explosive (i.e., an explosive that is less sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD), friction and impact energy within the detonating cord, as compared to a primary explosive). According to an aspect, the explosive layer 14 includes at least one of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine/cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (HMX), Hexanitrostilbene (HNS), 2,6-Bis(picrylamino)-3,5-dinitropyridine (PYX), and nonanitroterphenyl (NONA). The type of material selected to form the explosive layer 14 may be based at least in part on the temperature exposure, radial output and detonation velocity of the material/explosive. In an embodiment, the explosive layer includes a mixture of explosive materials, such as, HNS and NONA. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the explosive layer 14 may include compressed explosive materials or compressed explosive powder. The explosive layer 14 may include constituents to improve the flowability of the explosive powder during the manufacturing process. Such constituents may include various dry lubricants, such as, plasticizers, graphite, and wax.

[0032] The detonating cord 10 further includes an electrically conductive layer 12. The electrically conductive layer 12 is configured to relay/transfer a communication signal along the length L of the detonating cord 10. The communication signal may be a telemetry signal. According to an aspect, the communication signal includes at least one of a signal to, check and count for detonators in a perforating gun string assembly, address and switch to certain detonators, charge capacitors and to send a signal to initiate a detonator communicably connected to the detonating cord 10. The integration of the electrically conductive layer 12 in the detonating cord 10 helps to omit the electric feed-through wires presently being used.

[0033] According to an aspect, the electrically conductive layer 12 extends around the explosive layer 14 in a spaced apart configuration. As will be described in further detail hereinbelow, an insulating layer 18 may be sandwiched between the explosive layer 12 and the electrically conductive layer 12. The electrically conductive layer 14 of the detonating cord 10 may include a plurality of electrically conductive threads/fibers spun or wrapped around the insulating layer 18, or an electrically conductive sheath/pre-formed electrically conductive sheath 13 in a covering relationship with the insulating layer 18. According to an aspect, the electrically conductive sheath 13 comprises layers of electrically conductive woven threads/fibers that are pre-formed into a desired shape that allows the electrically conductive sheath to be easily and efficiently placed or arranged over the insulating layer 18. The layers of electrically conductive woven threads may be configured in a type of crisscross or overlapping pattern in order to minimize the effective distance the electrical signal must travel when it traverses through the detonating cord 10. This arrangement of the threads helps to reduce the electrical resistance (Ohm/ft or Ohm/m) of the detonating cord 10. The electrically conductive threads and the electrically conductive woven threads may include metal fibers or may be coated with a metal, each metal fiber or metal coating having a defined resistance value (Ohm/ft or Ohm/m). It is contemplated that longer gun strings (i.e., more perforating guns in a single string) may be formed using perforating guns that including the electrically conductive detonating cord 10.

[0034] FIG. 1B and FIG. 2B illustrate the detonating cord 10 including an insulating layer 18. The insulating layer 18 is disposed/positioned between the explosive layer 14 and the electrically conductive layer 12. As illustrated in FIG. 2B, for example, the insulating layer 18 may extend along the length L of the detonating cord 10. According to an embodiment (not shown), the insulating layer 18 may only extend along a portion of the length L of the detonating cord, where the explosive layer 14 would potentially be adjacent the electrically conductive layer 12. The insulating layer may be formed of any nonconductive material. According to an aspect, the insulating layer 18 may include at least one of a plurality of non-conductive aramid threads, a polymer, such as fluorethylenpropylene (FEP), polyamide (PA), polyethylenterephthalate (PET), or polyvinylidenfluoride (PVDF), and a coloring additive.

[0035] The detonating cord 10 may include a layer of material along its external surface to impart additional strength and protection to the structure of the detonating cord 10. FIGS. 1A-2B each illustrate a jacket/outer protective jacket 16 externally positioned on the detonating cord 10. According to an aspect, the jacket 16 is formed of at least one layer of woven threads. The jacket 16 may be formed from a nonconductive polymer material, such as FEP, PA, PET, and PVDF. According to an aspect, the jacket 16 is formed of at least one layer of non-conductive woven threads and covered by a sheath formed from a plastic, composite or lead.

[0036] As illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the jacket 16 extends around/surrounds/encases the electrically conductive layer 12 or the electrically conductive sheath 13, the insulating layer 18, and the explosive layer 14. The jacket 16 extends along the length L of the detonating cord 10, and may be impervious to at least one of sour gas (H.sub.2S), water, drilling fluid, and electrical current.

[0037] According to an aspect, electric pulses, varying or alternating current or constant/direct current may be induced into or retrieved from the electrically conductive layer 12/electrically conductive sheath 13 of the detonating cord 10. FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B illustrate the detonating cord 10 including contacts 20. According to an aspect, the contacts 20 may include a metal, such as aluminum, brass, copper, stainless steel or galvanized steel (including zinc).

