FILLABLE VAPORIZER CARTRIDGE AND METHOD OF FILLING

Abstract

Methods of filling a tank reservoir of an electronic cigarette or cartridge for an electronic cigarette with a vaporizable material so that air is not entrapped within the cartridge. In particular, described herein are methods of filing a tank volume of a cartridge for an electronic cigarette from a bottom or side surface opposite a wick so that the wick remains at least partially dry and can vent air during filling until the tank volume is full.

Claims

1. A method of filling a tank volume of an electronic cigarette cartridge with a liquid vaporizable material, wherein the cartridge includes a porous wick at a first end of the tank volume, the method comprising: positioning the cartridge on a surface so that the porous wick is positioned on a top or side surface; inserting a needle into the tank volume from a bottom or side surface; injecting a vaporizable liquid into the tank volume; and venting air out of the tank through the porous wick until the tank volume is full of the vaporizable liquid and no air is entrapped within the tank volume.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the needle is inserted from a side that is opposite from the wick.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein positioning comprises positioning the cartridge flat against the surface.

4. The method of claim 1, where inserting the needle comprises inserting a needle having a beveled distal tip and a front-facing aperture.

5. The method of claim 1, where inserting the needle comprises inserting a needle having a beveled distal tip and a side-facing aperture.

6. The method of claim 1, where inserting the needle comprises inserting the needle through a pre-cut port or valve on the cartridge.

7. The method of claim 1, where inserting the needle comprises inserting the needle through an elastomeric septum.

8. The method of claim 1, where inserting the needle comprises inserting a blunt needle.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein injecting a vaporizable liquid into the tank volume comprises injecting a vaporizable liquid comprising a nicotine salt into the tank.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein injecting a vaporizable liquid into the tank volume comprises injecting a vaporizable liquid comprising a cannabis material into the tank.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein injecting a vaporizable liquid into the tank volume comprises injecting the liquid at between about 0.5 ml/sec and 2 ml/sec.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein injecting a vaporizable liquid into the tank volume comprises injecting the vaporizable liquid on one side of an obstruction within the tank volume.

13. The method of claim 1, further comprising keeping at least a portion of the wick within the tank dry until there is no air entrapped within the tank volume.

14. The method of claim 1, further comprising withdrawing the needle.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein positioning the cartridge comprises positioning a plurality of cartridges in parallel and concurrently inserting a plurality of needles into each of the cartridges, and concurrently injecting the vaporizable liquid into each of the cartridges.

16. A method of filling a tank volume of an electronic cigarette cartridge with a liquid vaporizable material, wherein the cartridge includes a porous wick at a first end of the tank volume, the method comprising: positioning the cartridge on a surface so that the porous wick is oriented on a top opposite from the surface; inserting a needle into the tank volume from a bottom of the cartridge, opposite from the porous wick; injecting a vaporizable liquid into the tank volume through the needle, while keeping at least a portion of the wick within the tank dry until there is no air entrapped within the tank volume; and venting air out of the tank through the porous wick as the tank volume fills, until the tank volume is full of the vaporizable liquid and no air is entrapped within the tank volume.

17. A method of filling a tank volume of an electronic cigarette cartridge with a liquid vaporizable material, wherein the cartridge includes a porous wick at a first end of the tank volume, the method comprising: positioning the cartridge on a surface so that the porous wick is positioned on a side above the surface; inserting a needle into the tank volume from a side of the cartridge that is opposite from the porous wick; injecting a vaporizable liquid into the tank volume through the needle; and venting air out of the tank through the porous wick as the tank volume fills, until the tank volume is full of the vaporizable liquid and no air is entrapped within the tank volume.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] FIGS. 1A-1G illustrate a prior art method for filling a reservoir of an electronic cigarette cartridge which traps air within the cartridge.

[0029] FIG. 2 is an exploded view of one example of a cartridge, including a reservoir, for an electronic cigarette.

[0030] FIGS. 3A-3F illustrate a method filling a reservoir of a cartridge, similar to the cartridge shown in FIG. 2, of an electronic cigarette with a single needle.

[0031] FIGS. 4A-4H illustrate a method of filling a reservoir of a cartridge, similar to the cartridge shown in FIG. 2, of an electronic cigarette with a single needle.

[0032] FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate side and top views, respectively, of one variation of a filling needle.

[0033] FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate side and top views, respectively, of one variation of a filling.

[0034] FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate side and top views, respectively, of one variation of a filling needle.

[0035] FIGS. 8A-8F illustrate a method of filling a reservoir of a cartridge, similar to the cartridge shown in FIG. 2, of an electronic cigarette with a single needle.

[0036] FIG. 9 is a front view of another variation of a cartridge, including a reservoir, for an electronic cigarette.

