MULTIPLE TARGET NUCLEIC ACID DETECTION METHOD USING CLAMPING PROBE AND DETECTION PROBE

Abstract

The present invention relates to an application of a target nucleic acid detection method using a clamping probe and a detection probe. The method of the present invention can effectively detect a small amount of variation or a specific gene sequence contained in a sample by selective amplification and detection of a trace amount of a target gene to be detected while inhibiting amplification of wild-type genes or undesired genes. The method of the present invention comprises a step for evaluating the detection of biomarkers such as EGFR, KRAS, NRAS etc. and the presence of mutations of biomarkers using invasive specimens such as tissues as well as non-invasive specimens (blood, urine, sputum, stool, saliva, and cells). The presence of the biomarker and mutations provides a method used for monitoring of the entire cycle of a related disease, disease prognosis and prediction, decision of disease treatment strategy, disease diagnosis/early diagnosis, disease prevention, and development of disease therapeutics.

Claims

1.-15. (canceled)

16. A method for detecting mutations of EGFR or KRAS in a sample from a patient for the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, or prognosis of a cancer disease in the patient comprising: using a probe mixture comprising: at least one detection probe for detecting mutations of EGFR or KRAS, and a clamping probe which inhibits the amplification of wild-type EGFR gene and wild-type KRAS gene.

17. A method for detecting mutations of EGFR or KRAS in a sample from a patient to provide information for the treatment of the patient for the cancer disease by administration of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) comprising: using a probe mixture comprising: at least one detection probe for detecting mutations of EGFR or KRAS, and a clamping probe which inhibits the amplification of wild-type EGFR gene and wild-type KRAS gene to detecting mutations of EGFR or KRAS in a sample from detecting mutations of EGFR or KRAS in a sample from a patient for the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, or prognosis of a cancer disease in the patient the patient to provide information for the treatment of the patent for the cancer disease by administration of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI).

18. A method for detecting mutations of KRAS in a sample from a patient to provide information for the treatment of the patient for the cancer disease with Cetuximab or Panitumumab comprising: using a probe mixture comprising: at least one detection probe for detecting mutations of KRAS, and a clamping probe which inhibits the amplification of wild-type KRAS gene to detect mutations of KRAS in the sample from the patient to provide information for the treatment of the patient for the cancer disease with Cetuximab or Panitumumab.

19. The method claim 16, wherein the cancer disease is selected from the group consisting of lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, head and neck cancer, nonsmall-cell lung cancer, nervous system cancer, renal cancer, retina cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, genital-urinary tract cancer, gallbladder cancer, melanoma, and leukemia.

20. The method claim 16, wherein the sample from patients is selected from the group consisting of blood, serum, plasma, lymph, milk, urine, feces, eye fluid, saliva, semen, brain extract, spinal fluid, and extracts from appendix, spleen, and tonsil samples.

21. The method according claim 16, wherein the detection probe or the clamping probe is a nucleic acid analogue selected from the group consisting of oligonucleotide, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and locked nucleic acid (LNA).

22. The method according to claim 16, wherein the detection probe or the clamping probe includes a linked an amino acid or a linked side chain of an amino acid for structural modification.

23. The method according to claim 16, wherein the detection probe includes a linked reporter and a linked quencher.

24. The method according to claim 16, wherein the probe mixture is used by: (a) performing hybridization by mixing a primer and the probe mixture and further comprising: (b) amplifying target EGFR or KRAS to form an amplified product; (c) obtaining a real-time amplification curve of the amplified product; (d) obtaining a dissociation curve between the amplified product and the detection probe with changing temperature after the amplification; and (e) analyzing the obtained real-time amplification curve and the dissociation curve separately, sequentially or simultaneously to detect mutations of EGFR or KRAS.

25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the amplification is performed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

26. The method according to claim 25, wherein 5 to 20 cycles of PCR reaction are added prior to obtaining the dissociation curve in (d), separately from obtaining the real-time amplification curve.

27. The method according to claim 16, wherein the probe mixture is used by: (a) performing hybridization by mixing a primer and the probe mixture and further comprising: (b) amplifying target EGFR or KRAS to form an amplified product; (c) obtaining a real-time amplification curve of the amplified product; and (d) analyzing the obtained real-time amplification curve to detect mutations of EGFR or KRAS.

28. The method according to claim 16, wherein the probe mixture is used by: (a) performing hybridization by mixing a primer and the probe mixture in the sample from patients to form a hybridized product; and further comprising: (b) obtaining a dissociation curve by dissociating the hybridized product with changing temperature; and (c) analyzing the obtained dissociation curve to detect mutations of EGFR or KRAS.

29. The method according to claim 17, wherein the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) is Gefitinib or Erlotinib.

30. A kit for detecting EGFR or KRAS using the method according to claim 16.

31. The method according to claim 17, wherein the cancer disease is selected from the group consisting of lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, head and neck cancer, nonsmall-cell lung cancer, nervous system cancer, renal cancer, retina cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, genital-urinary tract cancer, gallbladder cancer, melanoma, and leukemia.

32. The method according to claim 17, wherein the sample from patients is selected from the group consisting of blood, serum, plasma, lymph, milk, urine, feces, eye fluid, saliva, semen, brain extract, spinal fluid, and extracts from appendix, spleen, and tonsil samples.

33. The method according claim 17, wherein the detection probe or the clamping probe is a nucleic acid analogue selected from the group consisting of oligonucleotide, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and locked nucleic acid (LNA).

34. The method according to claim 17, wherein the detection probe or the clamping probe includes a linked an amino acid or a side chain of an amino acid for structural modification.

35. The method according to claim 17, wherein the detection probe includes a linked reporter and quencher.

Description

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0042] The present invention relates to a method for simultaneous detection of multiple target nucleic acids using a clamping probe for inhibiting amplification of wild-type genes or unwanted genes and a detection probe to which a reporter and a quencher are attached, and the use of the detection method.

[0043] The detection probe in the present invention means a probe that can selectively detect a target nucleic acid gene to be detected. The clamping probe means a probe that can inhibit the elongation reaction by polymerase between PCR reactions by complementarily binding to wild-type genes or unwanted genes, and the probe mixture means a probe system comprising at least one detection probe and at least one clamping probe.

[0044] The target nucleic acid in the present invention means all types of nucleic acids to be detected, and may include or may not include a mutant gene. This can be characterized by all types of DNAs including genomic DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and viral DNA or all types of RNAs including mRNA, ribosomal RNA, non-coding RNA, tRNA, viral RNA, etc., but is not limited thereto. It is annealed or hybridized with a primer or a probe under hybridizing, annealing or amplifying conditions.

[0045] The hybridization in the present invention means complementary single strand nucleic acids forming a double-strand nucleic acid. Hybridization occurs when two nucleic acid base sequences are in a perfect match or may occur even when some mismatch bases exist. The degree of complementarity required for hybridization may vary depending on hybridization conditions such as temperature.

[0046] The mutation in the present invention means a variation in the base sequence of wild-type gene, including not only single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) but also variation caused by substitution, loss or insertion of base. Also, mutation includes somatic mutation and germline mutation that may occur naturally, and also includes, without limitation, artificial mutation, etc. where the variation in the sequence was artificially induced.

[0047] The somatic mutation in the present invention is known as the main cause of tumorigenesis by deregulation in signal transduction process, etc. Examples of significant somatic mutation include various cancer related genes such as KRAS, BRAF, EGFR, JAK2, HER2, BCL-ABL, NRAS, HRAS, IDH1, IDH2, C-KIT, TP53, EGFR, PIK3CA, etc. In the present invention, it was confirmed that for mutations of the somatic genes EGFR, KRAS, NRAS, the present invention works, and the application field was presented.

