Abstract
Metallic solid projectile for practice cartridges, in particular for use on preferably police shooting ranges, wherein the solid projectile comprises a front-side ogival portion and a cylinder portion for holding the solid projectile in a cartridge case and defines a projectile length in the axial direction, wherein the ogival portion has an ogival wall and a rotationally symmetrical ogival cavity circumferentially bounded by the ogival wall, wherein it is provided that a fully cylindrical stem portion of the solid projectile extends in the axial direction over less than 45% of the projectile length.
Claims
1. A tool arrangement for producing metallic solid projectiles for practice cartridges, comprising a preform press having a hollow cylindrical projectile blank receptacle which is bounded in the axial direction by a bottom side, a preform punch, having a preform portion which tapers in the axial direction relative to a front surface in the form of a truncated cone, the preform portion being movable relative to the bottom side for forming a projectile blank to a preform end position in which the preform punch, the bottom side and the projectile blank receptacle define a preform cavity for the projectile blank, wherein in the preform end position, an axial distance between the bottom side and the front surface is less than 45% of a maximum height of the cavity in the axial direction.
2. The tool arrangement according to claim 1 further comprising an inner contour forming press having a hollow cylindrical projectile blank receptacle which is bounded in the axial direction by a bottom side, and an inner contour forming punch comprising an inner contour forming portion extending axially to a front surface, the inner contour forming portion being movable relative to the bottom side for forming the projectile blank to an inner contour forming end position, wherein the inner contour forming punch, the bottom side and the projectile blank receptacle define an inner contour forming cavity for the projectile blank, wherein an axial distance between the bottom side and the front surface is greater than the axial distance between the bottom side of the preform press and the front surface of the preform punch in the preform end position.
3. The tool arrangement according to claim 2, wherein the front surface of the inner contour forming punch is formed as a blunt cone tip and/or the inner contour forming portion is formed in sections in the axial direction as a sleeve forming section with an essentially cylindrical outer contour.
4. The tool arrangement according to claim 2, wherein the taper of the preform portion of the preform punch is sharper than the tapered outer contour of the inner contour portion of the inner contour punch.
5. The tool arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the tool arrangement further comprises a setting press having a hollow cylindrical metal blank receptacle bounded in axial direction by a bottom side and having a setting punch, which is movable relative to the bottom side for forming the metal blank up to a setting end position, in which the setting punch and the projectile blank receptacle form a setting cavity with a predetermined clear width for defining a constant outer diameter of the metal blank.
6. The tool arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the tool arrangement further comprises an ogival forming press which has a hollow cylindrical projectile receptacle which is bounded in the axial direction by a concave, ogival-shaped bottom side and which has a projectile rear punch for holding and/or centering the rear end of the internally contour-shaped projectile blank, which is movable relative to the bottom side for forming the solid projectile to an ogival shape end position, in which the projectile rear punch, the projectile receptacle and the bottom side define a cavity defining a projectile negative with an ogival portion and a cylinder portion adjacent thereto.
7. A method for producing metallic solid projectiles for practice cartridges, in which a metal blank is provided, with a cylindrical outer surface, wherein, in a preforming step, the metal blank is formed into a projectile blank with a sleeve-shaped portion which, at the end of the preforming step, extends over more than half of the greatest axial blank height, and wherein the projectile blank is deformed after the preforming step in an inner contour forming step in such a manner, that a front-side sleeve portion of the projectile blank is formed with a radially outer sleeve wall of substantially constant wall thickness and/or cylindrical inner contour, that a rear-side sleeve portion of the projectile blank is formed with a shoulder projecting radially inwards from the sleeve wall, and that a shaft starting from the shoulder is formed which extends into the rear-side sleeve portion of the projectile blank, which shaft forms a microchannel and/or a deformation cavity, wherein the deformation cavity is formed at least sectionally cylindrically and/or at least sectionally conically with taper at the end.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the metal blank is formed in the preforming step while maintaining a remaining fully-cylindrical stem portion of a projectile blank extending in the axial direction over less than 45% of the greatest axial blank height, or in that the metal blank is completely penetrated in the axial direction in the preforming step for forming the projectile blank.
9. The method according to claim 7, wherein in the inner contour forming step the projectile blank is being formed in such a way, that the deformation cavity forms a waist-shaped constriction at the front side, wherein a microchannel is formed between the deformation cavity and the shoulder, in which microchannel the inner wall surface of the sleeve section is brought together flat in contact, and/or that a distance in the axial direction between the shoulder and a rear becomes greater than the axial height of the fully cylindrical stem portion of the projectile blank which may be present at the end of the preforming step.
10. The method according to claim 7, wherein the projectile blank, is formed in an ogival forming step in such a way that the front side sleeve wall forms an ogival outer surface in sections.
11. The method according to claim 7, wherein the preforming step, the inner contour forming step and/or the ogival forming step are carried out without cutting.
Description
(1) Further details, advantages and characteristics of the invention are explained by the following description of preferred executions using the enclosed drawings.
(2) FIG. 1a shows a plan view of a solid projectile according to the invention according to a first configuration;
(3) FIG. 1b shows a sectional view according to the section line I.-I. of a solid projectile according to invention according to FIG. 1a;
(4) FIG. 2 shows a sectional view of another solid projectile according to the invention;
(5) FIG. 3 shows a sectional view of another solid projectile according to the invention;
(6) FIG. 4 shows a sectional view of another solid projectile according to the invention;
(7) FIG. 5 shows a sectional view of another solid projectile according to the invention;
(8) FIG. 6 shows a sectional view of another solid projectile according to the invention;
(9) FIG. 7 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a used solid projectile according to the invention;
(10) FIG. 8 shows a setting press of a tool arrangement;
(11) FIG. 9a shows a preform press of a tool arrangement according to the invention;
(12) FIG. 9b shows a preformed projectile blank;
(13) FIG. 9c shows another preformed projectile blank;
(14) FIG. 10a shows an inner contour forming press;
(15) FIG. 10b shows an internally contoured projectile blank; and
(16) FIG. 11 shows an ogival forming press.