[0038] The contacts 20 are configured to input a communication signal at a first end/contact portion of the detonating cord 10 and output the communication signal at a second end/contact portion of the detonating cord 10. In order to facilitate the communication of the communication signal, the contacts 20 may at least partially be embedded into the detonating cord 10. The contacts 20 may be coupled to or otherwise secured to the detonating cord 10. According to an aspect, the contacts 20 are crimped onto the detonating cord 10, in such a way that the contacts 20 pierce through the protective outer jacket 16 of the detonating cord 10 to engage the electrically conductive layer 12 or the conductive sheath 13.

[0039] FIG. 4A illustrates the contacts 20 extending around and cutting into a portion of the jacket 16. The contact may include a split sleeve 21, that engages and contacts with at least a portion of the electrically conductive layer 12. The split sleeve 21 includes a longitudinal split, which allows the split sleeve 21 to be temporarily bent or deformed to be placed on or be positioned over the detonating cord 10. The split sleeve 21 may include a plurality of retention features (not shown) that pierce through the jacket 16 and engages with the electrically conductive threads 12.

[0040] FIGS. 4B and 4C illustrate the contacts 20 including a conductive pin 22. The conductive pin 22 includes an upper portion 23, and at least one lower portion 24 extending from the upper portion 23. The lower portion 24 is configured for engaging the electrically conductive layer 12 of the detonating cord, while the upper portion 23 facilitates the proper placement/arrangement of the conductive pin 22 and, if necessary, facilitates the removal of the conductive pin 22 from the detonating cord 10. As illustrated, for instance, in FIG. 5, the lower portion 24 may be sized to extend across (partially or fully) a width W of the detonating cord 10. According to an aspect and as illustrated in FIG. 4C and FIG. 5, the lower portion 24 may include a plurality of retention mechanisms 25. The retention mechanisms 25 may be shaped as spikes or as barbs that engage with at least one of the layers of the detonating cord 10. FIG. 5 illustrates the retention mechanisms 25 pierced through the entire width W of the detonating cord 10.

[0041] While the arrangements of the layers of the detonating cord 10 have been illustrated in FIGS. 1A-5 and described in detail hereinabove, it is to be understood that the layers may be arranged in different orders based on the application in which the detonating cord 10 will be used. For example, the electrically conductive layer 12 may be the innermost layer, with the insulating layer 18 adjacent the conductive layer, and the explosive layer 14 extending around the insulating layer 18 (not shown). The jacket 16 extends around the layers and helps protect the detonating cord 10 from damage and exposure to undesired friction and liquids.

[0042] Further embodiments of the disclosure are associated with a perforating gun 30/adjacent perforating guns 130, as illustrated in FIGS. 6A-8. FIGS. 6, 6A and 6B and FIG. 7 illustrate the perforating gun 30/130 including a top connector 32, a bottom connector 34, and a charge holder 36. As illustrated in FIG. 6, multiple charge holders 36 may extend between the top and bottom connectors 32, 34. Each charge holder 36 is configured for holding a shaped charge 37. The shaped charges 37 may be of any size or of any general shape, such as conical or rectangular. While the shaped charges 37 illustrated are open/un-encapsulated shaped charges, it is contemplated that the charge holders 36 may include encapsulated shaped charges.

[0043] As illustrated in FIGS. 6A and 8, the perforating gun 30/130 includes a detonating cord 10. The detonating cord 10 may extend from the top connector 32 to the bottom connector 34, and may be connected to each of the shaped charges 37 positioned in the perforating gun 30. The detonating cord 10 is configured to initiate the shaped charge 37 disposed in each charge holder 36. For purposes of convenience, and not limitation, the general characteristics of the detonating cord 10 described hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 1A-5, are not repeated here.

[0044] The detonating cord 10 electrically connects the top connector 32 to the bottom connector 34, which in return connects to an adjacent perforating gun 130 (FIGS. 6, 6A-6B and FIG. 7). In this configuration, the detonating cord 10 electrically connects contact points/areas in the top connector 32 of the perforating gun 30 to a corresponding contact point/area in the bottom connector 134 of an adjacent perforating gun 130. According to an aspect, the top connector 132 of the adjacent perforating gun 130 may be electrically connected to a corresponding bottom connector of another adjacent perforating gun.

[0045] The perforating gun 30/adjacent perforating gun 130 may include one or more contacts 20, configured substantially as described hereinabove and illustrated in FIGS. 3A-5. Thus, for purposes of convenience and not limitation, the features and structure of the contacts 20 described above and illustrated in FIGS. 3A-5 are not repeated here. According to an aspect, the contacts may include a first contact and a second contact. The first contact may be positioned or otherwise disposed in the top connector 32, while the second contact may be positioned or otherwise disposed in the bottom connector 34 (FIGS. 6A-6B and 8).