[0048] In the present invention, the detection probe or clamping probe can be any nucleic acid or nucleic acid analogue complementarily binding to the target nucleic acid, selected from the group consisting of oligonucleotides, PNA (peptide nucleic acids) and LNA (locked nucleic acid). In general, polymerase for PCR has nuclease activity, which may lead to a damage to a probe. Thus, it is preferable to use synthetic nucleic acid such as PNA, which is stable to nuclease. Also, since the detection probe plays a role of selectively detecting the target nucleic acid gene, probes for the detection of nucleic acids which are well known in the pertinent art can be used.

[0049] In one embodiment of the present invention, preferably, a PNA probe is used. The PNA probe is an artificially synthesized DNA and can specifically bind to the target DNA or RNA. Since PNA probe is stable against nuclease, it allows a probe-based melting curve analysis. Also, PNA probe has a property of inhibiting the progress of polymerase after binding to DNA. Thus, in the present invention, the PNA probe designed to be completely hybridized with the wild-type gene is used as a PNA clamping probe, and the PNA detection probe for simultaneous detection of multiple target nucleic acids is designed to be completely hybridized with the target nucleic acid gene.

[0050] Also, in accordance with the present invention, modification can be made to the three-dimensional structure of the clamping probe and detection probe by attaching a specific group such as the side chain of a natural amino acid or synthetic amino acid at the N-terminus, C terminus of the probe or the alpha, beta, gamma, linker position of the probe (synthetic nucleic acid) backbone. The amino acid may or may not have an electric charge, or may have a negative or positive charge, but is not limited thereto. Any method for changing the three-dimensional structure of probe or imparting electric charge which are known in the pertinent art can be used.

[0051] The detection probe in the present invention can have a reporter and a quencher capable of quenching reporter fluorescence attached at both terminals thereof, and can include an intercalating fluorescent substance. The reporter refers to a substance absorbing and emitting light of a specific wavelength to emit fluorescence, and which labels a probe to identify whether the target nucleic acid and the probe were hybridized. The reporter can be at least one selected from the group consisting of fluorescein, fluorescein chlorotriazinyl, rhodamine green, rhodamine red, tetramethylrhodamine, FITC, oregon green, Alexa Fluor, FAM, JOE, ROX, HEX, Texas Red, TET, TRITC, TAMRA, cyanine-based dye and thiadicarbocyanine dye, but it not limited thereto. Any substances emitting fluorescence which are well known in the pertinent art can be used.

[0052] Also, the quencher means a substance absorbing the light generated by the reporter to reduce the strength of the fluorescence. The quencher can be at least one selected from a group consisting of Dabcyl, TAMRA, Eclipse, DDQ, QSY, Blackberry Quencher, Black Hole Quencher, Qxl, Iowa black FQ, Iowa black RQ, IRDye QC-1, but is not limited thereto. Quencher reduces the strength of fluorescence to a different extent depending on its type, and thus may be used in consideration of this matter.

[0053] The method for simultaneous detection of multiple target nucleic acids using the probe mixture of the present invention is characterized by using one or at least one clamping probe inhibiting the elongation of polymerase by complementarily binding to wild type genes or unwanted genes to selectively amplify the target nucleic acid gene to be detected, and using one or at least one detection probe for specifically detecting the target nucleic acid to detect the presence or concentration of multiple target nucleic acids. Detection of the target nucleic acid using a probe mixture allows the simultaneous analysis of real-time amplification curve and melting curve.

[0054] The clamping probe and detection probe of the present invention hybridize with the same strand of the target DNA, or the clamping probe and detection probe hybridize with complementary strands, thereby blocking wild type genes and detecting target nucleic acid genes simultaneously. That is, if the clamping probe is hybridized with a perfect match with the wild-type gene, amplification of the wild-type gene can be inhibited, which makes it possible to selectively amplify and detect a trace of the target nucleic acid gene. Also, it is possible to simultaneously detect multiple target nucleic acids, by using at least one detection probe.

[0055] In the process of amplifying the target DNA using a probe mixture, in the annealing step, each of the clamping probe and detection probe is annealed to the same strand or different complementary strands. The detection probe having a reporter and a quencher specifically binds to the target nucleic acid gene to be detected, thereby emitting an amplification curve signal (fluorescence). In the subsequent extension step, the clamping probe is still hybridized with the wild-type gene or unwanted genes, and thus inhibits amplification of the wild-type gene or unwanted genes. The detection probe is separated from the target nucleic acid to allow amplification to proceed, because it is designed to have a melting temperature lower than the temperature of the extension of the target nucleic acid.

[0056] The amplification process allows a real-time analysis of the amplification curve. Also, a melting curve analysis is possible by using the amplification product generated by the amplification process. In the melting curve analysis step, at low temperature, the detection probe is hybridized with the target nucleic acid gene, thereby emitting a fluorescence signal, but as the temperature rises, it is separated from the target nucleic acid and thus fluorescence is quenched.

[0057] In general, in order to detect a plurality of target nucleic acids simultaneously, the conventional methods for analyzing amplification curve using real-time PCR use a fluorescent substance to detect the target nucleic acid in a sample. Thus, the methods have a problem that as many probes having a fluorescent substance as the number of targets is required in order to detect at least two target nucleic acids, and thus have a limitation in multiple detection. However, the method for simultaneous detection of multiple target nucleic acids of the present invention can conduct an amplification curve analysis and a melting curve analysis simultaneously by using a probe mixture, and thus is capable of detecting multiple targets by using one fluorescent substance.

[0058] In one embodiment of the present invention, in order to confirm the difference in melting temperature, PNA probes can be synthesized by introducing the side chain of negatively charged L-glutamic acid or D-glutamic acid, uncharged L-alanine or D-alanine, or of positively charged L-lysine or D-lysine at the gamma position of PNA, and by introducing L-lysine or L-glutamic acid at the linker position.

[0059] When compared with the PNA probe with no modified structure, the PNA probes structurally modified (in terms of three-dimensional structure and electric charge) by attaching D-glutamic acid at the gamma position of the PNA backbone showed a great increase in the difference (ATm) of the melting temperature between the target DNA and single nucleotide mismatch DNA. Also, it was confirmed that the PNA probe of the present invention with a modified structure has an increased specificity to single nucleotide variation, thereby achieving a remarkable difference in melting temperature between the wild-type gene and target nucleic acid gene, which allows to reduce non-specific binding in real-time amplification curve and problems that may occur in melting curve analysis.

[0060] In general, in order to detect a plurality of target nucleic acids simultaneously, the conventional methods for analyzing amplification curve using real-time PCR use a fluorescent substance to detect the target nucleic acid in a sample. Thus, the methods have a problem that as many probes having a fluorescent substance as the number of targets is required in order to detect at least two target nucleic acids, and thus have a limitation in multiple detection. However, the method for simultaneous detection of multiple target nucleic acids of the present invention can conduct an amplification curve analysis and a melting curve analysis simultaneously by using a probe mixture, and thus is capable of detecting multiple targets by using one fluorescent substance.

[0061] Also, the method for simultaneous detection of multiple target nucleic acids using the probe mixture of the present invention is not limited to simultaneous analysis of amplification curve and melting curve. It also enables a separate or sequential analysis of amplification curve and melting curve. The method also allows to detect target nucleic acids by performing only amplification curve analysis or melting curve analysis, as needed. Particularly, in case where quantitative analysis is not required, by conducting only a curve analysis alone without an amplification curve analysis, the presence or genotype of the target nucleic acid can be determined.