(17) FIG. 1a shows a plan view of a solid projectile 1 and FIG. 1b a sectional view according to section line I-I. The solid projectile 1 comprises a frontal ogival section 3 and a foot-side cylinder section 5. As can be seen clearly in the sectional view shown in FIG. 1b, the solid projectile 1 is made of a single piece of homogeneous material. The material of the solid projectile 1 is preferably copper. The surface of projectile 1 can be provided with a thin coating. In the ogival section 3, projectile 1 has an ogival curved, rotationally symmetrical outer contour 34, which is pierced by a circular opening 11 at the front side 13 of projectile 1. At the tip or front 13 of projectile 1, the opening 11 with the opening diameter d.sub.O is provided concentrically and preferably rotationally symmetrically to the axis of rotation A of projectile 1. Starting from the projectile tip 13, the ogival wall 31 extends like a dome with an ogival outer contour 34. Starting from the projectile tip 13, the outer contour 34 describes in axial direction A a continuously rounded widening ogival shape. Near the apex 3, projectile 1 has a radius of curvature of about 3.1 mm. Close to the cylinder section, the rounding radius of the outer contour 34 is about 23.5 mm.
(18) The opening angle of the outer contour 34 with respect to the axis of rotation A is initially blunt (near the projectile tip 13), so that a blunt projectile tip 13 with an opening angle of 150° to 180°, preferably about 180°, is formed in particular as a result of the frontal opening 11. Starting from the blunt tip 13 of projectile 1, the opening angle of the outer contour 34 of ogival section 3 preferably increases continuously.
(19) In FIG. 1, the solid projectile 1, the opening angle relative to a tangent of the outer contour 34 at an axial distance of about 1 mm from the blunt tip 13 of projectile 1 is between 120° and 140°, especially at about 130°.
(20) At a distance of approximately 2 mm in axial direction A from the blunt tip 13 of projectile 1, the tangential opening angle shall be between 110° and 90°, in particular approximately 100°. In the solid projectile 1 shown in FIG. 1, the ogival outer contour 34 of the ogival section 3 extends in such a way that after approximately 8 mm to 11 mm, preferably between 9 mm and 10 mm, in particular at approximately 9.6 mm, the tangent oriented in axial direction A to the outer contour 34 extends substantially parallel to the axis of rotation A of projectile 1. From this point the outer contour 34 extends in the cylinder section 5 of projectile 1. In the cylinder section 5 the outer contour 34 of projectile 1 runs essentially ideally cylindrical. In cylinder section 5, the outer contour 34 of projectile 1 is arranged essentially parallel to the axis of rotation A of projectile 1. The cylinder section 5 defines the largest diameter D.sub.Z, which can be referred to as the projectile diameter or caliber diameter. The outer diameter D.sub.Z of a projectile for a 9 mm Luger caliber training cartridge can measure 9.02 mm. The cylinder section 5 of projectile 1 is intended to be inserted at least partially in axial direction A into the (unrepresented) neck of a (unrepresented) cartridge case.
(21) The cylinder section extends in the axial direction of projectile 1 over 5 mm to 10 mm, preferably between 6 mm and 9 mm, in particular between 7 mm and 8 mm, preferably between 7.2 mm and 7.8 mm, preferably about 7.5 mm.
(22) At the end 71 of projectile 1 remote from the tip or end 13, the projectile 1 has a flat foot section or foot extending transversely, in particular at right angles to the axis of rotation A. A calotte 73 can be inserted in the foot 71 of projectile 1, which is preferably coaxial and concentric to the rotation thing A. The calotte 73 can be inserted in the foot 71 of projectile 1. The calotte 73 is preferably conical and tapers towards the front. A dome 73 tapered at the front can alternatively be dome-shaped or frustoconical. The dome 73 preferably has a depth of 1.5 mm in axial direction A. The dome 73 has a depth of 1.5 mm in axial direction A.
(23) The rear side edge 75 between the flat tail 71 and the cylindrical outer contour 34 in the area of the cylinder section 5 of projectile 1 is preferably realized by a chamfer-like cone section 75. For example, the cone section 75 can extend 1 mm in axial direction A and preferably have an opening angle of about 60°. A cone section 75 can also be formed as a longer and/or more pointed so-called “boat tail” section.
(24) Projectile 1 has a bell-shaped, rotationally symmetrical ogival cavity 33, which is completely surrounded in radial direction R by the ogival wall 31. On the front side, the ogival cavity 33 opens into opening 11 of projectile 1. The narrowest clear width of opening 11 defines an opening diameter d.sub.O which is between 1 mm and 5 mm, preferably about 3 mm. The inner wall 15 of opening 11 surrounds opening 11 in a ring. Preferably, the inner wall 15 forms a ring edge that is free of radial and/or axial steps in the circumferential direction. In particular, the inner wall 15 of the opening 11 can merge into the outer contour 34 of the ogive section 3 without edges and/or completely rounded. As can be seen in the plan view of projectile 1 shown in FIG. 1a, the inner wall 15 of opening 11 is uninterrupted in the circumferential direction. The inner wall 15 is preferably free of axially extending notches and/or steps. The tip 13 of projectile 1 is preferably formed by an essentially smooth annular transition from the inner wall 15 to the outer contour 34.
(25) In axial direction A, opening 11 opens into ogival cavity 33. The transition from opening 11 to ogival cavity 33 may preferably be completely rounded. In the depicted configuration of a projectile as shown in FIG. 1b, a blunt annular edge with an obtuse opening angle greater than 135° is formed between the ogival cavity 33 and opening 11.
(26) The inner contour 32 of the ogival wall 31, which defines the shape of the ogival cavity 33 circumferentially, is continuously rounded in axial direction A. The inner contour 32 of the ogival wall 31, which defines the shape of the ogival cavity 33 circumferentially, is continuously rounded in axial direction A. In the circumferential direction, the inner contour 32, which surrounds the ogival cavity 33, has no steps, jumps, edges or projections. The ogival wall 31 is circumferentially preferably completely free of axial grooves, projections, notches or the like.
(27) The bottom 35 of the ogival cavity 33 is formed by shoulders 35 projecting radially inwards from the ogival wall 31. The curves of the inner contour 32 preferably merge into the bottom 35 without steps and/or edges, preferably completely rounded. The curves of the inner contour 32 along the ogival wall 31 are preferably formed with radii of curvature which are at least 0.5 mm and up to 5 mm in size. Preferably the inner contour 32 of the ogival wall 31 has radii of curvature which are at least 0.5, at least 0.75 or at least 1 mm in size.
(28) The wall thickness of the ogival wall 31 in radial direction R is preferably between 0.3 mm and 3 mm. In particular, the wall thickness of the ogival wall 31 can be between 0.5 mm and 2 mm. The smallest wall thickness in the radial direction of the ogival wall 31 is preferably more than 0.5 mm, preferably between 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm. At right angles to the wall, the wall thickness can be greater than 1 mm.