[0037] FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C illustrate other variations of a method of filling a reservoir of a cartridge with a single needle. In these variations the liquid is filled from the same side as the wick, and the tank region (reservoir) is U-shaped. In general, one end of the wick may be confined to a smaller diameter region/smaller chamber so that it fills last, leaving the wick dry and able to vent air.

[0038] FIG. 11A illustrates an exploded view of a cartridge that may be filled as described herein.

[0039] FIG. 11B is an alternative exploded view of a cartridge that may be filled as described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] Described herein are methods of filling a reservoir of an electronic cigarette or cartridge for an electronic cigarette so that air is not trapped within the cartridge. In particular, described herein are methods of filing a reservoir for an electronic cigarette including a porous wick extending out of the reservoir at a first end, without leakage, or overflow, until there is no air within the reservoir.

[0041] In any of the variations described herein, the reservoir being filled may be a cartridge which may be filled vaporizable material (e.g., an aqueous solution of tobacco or any other liquid solution). For example, FIG. 2 shows one example of a cartridge including a reservoir that may be filled as described herein. FIGS. 1A-1G show a schematic illustration of another example of cartridge. In general a cartridge may include a reservoir into which fluid may be filled, a tank 201 (housing the reservoir), an elastomeric cap, and a porous wick at one end of the tank, which passes from within the tank to an external surface. The porous wick may be any appropriate material, including woven, braided, fibrous, and knitted materials. The wick may be coupled with or integral with a heating element. For example, a wire for resistive heating may be wrapped around an external portion of the wick, forming a wick/coil assembly 205 as shown in FIG. 2. The wick may be any appropriate material, including metals, polymers, natural fibers, synthetic fibers, or combinations of these. The wick is porous and provides a capillary pathway for fluid within the tank through and into the wick; the capillary pathway is generally large enough td permit wicking of sufficient material to replace vaporized liquid transferred from the tank by capillary action (wicking) during use of the electronic cigarette, but may be small enough to prevent leakage of the vaporizable fluid material out of the cartridge during normal operation, including when applying pressure (e.g., squeezing) the cartridge. The external portion of the wick may include a wick housing 205. The wick housing and/or wick may be treated to prevent leakage. For example, the wick and/or wick housing may be coated after filling to prevent leakage and/or evaporation through the wick until activated by connecting to an electronic cigarette and/or applying current through the electrical contacts 207 (e.g., operation in an electronic cigarette), or otherwise using the cartridge. Any appropriate coating may be used, including a heat-vaporizable coating (e.g., a wax or other material), a frangible material, or the like.

[0042] The cartridge may also include an air path through the tank (shown as a tube 209 in FIG. 2), which may at least partially partition the volume of the tank. The tank may include an elastomeric potion, such as all or a portion of the side, bottom, top, etc. In FIG. 2, the tank is covered by an elastomeric cap 211 (elastomeric tank cap). The elastomeric portion (e.g., cap) may, in some variations, be on an opposite side from the wick.

[0043] In the variation shown in FIG. 2, the cartridge including the tank also include a cover (cap 215) and is configured to be used as a mouthpiece, so includes a mouthpiece portion 217 that is separated from the tank 201 by one or more absorbent pads 219.

[0044] In general, the methods described herein may include filling the tank (e.g. of a cartridge) that includes a wick at one end. The method may generally include positioning the empty and fully assembled tank (e.g. cartridge) so that it may be filled by a single needle that is inserted from the bottom or side (but not the top) of the empty tank. For example, the tank may be held on its side or upside down.

[0045] For example, FIGS. 3A-3F illustrate one example of filling as described herein, in which the tank is filled from a needle inserted into the bottom or lateral sides (where the lateral sides are not the top). In FIGS. 3A-3F, the filling system (e.g., needle, etc.) is inverted with respect to gravity so that the wick is not on the bottom. In FIG. 3A, the cartridge is ready to accept the dispensing needle through the elastomeric cap. During the first phase of fill liquid falls down around the needle that is injecting the liquid into the reservoir, immediately filling the reservoir in a way that the “additional vent” approach (shown in FIGS. 1A-1G) cannot. As filling progresses, air is displaced through the silica wick, at the top of the container in this example; the wick is dry, as shown in FIGS. 3B-3D. In FIG. 3B, the filling needle (“fill needle”) pierces the elastomeric cap and begins dispensing. In this example a minimum safe distance for filling (e.g., the distance from the tip of the fill needle to the bottom of the opening of the needle opposite the tip) must be cleared by the needle before dispensing. In FIG. 3C the liquid fills the area between the needle opening and the elastomeric cap, and air is vented through the porous wick. By FIG. 3D, liquid being filled into the reservoir has reached one side of the wick, but venting may continue on the opposite side of the wick. In any of these examples the rate of filling maybe controlled. For example, the rate of filling may be controlled to be relatively steady/constant and avoid splashing (e.g., by ramping up to the filling rate when initially filling). In FIG. 3E, the liquid front has finally reached the second side of the wick, and the cartridge is completely full, and (in FIG. 3F) the needle may be retraced, as shown.