[0062] Specifically, the method for simultaneous detection of multiple target nucleic acids of the present invention comprises: (a) performing hybridization by mixing a primer and a probe mixture composed of a clamping probe and a detection probe in a test specimen including the target nucleic acids, and obtaining a real-time amplification curve; (b) obtaining a melting curve between an amplified product and the detection probe with changing temperature after the amplification; and analyzing the obtained real-time amplification curve and melting curve separately, sequentially or simultaneously.

[0063] The clamping probe and detection probe in step (a) can be variously adjusted according to the number of target nucleic acids to be detected. In order to decrease the deviation of melting temperature depending on the concentration of the amplification product in the step of obtaining the melting curve, before the step of obtaining the melting curve, at least 5 PCR cycles can be added besides the step of obtaining real-time amplification curve. Preferably, 5-20 cycles can be added.

[0064] Also, a detection method of the present invention may use the method for simultaneous detection of multiple target nucleic acids comprising: (a) performing hybridization by mixing a primer and a probe mixture composed of a clamping probe and a detection probe in a test specimen including the target nucleic acids, and obtaining a real-time amplification curve; and (b) analyzing the obtained real-time amplification curve, or

[0065] the method for simultaneous detection of multiple target nucleic acids comprising: (a) performing hybridization by mixing a primer and a probe mixture composed of a clamping probe and a detection probe in a test specimen including the target nucleic acids; (b) obtaining a melting curve by melting the hybridized product with changing temperature; and (c) analyzing the obtained dissociation curve can be used.

[0066] The step of obtaining an amplification curve or melting curve in the present invention is performed through the real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and the amplification curve analysis is characterized by measuring and analyzing the Ct (cycle threshold). If the target nucleic acid exists in the sample or a large amount of the target nucleic acid is included in the sample, the number of cycles required to reach the threshold decreases, thus resulting in a low Ct value. Thus, this analysis enables to confirm the presence of the target nucleic acid and to detect the amount of the initial target nucleic acid.

[0067] Also, in general, the melting curve analysis is performed lastly after the process of real-time PCR is completed. In this analysis, after lowering the temperature of the sample to around 30˜55° C., intensity of fluorescence signal is measured while increasing the temperature by 0.5˜1° C. every second up to 95° C. When the temperature goes up, the detection probe and the target nucleic acid (one strand of the target nucleic acid that can complimentarily bind to the detection probe) are separated from each other, and then fluorescence is quenched, which results in a sharp decline in fluorescence signal. Accordingly, it is possible to confirm the presence of a target nucleic acid through the melting peak.

[0068] The method for simultaneous detection of multiple target nucleic acids of the present invention is characterized by detecting target nucleic acid included in an amount of 0.01% or 0.1%˜100% in 10 ng or below of a nucleic acid sample.

[0069] The term “sample” in the present invention covers various samples. Preferably, biosamples are analyzed using the method of the present invention. Biosamples of the origin of plants, animals, human beings, fungus, bacteria and virus can be analyzed. In case of analyzing samples of the origin of mammals or human beings, the sample can be originated from a specific tissue or organ. Representative examples of the tissues include connective tissues, skin tissues, muscle tissues or nervous tissues. Representative examples of the organs include eye, brain, lung, liver, spleen, bone marrow, thymus, heart, lymph, blood, bone, cartilage, pancreas, kidney, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, testis, ovary, uterus, rectum, nervous system, gland and internal vessel. The biosample to be analyzed includes any cell, tissue, or fluid of the biological origin or any medium that can be well analyzed by the present invention, which include samples obtained from foods produced to be consumed by human beings, animals or human beings and animals. Also, the biosample to be analyzed includes body fluid samples, which include blood, blood serum, plasma, lymph, breast milk, urine, human feces, eyeball fluid, saliva, semen, brain extract (for example, brain splinters), spinal fluid, and extracts from appendix, spleen, and tonsil tissues, but are not limited thereto.

[0070] The target nucleic acid of the sample is DNA or RNA, and the molecule may be in the form of a double strand or a single strand. In case the nucleic acid as an initial substance is double stranded, it is preferable to make the double strand into a single strand, or a partially single-stranded form. Well known methods for separating strands include heat treatment, alkali treatment, formamide treatment, urea treatment and glycoxal treatment, enzymatic methods (e.g., helicase action) and binding protein, but are not limited thereto.

[0071] According to another aspect, the present invention relates to a kit for simultaneous detection of multiple target nucleic acids comprising a probe mixture composed of a clamping probe and a detection probe, the kit using the method for simultaneous detection of multiple target nucleic acids of the present invention, and the use thereof.

[0072] According to another aspect, the detection method of the present invention can be used for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of the medical condition of a disease, treatment efficacy evaluation, and for supporting nucleic acid and protein delivery studies and so on, through a very small amount of a mutant genotype that is confirmed at a high detection sensitivity. The present invention provides a method comprising a step for detecting biomarkers such as EGFR, KRAS, NRAS etc. and evaluating the presence of mutations of the biomarkers by using not only invasive specimens such as tissues but also non-invasive specimens (blood, urine, sputum, stool, saliva, and cells), wherein the presence of the biomarker and mutations is used for monitoring of the entire cycle of a related disease, disease prognosis and prediction, decision of disease treatment strategy, disease diagnosis/early diagnosis, disease prevention, and development of disease thereapeutic agents.

[0073] In this regard, the present invention has an advantage of performing various gene tests at once more rapidly and inexpensively. Particularly, if only the modification of genes determining a therapeutic agent of a specific cancer is detected by applying the present technology, it is possible to find out modifications of all genes related to the related disease with current costs for testing one gene. In this regard, for lung cancer patients, it should be examined whether EML4-ALK, ROS1, KIFSB-RET genes are fused, together with the test for mutations of genes such as EGFR, KRAS, HER2, MET, TP53, NRAS, PIK3CA, etc., and for colorectal cancer patients, tests on all mutations of genes such as KRAS, BRAF, TP53, NRAS, PIK3CA, etc. should be conducted, so that the tests may give clinical helps to these patients.

[0074] In addition, the present invention is a technology related to clinical genomics, which allows personalized medical treatment rapidly based on personal gene information and may be variously utilized in very many fields for medical expenses, loss due to side effects of a drug, reducing costs for developing new drugs, etc. Particularly, the present invention will give an opportunity to select more proper therapeutic agents based on the progress of various clinical studies on pharmacotherapies according to a specific genotype, for Asian.

[0075] Genetic diseases are diseases caused by genetic abnormalities, and the genetic abnormalities present in somatic cells display phenotypes. Since the same genetic abnormality is also present in germ cells (sperm, ovum), the phenotypes refer to all diseases delivered to descendants. Causes resulting in genetic abnormalities are firstly, an error naturally occurring when DNA is replicated, and secondly, the possibility that the genetic abnormalities may occur due to several chemical substances and environmental factors. According to the human genome project research results recently reported, 30,000-40,000 genes exist in the cells of human, and according to the results, it may be assumed that there are numerous types of human genetic diseases. It can be predicted that there are many types of genetic diseases, other than the types of genetic diseases discovered so far, and there are much more genetic diseases that have not been studied until now.