(29) A solid projectile 1 according to the invention can have a cavity which comprises the ogival cavity 33 and the opening 11, which in axial direction A extends completely over at least the ogival section 3.
(30) The inwardly projecting shoulder 35 which defines the bottom of the ogive cavity 33 and which preferably completely delimits the ogive cavity 33, in particular in axial direction A on the foot side, may have an opening or mouth 37 in the centre. The height of the ogival section 3 in axial direction A has the reference sign l.sub.O. The muzzle 37 is preferably concentric and/or coaxial to the axial direction A. The muzzle 37 has the reference symbol l.sub.O. Starting from the muzzle 37, a shaft 55 extends in axial direction A at the foot of the ogive cavity 33 into the cylinder section 5 of projectile 1. The shaft 55 begins at the foot of the ogive cavity 33. The shaft 55 can open with a throat-like opening or muzzle 37 into the ogive cavity 33. Shaft 55 shown in FIG. 1b has a microchannel 57 and a deformation cavity 53. In the area of microchannel 57, the diagonally opposite inner chamber edge sections meet. In the area of microchannel 57, a capillary section can be formed in which a channel extends in axial direction A from the ogival cavity 33 at the rear of the projectile, which has a clear width of less than 10 μm or less than 1 μm. Microchannel 57 has a clear width which is preferably considerably smaller than the opening diameter d.sub.O of opening 11 at the tip 13 of projectile 1. Preferably, the clear width of microchannel 57 is smaller than 2 mm, in particular smaller than 1 mm.
(31) For example, the shaft mouth 37 can form a kind of funnel-shaped transition area between shaft 55 and the ogival cavity 33. Preferably, the bottom 35 of the ogival cavity 33, in particular without steps and/or edges, is rounded to the mouth 37. The mouth 37 is preferably rounded and merges into the other sections of shaft 55, e.g. the microchannel 57 and/or the deformation cavity 53.
(32) At the foot of microchannel 57, shaft 55 has a deformation cavity 53 which expands in a conical shape in the rear direction. The deformation cavity 53 has an essentially flat flat end at the rear in axial direction A, which preferably extends transversely, in particular perpendicularly, to axial direction A in radial direction R. In the direction of the tip or front side, the deformation cavity 53 is wedge-shaped, in particular conical, and tapers.
(33) Shaft 55 is rotationally symmetrical at least in sections or in the axial direction with respect to the projectile axis A. In radial direction R, shaft 55 is surrounded by a deformation sleeve wall 51 of projectile 1. The wall thickness of the deformation sleeve wall 51 is greater than the wall thickness of the ogival wall 31. In particular, the smallest wall thickness of the deformation sleeve wall 51 is greater than the largest radial wall thickness of the ogival wall 31. The wall thickness of the deformation sleeve wall 51 can be between half and ¼ of the cylinder diameter (or caliber diameter) D.sub.Z. Preferably the wall thickness of the deformation sleeve wall 51 is greater than ⅔, greater than ¾ or even greater than 90% of half the (caliber) cylinder diameter D.sub.Z.
(34) The wall thickness of the ogival wall in the axial area of the ogival cavity 33 is preferably smaller in the middle than ¼ of the (caliber) cylinder diameter D.sub.Z.
(35) The axial height l.sub.H of the deformation sleeve wall 51 surrounding the shaft 55 extends in the axial direction between 5 and 10 mm, preferably between 6 and 9 mm, in particular between 7 and 8 mm, preferably starting from the shoulder bottom 35 of the ogive cavity 33. The axial height of the deformation cavity 53 is greater than the length of the microchannel section 57. In particular, the axial height of the deformation cavity 53 can be at least twice the axial height of the microchannel 57.
(36) The cylinder section 5 extends from the foot or tail 71 of the projectile to the ogival section 3 over 3 mm to 10 mm (height l.sub.Z), preferably between 4 mm and 8 mm, in particular over about 6 mm.
(37) The calotte preferably has an outside diameter of 4 to 6 mm at the rear, in particular 5 mm. Instead of the truncated cone section 75 shown, the edge between the tail 71 and the cylindrical outer contour 34 in the region of the cylindrical section 5 may be completely rounded with a radius of curvature between 0.3 and 1.5 mm, preferably between 0.4 and 1 mm. Since a deformation cavity 53 widening at the rear is provided in the cylinder section 5 and, if necessary, a calotte 73, it can be achieved that the center of gravity of projectile 1 is shifted in axial direction A in the direction of the front side of projectile 1. The deformation cavity 53 and, if necessary, the calotte 73 serve or serve as mass compensation relative to the ogival cavity 33 provided on the front side. By adjusting the axial balance of the projectile's center of gravity, its flight characteristics can be optimized. For example, a projectile according to the invention can be designed for training cartridges to achieve similar ballistic properties, such as weight, if necessary center of gravity, and/or shooting sensation, according to standard training cartridges or training cartridges, for example the 9×19 ACTION 4 ammunition.
(38) The solid projectile 1 depicted in FIG. 1b and FIG. 1a has a solid, fully cylindrical projectile stem 7 or stem section, respectively, in which the projectile is formed in axial direction A in the form of a solid, in particular cavity-free solid cylinder. The stem 7, in particular in the middle, coaxial to the projectile axis A, has no cavity, in particular no cavity which extends axially in the form of a thin capillary channel with the formation of inner edges. Preferably, the fully cylindrical stem 7 has an ideal cylindrical outside. In an alternative embodiment of a projectile with a boat tail, the stem 7 can be truncated conically on the outside at least in sections. In a transverse section, especially perpendicular to the axis of rotation A of projectile 1, the stem cross-section 7 is circular. The height of the stem 7 between the stern 71 or a calotte 73 formed in the stem 71 and the stem end of the deformation cavity 53 (stem height l.sub.S) is less than 5 mm, preferably less than 3 mm, in particular less than 2 mm or less than 1 mm. According to an alternative configuration of a projectile according to the invention, the projectile may be fully penetrated in the axial direction without the use of a stem. Such projectiles are described in more detail below.