[0046] The perforating gun 30 may further include a tandem seal adapter 38 configured for housing a bulkhead assembly 40. The bulkhead assembly 40 may include a first end/first electrical contact end 42 and a second end/second electrical contact end 44. According to an aspect, the first end 42 is electrically connected to the bottom connector 34 of the perforating gun 30, and the second end 44 is electrically connected to a top connector 132 of an adjacent (or downstream) perforating gun 130. According to an aspect, a communication signal is communicated through the bulkhead assembly of the tandem seal adapter 38 to the adjacent perforating gun 130, via at least the detonating cord 10 including the electrically conductive layer 12.

[0047] FIG. 8 illustrates a detonator 31 arranged in the top connector 32. The detonator 31 is energetically and electrically coupled to the detonating cord 10 through the contacts 20. As described in detail hereinabove, the contacts 20 input the communication signal at a first end/contact portion 11a of the detonating cord 10 and output the communication signal at a second end/contact portion 11b of the detonating cord 10. The communication signal is at least one of a telemetry signal, a signal to check and count for detonators in the gun string assembly, address and switch to certain detonators, to charge capacitors, and a signal to initiate the detonator 31.

[0048] According to an aspect, the detonator 31 is one of an RF-safe electronic detonator, a resistorized/electric detonator, or a detonator using a fire set, an EFI, an EBW, a semiconductor bridge and/or an igniter. The detonator 31 may include a line-in portion, and a line-out portion and a grounding contact. The line-in portion of the detonator 31 may be connected to the second end 44 of the bulkhead assembly 40, which may be electrically connected to the top connector 132 of the adjacent perforating gun 130. The line-out portion of the detonator 31 may connect to the first end 42 of an adjacent bulkhead assembly 140 that is electrically connected to a bottom connector 134 of the adjacent perforating gun 130. According to an aspect, the adjacent perforating gun 130 may be a bottommost perforating gun, and the communication signal may be an electric signal that is relayed/transferred to the bottommost perforating gun from the top perforating gun 30.

[0049] The present disclosure, in various embodiments, configurations and aspects, includes components, methods, processes, systems and/or apparatus substantially developed as depicted and described herein, including various embodiments, sub-combinations, and subsets thereof. Those of skill in the art will understand how to make and use the present disclosure after understanding the present disclosure. The present disclosure, in various embodiments, configurations and aspects, includes providing devices and processes in the absence of items not depicted and/or described herein or in various embodiments, configurations, or aspects hereof, including in the absence of such items as may have been used in previous devices or processes, e.g., for improving performance, achieving ease and/or reducing cost of implementation.

[0050] The phrases “at least one”, “one or more”, and “and/or” are open-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. For example, each of the expressions “at least one of A, B and C”, “at least one of A, B, or C”, “one or more of A, B, and C”, “one or more of A, B, or C” and “A, B, and/or C” means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B and C together.

[0051] In this specification and the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms that have the following meanings. The terms “a” (or “an”) and “the” refer to one or more of that entity, thereby including plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein. Furthermore, references to “one embodiment”, “some embodiments”, “an embodiment” and the like are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term such as “about” is not to be limited to the precise value specified. In some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value. Terms such as “first,” “second,” “upper,” “lower” etc. are used to identify one element from another, and unless otherwise specified are not meant to refer to a particular order or number of elements.

[0052] As used herein, the terms “may” and “may be” indicate a possibility of an occurrence within a set of circumstances; a possession of a specified property, characteristic or function; and/or qualify another verb by expressing one or more of an ability, capability, or possibility associated with the qualified verb. Accordingly, usage of “may” and “may be” indicates that a modified term is apparently appropriate, capable, or suitable for an indicated capacity, function, or usage, while taking into account that in some circumstances the modified term may sometimes not be appropriate, capable, or suitable. For example, in some circumstances an event or capacity can be expected, while in other circumstances the event or capacity cannot occur—this distinction is captured by the terms “may” and “may be.”

[0053] As used in the claims, the word “comprises” and its grammatical variants logically also subtend and include phrases of varying and differing extent such as for example, but not limited thereto, “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of.” Where necessary, ranges have been supplied, and those ranges are inclusive of all sub-ranges therebetween. It is to be expected that variations in these ranges will suggest themselves to a practitioner having ordinary skill in the art and, where not already dedicated to the public, the appended claims should cover those variations.

[0054] The foregoing discussion of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the present disclosure to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description for example, various features of the present disclosure are grouped together in one or more embodiments, configurations, or aspects for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. The features of the embodiments, configurations, or aspects of the present disclosure may be combined in alternate embodiments, configurations, or aspects other than those discussed above. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the present disclosure requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, the claimed features lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment, configuration, or aspect. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0055] Advances in science and technology may make equivalents and substitutions possible that are not now contemplated by reason of the imprecision of language; these variations should be covered by the appended claims. This written description uses examples to disclose the method, machine and computer-readable medium, including the best mode, and also to enable any person of ordinary skill in the art to practice these, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope thereof is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.