[0076] Study on genes through excellent detection sensitivity in the present invention is expected to be utilized as a means for predicting the types of genetic diseases that have not been discovered. For example, in K-ras gene, if at least one of polymorphisms of codon 12 and polymorphisms of codon 13 carries a mutation, it could be determined that it exhibits resistance to anti EGFR antibody drug such as cetuximab, etc. and if it is wild-type, it does not exhibit resistance.

[0077] The occurrence of multifactorial genetic diseases greatly depends on the environment, and the heredofamilial possibility also varies depending on entities and related diseases, which is referred by genetic polymorphism. Genetic polymorphism means that the same gene for each person is expressed differently, and the examples of the types include STR(short tandem repeat), SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism), etc. STR means repeatedly displaying 2 to 5 short base sequences, and SNP means about one base sequence being different per 1.0 kb in the gene. STR is used for parentage test, and SNP is widely used and studied for the likelihood or prognosis determination of a disease and a response to a specific drug as well as personal identification. One present in an amount of 1% in the group of genetic polymorphism is called “mutation.” Recently, studies on genetic polymorphism and mutations in main diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, etc. have been actively conducted, and for such studies, the application of the present technology is possible.

[0078] In order to proceed with the detection of mutations of a gene, a method of extracting DNA of a cancer cell contained in the sample and analyzing the gene of a patient through various technologies is used. When detecting a mutation of gene, the sensitivity of the detection method is important. Sensitivity means how much % of mutation can be detected in the entire gene, and it is reported that Sanger sequencing has a false negative rate of 10%, pyrosequencing has a false negative rate of about 5%, and new methods recently developed have false negative rate of 1% or 0.1%, which are excellent in sensitivity (Nam et al. Korean J Pathol. 2014). In addition, it has been reported that since the gene analysis result varies depending on the quality of the sample, for accurate gene detection, tighter management of the molecular detection process is important (19. Nam et al. Korean J Pathol. 2014).

[0079] Diagnostic test of gene is conducted through several tests for the purpose of confirming or identifying a genetic disease suspected in a patient having the symptom of the disease. In addition, it is also possible to predict a disorder with a higher likelihood and risk of a disease by conducting a test for the presence of mutation of a gene which causes a disorder in a person who has a family history of genetic diseases. Such genetic tests are helpful in the prevention, early diagnosis, treatment and management of a disease, which results in reducing the morbidity rate and the mortality of the disorder.

[0080] Particularly, genetic tests can be conducted with any tissues of a human body, based on the premise that all cells in the human body are composed genetically in the same manner, and more easily, the genetic tests can be conducted by using DNA extracted from the blood. In addition, in order to detect variations related to genetic diseases in a gene, examples of samples include DNA, RNA, chromosomes, metabolites, and the like. The examples of the methods for the detection of gene include a method of directly analyzing DNA and RNA, and biochemical test or cytogenetic test for indirectly confirming the inheritable genotype together with a disease gene and analyzing metabolites.

[0081] Genotype examination can be conducted by various methods depending on the purpose of the examination. In particular, genetic SNPs and mutations can be detected by hybridization with allele-specific probes, enzymatic mutation detection, chemical cleavage of mismatched heteroduplex (Reference [Cotton et al., 1988]), ribonuclease cleavage of mismatched bases (Reference [Myers et al., 1985]), mass spectrometry (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,994,960, 7,074,563, and 7,198,893), nucleic acid sequencing, single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) (Reference [Orita et al., 1989]), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) (Reference [Fischer and Lerman, 1979a]; [Fischer and Lerman, 1979b]), temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) (References [Fischer and Lerman, 1979a]; [Fischer and Lerman, 1979b]), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) (References [Kanana Dozy, 1978a]; [Kan and Dozy, 1978b]), oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA), allele-specific PCR (ASPCR) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,611), ligation chain reaction (LCR) and its variants (References [Abravaya et al., 1995]; [Landegren et al., 1988]; [Nakazawa et al., 1994]), flow-cytometric heteroduplex analysis (WO/2006/113590) and combinations/modifications thereof. Notably, gene expression levels may be determined by the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) technique (Reference [Velculescu et al., 1995]). The appropriate method of analysis will depend upon the specific goals of the analysis, the condition/history of the patient, and the specific cancer(s), diseases or other medical conditions to be detected, monitored or treated.

[0082] Aspects of the present invention relate to a method for monitoring disease (e.g. cancer) progression in a subject, and also to a method for monitoring disease recurrence in an individual. Aspects of the present invention also relate to the fact that a variety of non-cancer diseases and/or medical conditions also have genetic links and/or causes, and such diseases and/or medical conditions can likewise be diagnosed and/or monitored by the methods described herein.

[0083] Diseases or other medical conditions for which the inventions described herein are applicable include, but are not limited to, nephropathy, diabetes insipidus, diabetes type I, diabetes II, renal disease glomerulonephritis, bacterial or viral glomerulonephritides, IgA nephropathy, Henoch-Schonlein Purpura, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, membranous nephropathy, Sjogren's syndrome, nephrotic syndrome minimal change disease, focal glomerulosclerosis and related disorders, acute renal failure, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, pyelonephritis, GU tract inflammatory disease, Pre-clampsia, renal graft rejection, leprosy, reflux nephropathy, nephrolithiasis, genetic renal disease, medullary cystic, medullar sponge, polycystic kidney disease, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel-Lindau disease, familial thin-glomerular basement membrane disease, collagen III glomerulopathy, fibronectin glomerulopathy, Alport's syndrome, Fabry's disease, Nail-Patella Syndrome, congenital urologic anomalies, monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma, amyloidosis and related disorders, febrile illness, familial Mediterranean fever, HIV infection-AIDS, inflammatory disease, systemic vasculitides, polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, polyarteritis, necrotizing and crecentic glomerulonephritis, polymyositis-dermatomyositis, pancreatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, gout, blood disorders, sickle cell disease, thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura, Fanconi's syndrome, transplantation, acute kidney injury, irritable bowel syndrome, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, acute corticol necrosis, renal thromboembolism, trauma and surgery, extensive injury, burns, abdominal and vascular surgery, induction of anesthesia, side effect of use of drugs or drug abuse, circulatory disease myocardial infarction, cardiac failure, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, coronary heart disease, non-atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, skin disease, soriasis, systemic sclerosis, respiratory disease, COPD, obstructive sleep apnoea, hypoia at high altitude or erdocrine disease, acromegaly, diabetes mellitus, or diabetes insipidus. The cancer monitored or otherwise profiled, can be any kind of cancer. This includes, without limitation, epithelial cell cancers such as lung, ovarian, cervical, endometrial, breast, brain, colon and prostate cancers. Also included are gastrointestinal cancer, head and neck cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cancer of the nervous system, kidney cancer, retina cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, genital-urinary cancer and bladder cancer, melanoma, and leukemia. In addition, the methods and compositions of the present invention are equally applicable to detection, early diagnosis/diagnosis and prognosis of non-malignant tumors in an individual (e.g. neurofibromas, meningiomas and schwannomas).

[0084] Differences in their nucleic acid content can be identified by analyzing the nucleic acid obtained from a body fluid of one or more subjects with a given disease/medical condition (e.g. a clinical type or subtype of cancer) and comparing to the nucleic acid of one or more subjects without the given disease/medical condition. The differences may be any genetic aberrations including, without limitation, expression level of the nucleic acid, alternative splice variants, chromosome number variation (CNV), modifications of the nucleic acid, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and mutations (insertions, deletions or single nucleotide changes) of the nucleic acid. Once a difference in a genetic parameter of a particular nucleic acid is identified for a certain disease, further studies involving a clinically and statistically significant number of subjects may be carried out to establish the correlation between the genetic aberration of the particular nucleic acid and the disease.