(39) FIGS. 2 to 6 show different alternative configurations of solid projectiles for practice cartridges according to the invention. The solid projectiles depicted in FIGS. 2 to 6 largely correspond to the solid projectile depicted in FIG. 1b. The solid projectiles of FIGS. 2 to 6 differ from the solid projectile 1 as shown in FIG. 1b in the type, shape and size of the shaft extending from the ogive cavity into the cylindrical section of the projectile. The solid projectiles of FIGS. 1b to 6 have practically the same outer contour, in particular the same dimensions in axial direction A and/or radial direction R. For easier legibility of the figure description, the same or similar reference signs are used below for FIGS. 2 to 6 for similar or identical parts of the solid projectile according to the invention.
(40) FIG. 2 shows a solid projectile 1.2 which differs substantially from the solid projectile 1 as shown in FIG. 1b in that the inner walls of shaft 55.2 are joined in axial direction A over a greater length than the axial height of the deformation cavity 53.2.
(41) The axial height of the microchannel section 57.2 is greater than the axial height of the deformation cavity 53.2, in particular at least twice as large. At the solid projectile 1.2 the shaft 55.2 has a throat-like mouth 37.2, which widens funnel-shaped from the micro channel 57.2 to the bottom 35.2 of the ogival cavity 33. Between the foot end of the conically tapering deformation cavity 53.2 at the front and the calotte 73 at the foot 71 of projectile 1.2, projectile 1.2 has a stem 7.2. The axial height of the stem 7.2 is greater than the axial height of the deformation cavity 53.2. A deformation projectile 1.2 as shown in FIG. 2 may be produced, for example, by producing a deformation projectile 1 as shown in FIG. 1b according to a target specification, but more metal material is provided for production. The excess material compared to the shape of the solid projectile 1 is tolerated in the case of the solid projectile 1.2 by the fact that the opposite inner side sections of the shaft 55.2 are pushed closer together in the radial direction R. The deformation projectile 1 is a solid projectile 1.2.
(42) FIG. 3 shows a solid projectile 1.3 with a tubular shaft 55.3. The shaft 55.3 of the solid projectile 1.3 forms a deformation tube 58.3 extending in axial direction A coaxial to the axis of rotation A of the solid projectile 1.3 with a substantially constant clear width. The deformation tube 58.3 may have a constriction in the axial direction. Shaft 55.3 has a deformation cavity 53.3, which extends essentially over the entire length of shaft 55.3 to its mouth 37.3. The deformation tube 58.3 or the microchannel of the solid projectile 1.3 can be regarded as a cylindrical deformation cavity 53.3 in sections, which merges into the ogive cavity 33 at the mouth 37.3. The deformation sleeve 51.3 of the solid projectile 1.3 therefore has a cylindrical outer side and a nearly cylindrical, waisted inner side, which defines the deformation tube 58.3. The largest clear width of the deformation tube 58.3 is smaller than the clear width of the front opening 11, in particular narrower than half, preferably narrower than ¼ of the clear width. The wall thickness in radial direction R of the deformation sleeve 51.3 is greater than the mean wall thickness of the ogival sleeve 31.3.
(43) FIG. 4 shows a solid projectile 1.4 for an exercise cartridge, in which the shaft 55-4 is shaped in axial direction A to form a stem 7.4 of similar length to the shaft 55.3 of the solid projectile 1.3 according to FIG. 3. The shaft 55-4 is narrowed along its entire axial length to a microchannel 57.4, which preferably extends capillary-like from the mouth 37.4 into the cylinder section 5 of the solid projectile 1.4. The clear width of the microchannel 57.4 is preferably smaller than 1/10, in particular smaller than 1/100 of the clear width of the front opening 11 of the solid projectile 1.4. The shoulders 35.4 of the solid projectile 1.4 are guided together in such a way that the mouth 37.4 of the shaft 55.4 is narrowed point-like. The solid projectile 1.4 is formed with practically complete dissolution of the deformation cavity. This can be regarded as a further narrowing of shaft 55.4 in comparison with shaft 55.2 of solid projectile 1.2 or shaft 55 of solid projectile 1. Compared to the solid projectiles 1, 1.2 and 1.3, the solid projectile 1.4 has an increased solid material volume, since the cylinder section 5 of the solid projectile 1.4, despite the formation of a deformation sleeve section 51.4, has practically the same mass as the solid projectile known from the state of the art (which, however, does not have a deformation sleeve 51.4).
(44) Compared with the solid projectiles 1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 shown in FIGS. 1b to 4, the solid projectiles 1.5 and 1.6 shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 differ in that the shaft 55.5 and 55.6 penetrates the cylinder section 5 of projectile 1.5 and 1.6 respectively completely. The solid projectiles 1.5 and 1.6 do not have a cylindrical stem section. In other words, a fully cylindrical stem section has zero height in the solid projectiles 1.5 and 1.6 shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, respectively.
(45) The solid projectile 1.5, shown in FIG. 5, has a tubular shaft 55-5 with a clear width which is almost constant in the axial direction and which extends completely through the cylinder section 5. As a result of the continuous deformation tube 58.5 of the solid projectile 1.5, the cylinder section 5 is completely realized as deformation sleeve 51.5. The deformation tube 58.5 can be regarded as a deformation cavity 53.5 or shaft 55.5, which essentially extends cylindrically from the mouth 37.5 to the dome 73 of the solid projectile 1.5. It is clear that a shaft 55.5 penetrating completely into the projectile can also extend to the rear 71 of projectile 1.5 if no calotte 73 is provided at the rear of projectile 1.5 (not shown). The same applies to shaft 55.6 as shown in FIG. 6. The projectile 1.5 may be described as a completely sleeve-shaped solid projectile. It has a continuous axial channel consisting of the front opening 11, the ogival cavity 33 and the deformation tube 58.5. The smallest clear width of this axial channel corresponds to the smallest clear width of the deformation tube 58.5. The smallest clear width of the deformation tube 58.5 or the microchannel of the solid projectile 1.5 defines a diameter smaller than that of the front opening. The smallest clear width of the deformation tube 58.5 is preferably smaller than 2 mm, in particular smaller than 1 mm, in particular preferably smaller than 0.5 mm. The largest clear width of the deformation tube 58.5 is preferably realized at its transition to the ogival cavity (the mouth 37.5) and/or the opening on the calotte or rear side and preferably measures less than 2 mm, in particular less than 1 mm. Preferably, the radial difference between the smallest clear width and the largest clear width of the 58.5 deformation tube penetrating the cylinder section 5 is less than 0.5 mm, preferably less than 200 μm, in particular less than 100 μm.