[0046] In some variations, which may be used with tank-style electronic cigarettes, the wick may be as close to the bottom of the container as possible to ensure that as much liquid as possible can be drawn out of the container; when the cartridge is inverted this results in the wick being the highest point in the container and therefore an ideal location to vent from.

[0047] The area that surrounds the wick outside the tank may be configured to accommodate some amount of excess liquid during normal use (e.g., the wick housing), which means that it is often palatable to allow some small amount of liquid to be forced through the wick during filling, since any overflow ends up in a manageable location. This allows the possibility to fill a cartridge completely with no geometrically defined bubble zones.

[0048] Finally, it may be acceptable to allow some small amount of overfill in this configuration without having to deal with any messes or excess liquid, which allows for the addition of a subtle feature in the filling process. In some variations, the pumping system measures the pressure that it is applying during fill, and that pressure can be used to detect when the liquid front has reached the wick. The dramatic reduction in cross sectional area when passing through the wick typically results in a large change in fluid resistance, which in turn results in a relatively large spike in pressure in the tank and fill system when the flow front reaches the wick. This signal can be detected and used to switch off the pump, which allows the system to fill cartridges of variable sizes with no captive air.

[0049] As mentioned, in some variation the filling is performed when the tank is on its side, rather than upside down. This is shown in FIGS. 4A-4H. This variation may be employed to achieve the same effect as the inverted method discussed above, and may be particularly useful when machinery constraints provide a challenge to orienting the system so that the needles points upwards with respect to gravity. This variation may also be particularly useful if the cartridge is not a simple empty container and has additional features that can influence the liquid flow front as it is inserted. In general, it is desired to cause the wick to be the last point to become wetted when filling to completely fill the tank; this may be done when the cartridge (tank) is lying down or even vertical. When there are obstructions in the tank or connected sub-regions of the tank formed by projections into the tank, filing from different angles (e.g., side filling) may take advantage of different levels of fluid restriction in different areas of the cartridge. In any of these variations, the filling may also take advantage of the large difference in viscosity between air and the liquid being filled. Such differences can also be exaggerated by filling at very high speeds (around 1 ml/sec in the case of a cartridge that is between about 12 mm×about 4 mm×22 mm). See FIGS. 4A-4H for details of how the flow front advances in a cartridge during this horizontal fill process to avoid captured air.

[0050] In FIG. 4A, the cartridge having an empty tank is fully assembled and positioned on its side, with the wick on a first side (perpendicular to the direction of gravity). In FIG. 4A, gravity is pointed in the direction of the page. Alternatively or additionally, the filling may be performed so quickly that viscous and inertial force dominate over the force of gravity. In FIG. 4B, the needle is inserted though the elastomeric cap opposite from the wick, and the filling may begin. The filling needle may be sharp and may include a beveled tip having the filling opening. The beveled opening may be oriented to direct the flow of filling liquid preferentially towards the bottom side of the cartridge (e.g., towards the page). In FIG. 4C, the flow front advances until it reaches the first wick end. The high rate of dispensing and fluid restricting of the wick may cause the flow front to advance within the cartridge instead of leaking out through the wick. In FIG. 4D, the internal tube restricts the flow of fluid from the side of the cartridge near the filling tube to the opposite side. In this example, fluid is restricted by the cannula (air path) to passing through the gap region between the walls of the tank and the cannula. This restriction may allow the filing to continue back towards the dispensing needle instead of starting to fill the opposite side from the needle (on the other side of the cannula). In FIG. 4E the proximity to the needle tip (dispensing head) may cause the flow front to finally cross the steel air path toward the end of the cartridge furthest from the wick (e.g., near the end from which the needle entered), eventually filling the furthest corner. In FIG. 4F, the flow front has advanced towards the wick as the top right (near the elastomeric cap) is filled, progressing towards the far side of the wick which is still venting. By FIG. 4G the flow front has reached the last free wick end at last, and after wetting it, no further air can escape (preventing it from venting captive air); by that point, filing is complete, as shown in FIG. 4H, and the hypodermic filling needle may be retracted, as shown.