[0085] The development of various technologies is needed for the medical development for personalized prevention, diagnosis, treatment by taking into consideration an individual gene, protein and environmental information. For example, there is a report that currently, for non-small cell lung cancer patients, a therapeutic agent is selected by identifying EGFR mutation or a single gene mutation with a method such as Sanger DNA base sequence analysis or RT-PCR, FISH, etc., but in near future, the whole genome or exome, and transcriptome of a patient is tested with the present technology, which will be helpful in personalized treatment.

[0086] If the disease is caused by a mutation in the gene, it could be treated if the gene compromised is altered. For example, in the United States in 1990, the T-lymphocyte was extracted from a girl with a severe congenital immunodeficiency due to a deficiency of a gene making an enzyme called adenosine deaminase (ADA), and then the ADA gene was put into this lymphocyte and then injected into the blood of the patient, and as a result, the immune function could be restored. As such, treating a disease with a gene is called gene therapy.

[0087] Gene therapy can be classified into ex-vivo gene therapy for extracting a target cell, inserting a specific gene, and then injecting it again as in the previous example, and in-vivo gene therapy for directly injecting a specific gene into a target tissue to obtain a therapeutic effect. Most of the recent gene therapies are tried for the purpose of treating mainly cancers. The therapies can be divided into a method of directly injecting an anti-gene that directly kills cancer cells into the cancer cells or a gene that makes the cancer cells sensitive to an anticancer agent, and a method of injecting genes that secrete various cytokines into white blood cells to infiltrate cancer cells or secrete cytokines themselves, which triggers immune response. Cancer, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and single gene disorders, etc. are currently the primary goals of gene therapy. It is possible to provide various information to the genetic confirmation method for gene therapy. In addition, studies on differences from genetic polymorphisms in specific populations or ethnic groups have been actively conducted, and for these studies, the present technology can be utilized.

[0088] In addition, in case of cancers, it is very difficult to know whether the gene makes certain carcinogens more weakened, or makes the function of restoring the destroyed gene decreased, or makes the immune function involved in cancer prevention weakened, or enables all of them complexly. Therefore, one gene may be involved in several diseases at the same time, and several genes may be related to one disease. Also, in case of multifactorial genetic diseases, even if the gene is present, the disease does not necessarily occur. For example, the most well-known cancer gene is a mutated BRCA1 gene, which is associated with breast cancer. Up to 65 years of age, the breast cancer may occur in 60% of women with this mutation. On the other hand, about 12% of normal females suffer from this cancer. This is a very common example of western breast cancer, and Korea is not necessarily because of environmental differences such as dietary life. However, this gene accounts for only 3% of all breast cancers, and there are so many other unknown factors. And, the fact that 60% of the persons with this mutation suffer from breast cancer means that all of the persons with this gene does not necessarily suffer from this disease. However, it is sure that this gene has great significance in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. There are not so many genes with such high correlation in other diseases, and the techniques and methods of the present invention with higher sensitivity are likely to enable the discovery of highly correlated genes. In addition, the studies on the difference of drug response according to genetic polymorphism can provide various information for personalized medical treatment.

[0089] Cancer is a genetic disease, and cancer cells are formed by various gene mutations while environmental stimuli is added to the genetic tendency, and the cells do propagate and mutate. Recent important concepts are oncogenic addiction and synthetic lethality. Oncogenic addiction is a theory that the continuous activation of abnormal signaling pathways due to one or two gene abnormalities among various genetic abnormalities plays a key role in the development, growth and maintenance of cancer, which makes the gene inactivated, and thus the cancer can be treated. Synthetic lethality is a concept that when suppressing each gene, cancer cells cannot be killed, but when suppressing two genes simultaneously, the cancer cells can be destroyed. As such, by finding the genes that role a main key and understanding the interaction of the genes, better therapeutic effects can be achieved, and by using the present technology, various information can be utilized.

[0090] In particular, unlike samples of other diseases, samples of cancer have various information on genomic DNA and somatic cell cancer genome of various sites such as primary cancer sites and metastatic cancer sites, and thus the samples can be utilized for various clinical trials. Thus, the present invention can be utilized for the evaluation of cancer risk and the early diagnosis of individual cancer through the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and chromosome number variation (CNV) of the sample genotype.

[0091] Examples of cancer-specific somatic cell DNA variations include mutations, amplifications, deletions, fusions, and methylations of specific genes. The results from analyzing them are used not only for the assessment of cancer onset risk but also for diagnosis and treatment of individual patients. In addition to DNA variations, the degree of expression of RNA and protein, the degree of immune response of an individual, or the degree of secretion of cytokines may be used in the assessment of cancer onset risk and in the diagnosis and treatment of individual patients.

[0092] Currently, the most common cancer genomic information is the mutation of oncogenes detected in each cancer tissue or blood. The key mutation (driver mutation), most of which occurs in oncogenes, is the major genetic variation that determines the response of the patient to cancer development, progression, and therapeutic agent. As the genetic variation is detected more sensitively, it can be used as a tool for finding the appropriate treatment method by monitoring the transgene variation in each cancer tissue or blood for personalized medical treatment of cancer. Especially, it can be utilized as a big data of cancer genome by using it as a method for analyzing the pathway of a specific gene variation and for detecting not only hot spot but also rare point mutation sensitively.

[0093] In this regard, about 10 driver mutations in lung adenocarcinoma are known, and several drugs targeting these variants have been reported. For example, gefitinib, which is an epithelial growth factor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has a response rate of about 70% and patients with EGFR-activated mutations can survive for 10 months without tumor progression. Based on these studies, treatment strategies for lung adenocarcinoma have shifted from a tissue-based approach to a driver mutation-related therapy. The frequency of the occurrence of several driver mutations varies depending on ethnic groups, and thus for the development of new druggable targets and target therapies for lung cancer, broad genetic studies are needed.

[0094] Cancer cells with genetic modifications, called driver mutations, have advantages in survival and growth as compared to cells that do not have such modifications. Drive mutations occur in genes that encode signaling proteins such as kinase, which can generate survival signals that constitutively have activity of initiating and maintaining tumorigenesis.

[0095] As cancer is genetically changed very diversely and dynamically, it leads to a resistance to the treatment; after being progressed or metastasized, new mutations, which are different from a driver mutation that has played a key role at the time of diagnosis, may occur; or passenger mutations that were not significant at the time of diagnosis play a major role. Recently, as the concept of crisis model (chromothripsis), in which numerous multiple variations occur at once, unlike a multi-step model in which cancer occurs due to gradual stimulation and mutation, has been introduced, the evolution and heterogeneity of a tumor are the most difficult and important task to be solved in the future, and it is possible to identify various information by sensitively detecting various mutations using the present technology.

[0096] In addition, it can be utilized for monitoring the difference in gene expression according to individuals, various gene variations in cancer tissues of the primary cancer sites and metastasis sites and variations due to continuous evolution in the body of a patient, which are current limitations to the gene examination and utilization. In particular, the process of obtaining tissues from cancer patients is a difficult process that causes a great burden on the patient, while the present invention enables a method for detecting cancer-specific genes, which uses a small amount of tissue or from blood that is easy to be collected, so the present invention can be utilized as various data through various clinical demonstrations.