(46) With respect to the solid projectile 1.6 shown in FIG. 6, shaft 55.6, which completely penetrates cylinder section 5 in axial direction A, is tapered section by section to a microchannel 57.6. The microchannel 57.6 can preferably be capillary-like with a clear width of less than 10 μm, preferably less than 1 μm. Preferably, the capillary-like narrowed section of the microchannel 57.6 extends over at least half, preferably at least ⅔, in particular at least ¾, of the axial length of the shaft 55.6. The shaft 55.6 can be widened on the front side, at the mouth 37.6, and/or on the rear side, at the mouth to the calotte 37 or the projectile tail 71, to form a tube-like or tube-like microchannel 57.6. with a larger internal width. Similar to the solid projectile 1.4 shown in FIG. 4, the solid projectile 1.6 has practically the same mass as the solid projectile for practice cartridges known from the state of the art (which, however, has no deformation case 51.6 or the like).
(47) FIG. 7 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a solid projectile 1′, in accordance with the invention, after its impact on a target, a projectile-proof vest, like a ballistic vest of protection class I. The solid projectile 1′, deformed by the impact, is clearly compressed both in the area of the ogive section 3′ as well as in the area of the cylinder section 5′. The shaft 55′ extending into the cylinder section 5′ of the solid projectile 1′ is widened by the impact of the projectile 1′ on the target or the like under plastic deformation. In contrast to the known solid projectiles, the plastic deformation takes place in the form of a buckling and over a significantly increased axial length in axial direction A of the solid projectile 1′, so that the kinetic energy of the invented solid projectile is converted into plastic deformation energy at a relatively higher degree of efficiency when it hits a resistance than with conventional projectiles. The impact with a resistor, especially a soft target such as SK I, results in only a slight transverse deformation of the projectile. Preferably, the ogival case wall 31 folds radially outwards on impact. During folding, a radially outermost ring bend 31′ can form. Preferably, the projectile will not mushroom in the radial direction outwards as the projectile tip moves, especially beyond the radial caliber diameter. On impact with the resistor, the 55′ shaft expands in the radial direction R both in the area of the possibly existing 57′ microchannel section and in the area of a possibly existing 53′ deformation cavity. With respect to solid projectile 1′ according to the invention, both the ogival sleeve wall 31′ and the deformation sleeve wall 51′ are deformed.
(48) The solid projectiles described above according to the preferred embodiments of FIGS. 1 to 7 concern solid projectiles for practice cartridges according to the 9 mm Luger caliber, which is particularly common in Germany and is also known as 9 mm Para or 9×19 (mm). It is clear to the person skilled in the art that he can also produce a corresponding projectile geometry for a solid projectile according to the invention for other calibers. The person skilled in the art knows how to scale the projectile length l.sub.D and/or the (caliber) projectile diameter D.sub.Z for this purpose in order to arrive at a corresponding solid projectile of other calibers according to the invention, for example the caliber .357 Mag., the caliber .40 S&W, the caliber .44 Rem. Mag. or the .45 ACP caliber.
(49) In the following, with the aid of FIGS. 8 to 11, a tool arrangement in accordance with the invention for carrying out a manufacturing method in accordance with the invention for the manufacture of metallic solid projectiles for practice cartridges in accordance with the invention is described.
(50) FIG. 8 shows a setting press 100, which can be part of a tool arrangement according to the invention. The setting press 100 has as essential components a metal blank receptacle 105x, a rear punch with a bottom side 107x and a setting punch 115x. The setting punch 115x preferably has a cylindrical outer diameter which essentially corresponds to the inner diameter of the metal blank receptacle 105x. The inner diameter of the 105x metal blanks receptacle is preferably dimensioned according to the desired caliber diameter of the projectile to be produced.
(51) FIG. 8 shows a setting press 100 in a position in which the setting punch 115 is arranged in its widest position in operation with respect to the bottom side 107x or the metal blank receptacle 105x (setting end position). A cavity is formed between the front side 113x of the setting punch 115x, the cylindrical inner side of the metal blank receptacle 105x and the bottom side 107x, in which a metal blank 1x is located. The metal blank 1x shown in FIG. 8 has a centering punching, which is inserted by a centering projection of the setting press 100 at the front 13x of the metal blank 1x. At the rear side 71x of the metal blank 1x opposite its front side 13x the fully cylindrical metal blank 1x has a dome like indentation in the middle and concentrically by a correspondingly formed, cone-shaped calotte form nose 173x at the bottom side 107x, thus the front side of the rear punch. Radially on the outside, the metal blank 1x has a phase-like truncated cone section 75x on its rear side 71x, which is arranged in the edge area between the rear 71x and the cylindrical circumferential side 5x of the metal blank 1x. The phase side truncated cone section 75x is defined by corresponding taper in the transition area between the rear punch and the cylindrical inner wall of the setting die 105x.
(52) For the setting forming of the metal blank 1x in the setting press 100, an essentially cylindrical metal blank (not shown) is first provided, which was cut to length, for example, from a copper wire. Cutting to length can be done by cutting, for example by sawing or milling, or without cutting, for example by punching or cutting. The cut-to-length metal blank is then placed in the 105x metal blank receptacle. The setting punch 115x is then moved relative to the bottom side 107x until the cavity between the setting punch 115x, the die or metal blank receptacle 105x and the bottom side 107x is reduced to the setting end position shown in FIG. 8. The bottom side 107x of the press is formed by the top face of a rear punch. In the setting press, the metal blank is formed into the 1× metal blank shown in FIG. 8 by press forming, i.e. cold forming. The setting of the metal blank which is used for forming into a projectile, especially in a setting press 100, is an optional step of the manufacturing method according to the invention. A metal blank can also be supplied to a preforming press or for a preforming step immediately after cutting to length from a metal wire, such as a copper wire, without a previous setting step.
(53) FIG. 9a shows a preform press 101 of a tool arrangement according to the invention. FIGS. 9b and 9c show projectile blanks 1a, 1a′ (first stage) manufactured in a preform press.
(54) The preform press 101 has as essential components a hollow-cylindrical projectile blank receptacle 105a as well as a bottom side 107a, which limits the projectile blank receptacle 105a in axial direction A, and a preform punch 111 with a preform section 112 which tapers in axial direction to a frustoconical front surface 113. The preform die 111 has a cylindrical guide section 115, which is complementary in shape to the cylindrical inner diameter of the projectile blank receptacle 105a, in order to guide the preform die during the preform pressing method. The bottom surface 107a is formed as part of a rear punch. The ejection punch or rear punch defines, preferably together with the lower end portion of the preform die 105a, the geometry of the rear 71 (with calotte 73 if necessary) of the projectile blank 1a, 1a′ (first stage).