[0097] Use for Prevention, Early Diagnosis/Diagnosis and Prognosis of Lung Cancers and Decision of a Treatment Method Thereof

[0098] Lung cancer is a common cancer, which is known as the main cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Although the rate of early diagnosis has been increased as low-dose computerized tomography screening techniques have been introduced, lung cancer is still a fatal disease with very poor prognosis.

[0099] If patients with lung cancer have an activation mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, EGFR-blocking tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g. Iressa, Tarceva, etc.) are effective in the treatment of lung cancer. Among the existing EGFR-activated mutation test methods, a direct sequencing method is the standard method, and more sensitive PNA clamp method can be used. Also, it is possible to measure the mutation frequency in each patient tissue DNA by Ion Torrent analysis using the next generation sequencing method, along with the same sensitivity as the existing PNA clamp method, thereby obtaining more accurate information. In addition, there is a report that the therapeutic effect of EGFR-blocking tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with mutations detected in the sensitive method has higher clinical usability than the patient group in which the mutation is detected by direct sequencing method, so it is important to detect the genotype accurately and sensitively.

[0100] In case of a patient with lung cancer, the presence of at least one EGFR mutation indicates that the patient can have the benefit from treatment with gefitinib or erlotinib which is the EGFR-targeted compound. Abnormal activation or overexpression of EGFR has been reported in several types of cancer. Many studies have been conducted to find a target that plays a key role in the development of lung cancer and to understand genetic diversity, and it is possible to study genetic diversity using the present invention.

[0101] Oncogenes activated in lung cancer include EGFR, ALK, RAS, ROS1, MET, and RET, and therapeutic agents targeting these key oncogenes can selectively remove cancer cells. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is one of the ErbB tyrosine kinase receptors family (EGFR, HER-2, ErbB-3 and ErbB-4), is transmembrane tyrosine kinase which has an extracellular ligand-binding domain and an intra-cellular domain including a tyrosine kinase domain. When a ligand binds to a receptor forming homodimer or heterodimer, the tyrosine kinase in the cell is activated, and the signal stimulated by EGFR as such activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR,RAS/RAF/MAPK, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Gefitinib and erlotinib are representative drugs that inhibit EGFR tyrosine kinase activity.

[0102] It has been discovered that mutations in the EGFR kinase domain are factors that can predict the effect of EGFR TKI, and these mutations are mainly expressed histologically in adenocarcinomas, females, nonsmokers, and Asians. Based on the results of several clinical trials, the EFGR mutation detection is conducted for patients diagnosed with stage IV adenocarcinoma of non-small-cell lung cancer, and if there is mutation, EGFR TKI is administered as a first-line treatment.

[0103] In addition, RAS proto-oncogene includes KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, etc. and regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. RAS protein in the inactive state binds to guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and the RAS protein is activated when GDP is substituted with guanosine triphosphate (GTP), thereby activating RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. In lung cancer, activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK signaling pathway occurs in approximately 20%, mainly due to KRAS mutation, and mutation of HRAS or NRAS is rare. Since KRAS plays an important role in the development of lung cancer, there have been many studies targeting it, but it has been reported that the studies using farnesyltransferase inhibitors that inhibit post translational processing of RAS proteins and antisense oligonucleotide to RAS have been unsuccessful. In addition, it has been reported that when KRAS mutation is present, the downstream of EGFR signaling pathway is continuously activated, thereby showing resistance to EGFR TKI. Thus, the present invention can be utilized to confirm this.

[0104] Meanwhile, as molecular biologic mechanisms that given the important influence on the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer have been revealed, various diagnostic methods and target therapeutic agents have been developed, and as a result, the survival rate of patients with non-small cell lung cancer has been increased. In particular, when EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) is administered to an adenocarcinoma patient with an EGFR mutation, the response rate and progression-free survival time are significantly increased as compared to the conventional anticancer agents. In particular, crizotinib has attracted attention because it significantly reduces the time and expense for drug approval through patient selection with the accurate biomarker that predicts the response. Despite many studies, however, non-small cell lung cancer has a bad prognosis and has many problems to be solved in prevention, diagnosis and treatment. One of the causes is the genetic heterogeneity of lung cancer.

[0105] The results of the EGFR, KRAS and NRAS mutation-type test using the present invention can provide crucial information in the patient's treatment decision by conducting the test for the susceptibility of lung cancer drugs to predict the prognosis for the prescription of Gefitinib (Iressa) and Erlotinib (Tarceva), which are tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) useful in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. In particular, the EGFR mutation is a marker that can accurately predict the response to EGFR-TKI, such as Gefitinib (Iressa) and Erlotinib (Tarceva), and the use thereof is recommended as a primary anti-cancer drug for EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer patients.

[0106] In addition, the KRAS mutation acts as a strong predictor of drug resistance that does not respond to TKI drugs, and the KRAS mutation is mainly found in exon 2 codons 12 and 13. KRAS mutations are found in 15-30% of non-small cell lung cancer, mainly in patients with smoking history and are mutually exclusive with EGFR mutations.

[0107] Meanwhile, the therapeutic effect of a target therapeutic agent for lung cancer on non-small cell lung cancer patients has been improved by a chemotherapy in combination with vinorelbine, gemcitabine, taxanes and platinum, which are cytotoxic anticancer agents developed in the 1990s. However, conventional cytotoxic anticancer agents were not greatly effective in the treatment of patients with progressive and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Since then, in molecular biology studies on the pathophysiology of lung cancer, gefitinib and erlotinib are used as secondary or tertiary therapeutic agents for monotherapy as a target therapeutic agent belonging to small molecule EGFR-TKI. In addition, recently, it has been confirmed that a triple therapy with an angiogenesis inhibitor, bevacizumab, in combination with the existing chemotherapeutic agent such as paclitaxel/carboplatin or gemcitabine/carboplatin, etc. has significance in the improvement of the survival time in the primary initial treatment of patients with progressive non-small cell lung cancer.

[0108] In the phase-2 study for patients with progressive non-small cell lung cancer who had a treatment history, gefitinib (Iressa) showed a response rate of 9-19% and symptomatic improvement in 40% or more of the patients, but in the large, randomized, placebo-controlled phase-3 study subsequently conducted, the addition of gefitinib to conventional paclitaxel/carboplatin cytotoxic anti-cancer therapies showed no significant differences in response rates, time to progression (TTP) and survival rates. In addition, according to the phase-4 study ISEL (Iressa Survival Evaluation in Lung Cancer) data recently reported, there was no significant difference in the survival rate between the gefitinib-treated group and the placebo-treated group. However, small group analysis showed differences in survival rates in nonsmokers and Asian populations. Currently, if a patient has an EGFR mutation or meets at least two of the three conditions such as female, adenocarcinoma, gefitinib is used as a secondary anti-cancer therapeutic agent, and gefitinib is used as a tertiary anti-cancer therapeutic agent in case of using taxanes and platinum in the primary and secondary anti-cancer treatment.

[0109] In addition, in the phase-2 study for patients with non-small cell lung cancer who had a treatment history, erlotinib (Tarceva) showed similar results to gefitinib with a response rate of 13% and a disease control rate of 51%, and patients with EGFR overexpression according to immunohistochemistry were subject to the treatment. However, the large phase-3 study, in which effects were observed by adding erlotinib to gemcitabine/cisplatin (TALENT) and carboplatin/paclitaxel (TRIBUTE) as a primary therapy, does not show significant improvement in response rate and survival period. However, in the result of BR.21 which is the placebo-controlled, 2:1 randomized phase-3 study, erlotinib, as a secondary therapy, showed in a significant difference in progression-free survival 2.2: 1.8 months and overall survival 6.7: 4.7 months, so erlotinib was reported as the first target therapeutic agent to demonstrate the survival data improvement in non-small cell lung cancer.

[0110] Recently, the study results that that anticancer agents are more effective than target therapeutic agents in lung cancer patients without EGFR mutations. In the treatment of patients with EGFR mutation-negative lung cancer, which accounts for about 60% of patients with lung cancer, conventional cytotoxic anticancer agents are more effective than “Iressa” and “Tarceva” which are the EGFR-targeted anti-cancer agents. In the clinical trial comparing EGFR-targeted anticancer agents with conventional anticancer agents and meta-analysis of patient treatment results, the studies were conducted to identify the best therapeutic agents for the EGFR mutation-negative patients who were subject to controversy about the efficacy of targeted anticancer agents, and as a result, EGFR mutation-negative patients, who were treated with conventional cytotoxic anticancer agents, showed a slower rate of cancer progression (median progression-free survival time 6.4 months versus 4.5 months), and decreased tumor size more (response rate 16.8% vs. 7.2%), compared to those treated with EGFR-targeted anticancer agents. These results were observed both when the anticancer agents were used as the primary therapeutic agent and when they were used as the secondary therapeutic agent. Therefore, the results of mutation tests are important for future drug response tests, such as the recommendation that EGFR inhibitors should be preferentially used in patients with EGFR mutations.

[0111] Use for Prevention, Early Diagnosis/Diagnosis and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancers and Decision of a Treatment Method Thereof

[0112] In the meantime, regarding the cause of colorectal cancer identified so far, it has been reported that as genetic and epigenetic changes accumulate, transformation of a cell occurs, and tumor is developed due to the proliferation of transformed cells. Colorectal cancer is one of the tumors of which a genetic mechanism involved in the development of tumors is largely known. Recently, these genetic abnormalities have been applied to clinical trials and used in the treatment of patients. The present invention may be significant in the study of the mechanism of such cancer.

[0113] The oncogene, RAS, is present in three forms: HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS, and produces guanosine triphosphate hydrolase (GTPase), which functions as a molecular switch. RAS plays a role of delivering the extracellular growth signal into the nucleus, and when RAS is activated, RAS transforms cells through various pathways such as Raf/MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and Mekk/JNK, etc., and inhibits tumor suppressing pathways such as p53 or TGF-β pathway. Among RAS, KRAS mutations are commonly found in colorectal cancer, which occurs intensely at codons 12, 13, and 61, and it induces the resistance to GAP-mediated GTP hydrolysis, so it is continuously maintained in the activated state.

[0114] The fecal occult blood test for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer has been used for decades as a noninvasive colorectal cancer screening test and has been known as reducing the mortality rate of colorectal cancer in several studies (Mandel J S, N Engl J Med, 1993/Kronborg O, Lancet 1996). However, there is a problem that sensitivity is low in screening colorectal cancer, especially precancerous conditions of colorectal cancer. In order to solve this problem, a fecal DNA test is performed. This test is to detect mutation or promoter hypermethylation occurring in colorectal cancer from feces. In 2004, it was reported that the method of measuring mutations such as APC, KRAS, P53, etc. and 21 markers including BAT-26, long DNA, etc. with feces has an excellent sensitivity to colorectal cancer as compared to the fecal occult blood test (52% vs. 13%). In 2008, in the study using three markers such as mutations of KRAS, APC genes and promoter hypermethylation of vimentin gene, it was reported that the test showed progressive adenoma detection rate of 46% which is superior to the progressive adenoma detection rate of 10˜17% of fecal occult blood test (Imperiale T F N Engl J Med, 2004). This fecal DNA test has been known to have a sensitivity of 46-77% to early stage colorectal cancer and is thus superior to the fecal occult blood test, and recently it was added as colorectal cancer screening method. In addition, the studies to find DNA, RNA, proteins, etc. and use them for the screening test are in progress, and the present technology can be used to find candidates for screening tests or identifying the influence of specific mutations.

[0115] In addition, by demonstrating that in carcinogenesis, genetic instability and epigenetic changes play an important role and revealing various signaling pathways involved in the development of cancer, a new early diagnosis method using the genetic and epigenetic changes detected in colorectal cancer has been developed, and the method can be used as a predictor of prognosis and treatment response of colorectal cancer, together with the development of new medicines, thereby contributing to the development of personalized treatment.

[0116] Use for Prevention, Early Diagnosis/Diagnosis and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancers and Decision of a Treatment Method Thereof

[0117] Metastatic colorectal cancers (mCRC) are the second leading cause of death in the Western world. Treatment based on monoclonal antibodies (moAb) against EGFR, for example, cetuximab and panitumumab provides survival benefit to patients with mCRC and is currently the standard component of therapy for these patients. That is, one of these moAbs, i.e. cetuximab (Erbitux), in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy, is also prescribed alone or in combination with other anti-tumor drug(s) for the treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, called head and neck cancer.

[0118] The moAb binds to external antigens expressed on cancer cells. Once combined, the cancer cells are marked as destroyed by the immune system of the patient. In addition to targeting cancer cells, moAbs can be designed to act on other cell types and molecules needed for tumor growth. MoAb can be used to prevent tumor growth by destroying malignant tumor cells and blocking certain cellular receptors. Therapeutic moAb cetuximab and panitumumab bind to EGFR and prevent activation of intracellular signaling pathways (i.e. RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK cascade and PI3K-akt pathway) induced by EGFR. Unfortunately, not all patients with mCRC respond to treatment regimens involving moAbs. The mechanism underlying unresponsiveness is largely unknown.

[0119] The KRAS gene encoding the KRAS (Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) protein can be derived from human, which is located on human chromosome 12 (p12.1), and the KRAS protein is a protein encoded thereby. The KRAS gene may have nucleotide sequence given to GenBank accession no. NM_004985, NM_033360, etc.

[0120] KRAS is an EGFR downstream effector and a marker of primary resistance to anti-EGFR moAb. KRAS has considerable influence on the optimization of treatment of mCRC patients. 40 percent of colorectal tumors carry mutations in the KRAS gene and these patients have no effect of anti-EGFR moAb. In the current clinical trials, all mCRC patients considered for anti-EGFR moAb therapy should undergo KRAS testing, and if a KRAS mutation is detected, the patient should be excluded from the treatment with cetuximab and panitumumab.

[0121] In addition, some of the mCRC patients with wild-type KRAS tumors still do not have benefit from anti-EGFR moAb. The rate of response to anti-EGFR moAb in wild-type KRAS subjects is approximately 60% when combined with chemotherapy and less than 20% when administered alone in chemotherapy-refractory patients.

[0122] Activating mutations of other EGFR downstream genes such as BRAF (serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf) and PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) as well as loss of expression of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologs), and the changes in other EGFR regulatory proteins have been evaluated as potent candidates for response to anti-EGFR therapies that have ever so far not conclusive results.

[0123] RAS proteins and RAF proteins are proteins that form a cascade of intracellular signal transduction by the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway. In the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway, the RAF protein is activated by the active RAS protein, the MEK protein is activated by the active RAF protein, and the MAPK protein is activated by the active MEK protein. As a result, they regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells.