(55) FIG. 9a shows the preform press 101 with the preform punch 111 in the operational end position (preform end position), in which a preform cavity for defining the inner and/or outer contour of the projectile blank 1a (first stage) is defined between the preform punch, the projectile blank receptacle 105a and the base side 107a. To form a rotationally symmetrical ogival cavity, the preform section 112 of the preform punch 111 is formed in the presence of a truncated cone shape and rotationally symmetrical. In the preform end position shown in FIG. 9a, an axial distance h.sub.s is formed between the bottom 107a and the front surface 113 of the preform punch 111. In the version shown in FIG. 9a, the base 107a has a dome-shaped nose which, starting from a flat, ring-shaped base, extends axially into the cavity. The preform axial distance h.sub.s or the preform stem height h.sub.s is measured in this configuration of the preform press between the tip of the calotte form nose 171a of the rear punch and the front surface 113 of the preform punch 111. In another configuration (not shown) of a preform press 101, in which the bottom 107a is configured without calotte form nose 173a, the preform stem height h.sub.s would extend between the flat foot form section 171a of the rear punch and the front surface 113 of the preform punch 111.
(56) The preform punch 111 has a tapered preform section 112, which leads into a front surface 113. The front surface 113 can be very narrow. The preform section 112 according to FIG. 9a has the shape of a truncated cone that is rotationally symmetrical to axis A. The preform section 112 can be very narrow. Other rotationally symmetrical tapering shapes, such as a parabolic shape or a sectionally rounded shape, are conceivable. The base of the preform section 112 has the same outer diameter as the guide section 115 of the preform punch 111. In the preform end position shown in FIG. 9a, between the base of the preform section 112 and the rear surface 171a of the bottom side 107a, or the largest height of the cavity h.sub.Ra, is formed. The largest cavity height h.sub.Ra in the preform press 101 extends between the rear surface 171a and the point furthest away from the foot surface 171a, at which the preform section 112 of the preform punch 111 preferably meets the inside of the hollow-cylindrical projectile blank receptacle 105a. In accordance with the invention, in the preform end position a stem height corresponding to the axial distance h.sub.S is less than 45%, preferably less than 40%, in particular less than 25%, more preferably less than 10%, of the cavity height h.sub.Ra. The length of the preform section 112 in axial direction A starting from the front surface 113 of the preform punch 111 is between 5 mm and 25 mm, preferably between 8 mm and 17 mm, in particular between 10 mm and 15 mm, in particular preferably between 13.5 mm and 14 mm. The diameter of the front surfaces is preferably between 1 mm and 3 mm, in particular around 2 mm.
(57) The tool arrangement for the setting press 100 and the preform press 101 according to the invention can use the same projectile blank receptacle 105a or metal blank receptacle 105x (same die) and/or the same bottom side 107a or 107x (same rear punch). In the case of a tool arrangement in accordance with the invention, the blank receptacle 105a or 105b (the die) and/or the bottom surface 107a or 107b (the rear punch) of the preforming press 101 and the inner contour forming press 103 may be the same. The setting press 100, the preforming press 101, the inner contour forming press 103 and/or the ogival forming press 200 can be partially or completely different from each other by an individual setting station, preforming station, inner contour forming station and/or ogival forming station.
(58) The metal blank located in the preform press 101 by pressing punch 111 in the projectile blank receptacle 105a produces the first stage 1a projectile blank, as shown in FIG. 9b. A stem height l.sub.s remains between the truncated end 113a of the angular truncated inner contour 32 and the rear end 71a or the dome recess 73 formed therein. The stem height l.sub.s extending in axial direction A essentially corresponds to the preform axial distance h.sub.s according to FIG. 9a, whereby metal material settling phenomena of the projectile blank 1a must be taken into account. In the axial area of the stem height l.sub.3, the projectile blank 1a is formed with a fully cylindrical stem section 7a. In the fully cylindrical stem section 7a, the projectile blank 1a has a massive fully circular cross-section transversely to the axial direction A. The cross-section of the projectile blank 1a is the same as in the fully cylindrical stem section 7a. The stem section 7a of projectile blank 1a is formed on the foot side or rear side (away from the front 13a) of projectile blank 1a. The outer contour 34a of the projectile blank 1a is essentially ideal cylindrical and preferably has an outer diameter corresponding to the projectile cylinder diameter D.sub.Z. Preferably the projectile diameter D.sub.Z is produced in the metal or projectile blank before it is prepared in the forming press 101, and the outer diameter of the projectile remains constant at least in sections in the preforming press 101 (and possibly the inner contour forming press 103 and/or the ogival forming press 200). In particular in cylinder section 5a (or 5, 5b) of the projectile blank 1a (1, 1b), the projectile outer diameter remains constant until the end of the manufacturing method after the metal or projectile blank has been provided in the preform press.
(59) The wall thickness of the sleeve section 3a of the projectile blank 1a increases continuously from the front 13a of the projectile blank 1a to its rear 71a, preferably continuously, especially continuously. In the front case section 3a, the (mean) wall thickness of the case wall 31a in radial direction R is smaller than the (mean) wall thickness of the case wall 31a in cylinder section 5a. The frustoconical recess 55a in the projectile blank 1a has an inner contour 32a which corresponds essentially to the outer contour of the preform punch 111 (whose preform section 112 and front surface 113). When using a die 111 (not shown) of a shape other than a truncated cone shape, the cavity recess 55a of the projectile blank 1a will have a different inner contour complementary in shape to the respective tapered die.
(60) FIG. 9c shows an alternative embodiment of a projectile blank 1a′ (first step), where different inner contour blunt ends 113a, 113a′, 113a″ are shown. The line depicted blunt end 113a of the 55a″ inner contour of the projectile blank corresponds to the depiction according to FIG. 9b. The dashed die ends 113a′ and 113a″ show that in axial direction A at the rear die ends of the puncture cavity 55a′ have a greater axial length (die end 113a′) or a shorter axial length (die end 113a″) when using a forming punch which is essentially shaped as the forming punch shown in FIG. 9a.
(61) According to the dotted line 113a′, the projectile blank 1a is completely penetrated in axial direction A, so that the projectile blank 1a′ is completely sleeve-shaped. The 55a′ puncture opening merges with the 73a′ calotte nose. It is clear that a suitably adapted preform press with a truncated cone-shaped calotte nose must be used to form such a form. The inner contour 32a′ of the case wall 31a′ of the projectile blank 1a shown in FIG. 9c preferably increases continuously, especially continuously, up to the point (113a′) where the shaft opening 55a′ of the projectile blank 1a merges into the spherical recess 73a′. The fully penetrated projectile blank 1a shown in FIG. 9c does not have a fully cylindrical projectile blank stem. The projectile blank 1a is formed free of a projectile stem or with a projectile stem of height zero. Even with a completely penetrated projectile blank 1a, other than frustoconical preform punches can be used.
(62) FIG. 9c also shows in dashed form another possibility for forming a projectile blank with an enlarged stem with a stem height l.sub.s″ compared to the projectile blank 1a depicted in FIGS. 9a and 9b.
(63) FIG. 10a shows an inner contour forming press 103 and FIG. 10b shows a projectile blank 1b (second stage) produced with the inner contour forming press 103 shown in FIG. 10a. Like the setting press 100 described above and the preform press 103 described above as well as the ogival forming press described below, the inner contour forming press shown in FIG. 10a is formed with essentially rotationally symmetrical tools for forming rotationally symmetrical solid projectiles for practice cartridges. The main components of the inner contour forming press 103 are the inner contour forming punch 121, the bottom side 107b axially arranged opposite the inner contour forming punch 121 and the hollow cylindrical projectile blank receptacle 105b.
(64) In the final position of the inner contour form, which is shown in FIG. 10a, the inner contour form punch 121 delimits a cavity on the front side and the bottom side 107b or the front side 107b of the rear punch on the foot side for the projectile blank 1b. The cavity for the projectile blank 1b is externally limited in radial direction R by the ideal hollow cylindrical matrix 105b. To achieve the inner contour end position shown in FIG. 10a, the inner contour forming punch 121 is pressed into the projectile blank 1a previously preformed in the preform press 103 until the projectile blank 1b second stage is formed, as shown in FIGS. 10a and 10b, for example.
(65) The inner contour forming punch shown in FIG. 10a has an inner contour forming portion 122 which is formed in sections in the axial direction A as a cylindrical sleeve forming portion 133. The cylindrical sleeve shape section 133 of the inner contour forming punch 121 and the inner side of the inner contour outer die 105b opposite the sleeve shape section 133 in the radial direction R define the cylindrical wall shape and the wall thickness of the end sleeve wall 31b. It is clear that the sleeve mold section 133 can be formed with a slight demolding slope, preferably less than 1°.
(66) The front surface 123 of the inner contour forming punch 121 can be formed as a blunt cone tip with an opening angle between 130° and 180°, preferably about 160°, and rounded front rim edges 125. The blunt cone tip 123 of the inner contour forming punch 121 forms the inner contour 32b of the case section 3b of the projectile blank 1b (second stage), which, starting from the case wall 31b, extends in a shoulder-like manner in the radial direction R inwards in order to delimit the base 35b of the projectile blank main cavity 33b in the axial direction on the foot side. The rounding radius of the front surfaces 123 can be 1 mm to 3 mm, preferably 2 mm. The cylindrical sleeve forming section 133 may also begin about 1 mm, preferably from about 2 mm, in particular from about 2.5 mm, starting from the tip of the inner contour forming punch and extend to about 11 mm, preferably to about 10 mm, in particular to about 9 mm, starting from the tip of the inner contour forming punch 121.
(67) The inner contour forming punch 121 has a guide section 127 which extends in the axial direction immediately adjacent to the forming section 122 far from the front end 123 and which is preferably formed substantially complementary to the hollow cylindrical inner side of the projectile blank receptacle 105b. The guide section 127 of the inner contour forming punch 121 can be used to safely guide the forming punch in the inner contour forming die 105b, in particular during the relative movement of the punch 121 relative to the bottom side 107b.
(68) A preferably frustoconical transition section 128 extends in the axial direction A and in the radial direction R between the inner contour shaping section 122 or its sleeve shaping section 133 and the guide section 127 of the inner contour shaping punch 121. It is clear that the transition section 128 merges in the axial direction directly into the guide section 127 and the inner contour shaping section 122.
(69) From the front end of the inner contour punch guide portion 127 formed by the outer annular edge of the transition portion 128 opposite the rear surface 171b, the bottom side 107 of the rear punch, the maximum axial height of the cavity (h.sub.Rb) extends in the inner contour form end position.
(70) In the inner contour form end position according to FIG. 10a, there is an axial distance h.sub.r, which may be referred to as the inner contour residual distance, between the front surface 123 of the inner contour form punch 121 and the front end of the bottom side 107b in axial direction A. As indicated in FIG. 10a, the residual distance h.sub.r is greater than the preform axial distance h.sub.S. Preferably, the inner contour residual distance h.sub.r is at least 1.2 times, at least 1.5 times or at least 2 times as large as the preform axial distance h.sub.S. In the case of a narrow stem height h.sub.S, the residual inner contour-to-contour distance h.sub.r can be more than 10 times, more than 100 times or even more than 1000 times greater than the preform axial distance h.sub.S.
(71) The axial size of the inner contour molding section 122 is, as shown in FIGS. 10a and 10b, smaller than the axial length of the preform section 112, preferably the axial length of the preform section 112 can be at least 1.2 times, at least 1.5 times, or at least 2 times the axial length of the inner contour molding section 122. The inner contour Holding section 122 is preferably not smaller than 10%, 20%, 30% or 50% of the axial length of the preform section 112 in axial direction A.
(72) In the inner contour forming portion, the result of which is to be seen in the form of the projectile blank (second stage) 1b in FIGS. 10a and 10b, the projectile blank 1b is formed so as to form in the axial direction A a sleeve-shaped front portion 3b and a rear cylinder portion 5b. The frontal cavity 33b in the projectile blank 1b is formed substantially complementary to the shape of the inner contour forming section 122 of the inner contour forming press 103.