[0124] Bevacizumab/FOLFIRI combination therapy is an appropriate treatment as a primary therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer and can prolong the response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival (Hurwitz H, et al. NEJM June, 2004, Petrelli et al. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2013 September; 12 (3): 145-51). The therapeutic agent with efficacy for progression-free survival and overall survival as a secondary therapy for metastatic intestinal colorectal cancer is bevacizumab and ziv-aflibercept (Giantonio et al. JCO 2007 14. Tabernero et al. European Journal of Cancer 50, 320-331, 2014). When bevacizumab was administered in combination with chemotherapy in the primary treatment, and after first recurrence, bevacizumab is continuously administered with changed chemotherapy in the secondary therapy, progression-free survival and overall survival were statistically and significantly prolonged (Bennouna et al. Lancet Oncol. 14: 29: 37, 2013).

EXAMPLES

Example 1

[0125] EGFR Mutation Detection in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Example 1-1

Sample Collection

[0126] Tissue samples from 192 non-small cell lung cancer patients participating in the randomized phase 2 study and plasma samples isolated from the blood were obtained. For the tissue samples, the results were obtained using the sequencing method, and the EGFR test was performed from the plasma using the method for simultaneous detection of multiple target nucleic acids (C-Melting technology) according to the present invention.

Example 1-2

DNA Extraction

[0127] For this experiment, DNA was extracted using QIAamp® Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit (Cat #55114) from QIAGEN. In summary, 100 μl of Proteinase K and 800 μl of a buffered ACL containing 1.0 μg of carrier RNA were added to 1 ml of a plasma sample and mixed well, and then treated at 60° C. for one hour. After culturing it, 1.8 ml of ACB buffer was added and the mixture remained on ice for 5 minutes. After the solution was loaded on a column using vacuum, the column was washed with 600 μl of buffer ACW1, 750 μl of buffer ACW2 and 750 μl of 100% ethanol in order. The column was separated from the vacuum system, centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 3 minutes, and then treated at 56° C. for 10 minutes to remove residual ethanol. 100 μl of buffer AVE was added to the column and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 1 minute to elute the DNA. 5 μl of the eluted DNA was used in C-melting experiment.

Example 1-3

EGFR Mutation Confirmation

[0128] PCR reaction was performed to detect EGFR mutation using DNA extracted from plasma. In summary, 1 μl of Taq DNA polymerase (Enzynomics., Korea) was mixed with 19 μl of each of 10 reagents (G719X, E19del A, E19del B, S768I, T790M, E20ins A, E20ins B, L858R, L861Q, EIC) for the detection of 47 mutations of exons 18, 19, 20 and 21, and then 5μl of DNA was added. PCR was carried out for 2 minutes at 50° C. for inactivation of UDG, followed by 15 cycles (95° C. for 30 seconds, 70° C. for 20 seconds, and 63° C. for 1 minute) and 35 cycles (95° C. for 10 seconds, 53° C. for 20 seconds, 73° C. for 20 seconds) after initial denaturation at 95° C. for 15 minutes. Then, the cells were cultured at 95° C. for 15 minutes and at 35° C. for 5 minutes, and the signals (FAM, HEX, ROX, Cy5) were measured every 3 seconds while increasing the temperature from 35° C. to 75° C. by 0.5° C. to derive the Tm value. The PCR reaction was applied to all DNAs extracted from plasmas of 192 patients.

Example 1-4

Correlation with Tissue Results and Survival Analysis

[0129] Using the C-melting technique of the present invention, the EGFR test results of the DNA extracted from plasma samples showed the consistency rate of 81.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 75.0-86.5) with existing tissue samples, sensitivity and specificity of 62.0% (95% CI, 47.2-75.4) and 88.0% (95% CI, 81.5-92.9), respectively. In addition, EGFR T790M (n=8) and exon 20ins (n=5) were additionally detected in plasma samples as compared to tissue samples. Table 1 shows the median progression-free survival (PFS) results among 114 patients treated with EGFR-TKI (Gefitinib (Iressa) or Erlotinib (Tarceva)).

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Average PFS (mo) P Tissue EGFR 19del or L858R pos vs. neg 9.2 vs 1.7 <.0001 Plasma EGFR 19del or L858R pos vs. neg 8.4 vs 1.9  .045

[0130] As a result of analyzing the progression-free survival time based on the EGFR mutation detection result using the method of the present invention, significant survival results were confirmed.

Example 2

[0131] KRAS Mutation Detection in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Example 2-1

Sample Collection

[0132] Tissue samples from 135 non-small cell lung cancer patients participating in the randomized phase 2 study and plasma samples isolated from blood were obtained. For tissue samples, results were obtained using the sequencing method, and the KRAS test was performed from the plasma using the method for simultaneous detection of multiple target nucleic acids (C-Melting technology) according to the present invention.

Example 2-2

DNA Extraction

[0133] For this experiment, DNA was extracted using QIAamp® Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit (Cat #55114) from QIAGEN. In summary, 100 μl of Proteinase K (QIAGEN) and 800 μl of a buffered ACL containing 1.0 μg of carrier RNA were added to 1 ml of a plasma sample and mixed well, and then treated at 60° C. for one hour. After culturing it, 1.8 ml of ACB buffer was added and the mixture remained on ice for 5 minutes. After the solution was loaded on a column using vacuum, the column was washed 600 μl of buffer ACW1, 750 μl of buffer ACW2 and 750 μl of 100% ethanol in order. The column was separated from the vacuum system, centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 3 minutes, and then treated at 56° C. for 10 minutes to remove residual ethanol. 100 μl of buffer AVE was added to the column and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 1 minute to elute the DNA. 5 μl of the eluted DNA was used in C-melting experiment.

Example 2-3

KRAS Mutation Confirmation

[0134] PCR reaction was performed to detect KRAS mutation using DNA extracted from plasma. In summary, 1 μl of Taq DNA polymerase (Enzynomics., Korea) was mixed with 19 μl of each of 9 reagents (KC12a, KC12b, KC13a, KC13b, KC59, KC61, KC117, KC146 and KIC) for the detection of 29 mutations of exons 2, 3 and 4, and then 5 μl of DNA was added. PCR was carried out for 2 minutes at 50° C. for inactivation of UDG, followed by 15 cycles (95° C. for 30 seconds, 70° C. for 20 seconds, and 63° C. for 1 minute) and 35 cycles (95° C. for 10 seconds, 53° C. for 20 seconds, 73° C. for 20 seconds) after initial denaturation at 95° C. for 15 minutes. Then, the cells were cultured at 95° C. for 15 minutes and at 35° C. for 5 minutes, and the signals (FAM, HEX, ROX, Cy5) were measured every 3 seconds while increasing the temperature from 35° C. to 75° C. by 0.5° C. to derive the Tm value. The PCR reaction was applied to all DNAs extracted from plasmas of 135 patients.

Example 2-4

Correlation with Tissue Results and Survival Analysis

[0135] Using the C-melting technique of the present invention, the KRAS test results of the DNA extracted from plasma samples showed the consistency rate of 81.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 73.9-87.6) with existing tissue samples, sensitivity and specificity of 25.0% (95% CI, 5.5-57.2) and 87.0% (95% CI, 79.7-92.4), respectively. In addition, a mutation was additionally detected in samples of 16 patients in the plasma sample as compared to the tissue sample. Table 2 shows the median progression-free survival (PFS) results for 114 patients treated with EGFR-TKI.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Average PFS (mo) P Tissue KRAS pos vs. neg 1.8 vs 5.4 .073 Plasma KRAS pos. vo. neg 1.6 vs. 5.5 0.003

[0136] As a result of analyzing the progression-free survival time based on the KRAS mutation test results using the method of the present invention, significant survival results were confirmed.