(73) At the bottom 35b of the internally shaped cavity 33b there is an axial central mouth 37b, which merges into shaft 55b. In the cylinder section 5b of the projectile blank 1b (second stage) a deformation sleeve 51b, which surrounds the shaft 55b radially, is formed. In the case of projectile blank 1b according to FIG. 10b, the 55b shaft extends like a microchannel up to a remaining stem height h.sub.S, below the 55b channel a fully cylindrical projectile blank stem 7b is connected. The projectile blank 1b has a calotte recess 73b at the foot end 71b, which defines the lower end of the projectile blank stem 7b and the stem height.
(74) The outer contour 34b of the projectile blank 1b second stage is essentially fully cylindrical and has both in the cylinder section 5b and in the front thin-walled section 3b essentially the same outer diameter which preferably corresponds to the projectile (caliber) diameter D.sub.Z. The projectile blank of the second stage (1b) essentially has the finished shaft (55b) shape, which may differ depending on the projectile, as already described in FIGS. 1 to 6. As described in FIG. 9c with regard to an alternative projectile blank geometry (1a′), a second stage projectile blank (not shown) can, of course, be realized without a stem. The formation of the stem 7b of the second stage projectile blank is conditioned by the preforming step in the preforming press 101. If the preforming punch completely penetrates the metal or projectile blank (1a′) of the first stage, the projectile blank formed from this preformed projectile blank has no stem either.
(75) When the inner contour forming punch 121 is pressed into the preformed projectile blank held in the projectile blank receptacle 105b and from the bottom side 107b formed by a rear punch, the inner contour 32a of the projectile blank is formed in accordance with the inner contour forming section 122. When the inner contour forming punch 121 is pressed into the projectile blank, a front projectile blank section 3b is formed thin-walled, preferably with constant wall thickness, in particular at least in sections in the form of a cylindrical sleeve. The metal material of the solid projectile or projectile blank displaced by the inner contour forming punch 121 during this inner contour forming operation is displaced during the inner contour forming step in axial direction A towards the foot or rear (rear) cylinder section 5b of the projectile blank (second stage) 1b.
(76) The conical shaft 55a formed by the preform punch 111 up to the blunt end 113 at the bottom of the inner contour 32a is formed by the inner contour punch 121 during the inner contour forming step. The conical channel 55a is formed by partial expansion into a wide cylindrical cavity 33b near the face 13b of the internally contour-formed projectile blank 1b. Towards the base 71b of the projectile blank 1b, the metal material of the projectile blank 1b is compressed in axial direction A and in radial direction R during the forming of the cone channel 55a by the inner contour forming punch 121, so that in the axial direction A the bottom shoulders 35b delimiting the cavity are formed with the central muzzle opening 37b and the shaft 55 extending in the axial direction A from the muzzle opening 37b into the cylinder section 5b of the projectile blank 1b.
(77) During manufacture, the deformation sleeve 51b surrounding shaft 55b provides a manufacturing tolerance, the inner cavities (not shown in FIG. 10b) of the deformation cavity initially formed by the conical shaft 55a and subsequently being able to accommodate material displaced during the inner contour forming step. In this way, a precisely fitting outer contour 34b of the projectile blank 1b can be guaranteed without reworking, for example by calibration or milling.
(78) FIG. 11 shows the ogival form press 200. As a main component, the ogival form press 200 comprises a rear punch 207 and a projectile receptacle 205 with a projectile tip forming punch 213 for inserting the preformed and/or inner contour formed projectile blank. This is held or at least centered by the rear punch 207 and inserted into a stationary part of the ogival form press 200 consisting essentially of the projectile receiving 205 and the projectile tip punch 213. The projectile tip punch 213 together with the projectile receptacle 205 defines the curved outer contour 203 for the ogive. The ogive matrix or projectile receptacle 205 is hollow cylindrical with an ogive-shaped inner contour. In axial direction A, the ogival inner contour 203 of the projectile receptacle 205 preferably continuously merges into the ogival surface of the bottom side 213 of the point punch or face punch, in particular free of cracks and/or edges.
(79) When the projectile blank with the projectile rear punch 207 is inserted into the projectile blank receptacle 205 relative to the bottom side 213 defined by the point punch, the metal material of the front case section 23 is deformed like an ogival so that projectile 2 is formed from the projectile blank. In the ogival-shaped final position, depicted in FIG. 11, the ogival-shaped projectile 2 is made in sections from the projectile blank. The projectile 2 can then be reworked, for example, by levelling. The cylinder section 25 of projectile 2 is preferably not deformed during the ogival progress, so that it preferably retains its outer diameter completely, in particular according to the (caliber) projectile diameter D.sub.Z.
(80) The pressing tools or presses (100, 101, 103, 200) can be equipped with mechanical limit switches and/or force-dependent limit switches and/or travel-dependent limit switches to define the relative position of the bottom side to the respective ram in the respective end position. Tool receptacles and dimensions can vary depending on the caliber, plant and/or embodiment of the tool.
(81) The features revealed in the above description, in the figures and in the claims may be relevant, either individually or in any combination, to the realization of the invention in its various configurations. DE 10 2016 009 571.7
REFERENCE LIST
(82) 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 Solid projectile 1.5, 1.6, 2 Solid projectile 1a, 1b Projectile blank 1x Metallic blank 3, 23 Ogival portion 5, 25 Cylinder portion 3a, 5b Sleeve portion 7 Stem portion 11 Opening 13 Tip 31, 31a, 31b Ogival wall 32, 32a, 32b Inner contour 33, 33b Ogival cavity 34, 34a, 34b Outer contour 35, 35a, 35b Bottom 51 Deformation cylinder 53 Deformation cavity 55,55a,55b Shaft 57 Microchannel 71, 71a, 71b Rear 73, 71a, 71b Calotte 75, 75a, 75b Truncated cone section 100 Setting press 101 Preform press 103 Inner contour forming press 105a Metallic blank receptacle 105b, 105x Projectile blank receptacle 107a, 107b, 107x Bottom side 111 Preform punch 112 Preform portion 113, 123 Front surface 115, 125 Guide section 121 Inner contour forming punch 122 inner contour forming portion 133 Sleeve forming section 200 Ogival forming press 203 Ogival portion 205 Projectile receptacle 207 Projectile rear punch 213 Bottom side A Rotational axis/Axial direction R Radial direction d.sub.O Opening diameter D.sub.Z Cylinder diameter h.sub.S Stem height h.sub.Ra Height (Preform cavity) h.sub.Rb Height (Inner contour forming cavity) l.sub.G Projectile length l.sub.H Shaft height l.sub.O Ogival portion height l.sub.S Stem height l.sub.Z Cylinder section height