[0051] This side-filling method may work well where there is some degree of fluid restriction (e.g., where, as here, a cannula or other obstruction is present in the tank). It also helps that fluid restriction through the wick is much higher when it is wetted than when it is dry, allowing it to behave effectively like a valve that creates a staged fill process. For example, filling the bottom, then the top. Similarly, the fluid restriction (governed in this case by the geometric arrangement or spacing) around the steel air path (cannula) is much higher than the fluid restriction back towards the needle, allowing the end far from the wick to fill in these examples, which, as shown in FIGS. 1A-1F is where air is trapped, forming a captive air zone in the 2 needle approach, even without gravity influencing that region to fill first as in the inverted filling technique show in FIGS. 3A-3H. Once the flow front reaches the far side of the air path it can simply fill towards the wick without risk of capturing any more air.

[0052] In cases in which the tank does not include an obstruction in the inner volume (e.g., where a feature similar to the steel air path in the cartridge shown in FIGS. 4A-4F is absent), a change to the needle geometry that causes the liquid to exit the needle in a direction normal to the axis of the needle (such as using a Witacre or Sprotte type needle, see FIGS. 6A-6B and 7A-B) may be used to influence the flow front to fill completely from the elastomer cap end to the wick end of the cartridge, as illustrated in FIGS. 8A-8F.

[0053] In this example, which is also a side-filling example, the cartridge including a tank is held sideways so that the wick is on one side and the needle is inserted from another side. The needle has a sharp distal tip and a more proximal side opening that directs the flow out of the needle perpendicular to the long axis of the needle. In FIG. 8A, a cartridge is viewed from above and ready for filling, otherwise fully assembled. In this example, gravity may be pointed down (towards the bottom of the page) or more preferable the cartridge is flat against a top surface and gravity is pointed into the page. Alternatively or additionally filling may be done rapidly so that viscous and inertial forces dominate over the gravitational forces. In FIG. 8B, the dispensing needle with side-exists (one or more preferably two side exits) is inserted into the tank reservoir and filing begins. The side exits (orifices) of the needle direct eh flow front to fill the area between the needle side exits and the elastomeric section. Filling then progresses from the right to left as shown in FIG. 8C. In FIG. 8D, the filling has further progressed and the dispensing needle may be adjusted to avoid air being captured between the wick housing and the needle (or between the needle and the wall of the tank. Preferably the needle is separated from the wall to entrap an air bubble.

[0054] In FIG. 8E, the flow front has reached both wick ends at approximately the same time, and filling is complete in FIG. 8F and the needle may be retracted. Any of the filling methods described herein may be performed in parallel with multiple needles and multiple assembled cartridges/tanks.

[0055] In all of these configurations we have depicted a style of tank with the wick reaching in to the tank in two locations. The risk of capturing air may be reduced if the wick reaches in to the tank in only one location, and the geometry of the tank may create a funnel towards that point, as would be the case with the variation shown in FIG. 9. All wick-venting filling methods and orientations described herein may work just as well or better with a cartridge of this format.

[0056] In general, the filling material (e.g., vaporizable material) that is injected into the tank may be any appropriate liquid. Examples of such liquid may include an aqueous solution of a nicotine salt (as incorporated by reference in its entirety above), or of a cannabis formulations. Any liquid solution may be used, including pharmaceutical solutions that may be vaporized for delivery (e.g., any liquid suitable for vaporization).

[0057] In some variations the cartridge may include a pre-pierced septum (e.g., elastomeric cap, etc.), and a blunt dispensing tip (filling needle) may be introduced through the existing septum flap to fill the tank reservoir. Alternatively or additionally any of these variations may include a resealable port of valve into which the needle is inserted for filling. This may reduce the required clearance of the needle (the minimum safe distance mentioned above). For example, a “star valve” may be formed (e.g., punched or laser cut, etc.) in a wall of the tank and/or the elastomeric top (septum), which may also allow liquid to be filled into the tank with a blunt dispensing tip. Alternatively or additionally, a mechanical fill port such as a poppet valve may be included in the cartridge and used for filling, rather than a penetrable septum like the elastomeric cap; this may also allow the use of a blunt dispensing tip, which may be designed to mate with the port.

[0058] As mentioned, any appropriate needle may be used, including those that direct the flow laterally (see e.g., FIGS. 6A-7B) or retrograde.

[0059] FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate another variation of a filling method in which the needle is inserted from the same side as the wick. In this example, the filling may occur as described above, but may wrap around as shown in the arrow to fill the cartridge without leaving any air bubbles. In FIG. 10A, the cartridge is filled from the side (as described above) and may be lying flat (with a superior surface against a flat surface) so that gravity is into the page, or it may be inverted, as shown in FIG. 10B. Although it may be challenge. One or both of these filling arrangements. Note that a third variation is shown in FIG. 10C, where the liquid is filled from the bottom of the cartridge. In this case (as in FIGS. 10A-10B), liquid would preferentially flow into the tank vs. through the higher restriction of the wick, especially if filled slowly.

Alternative Cartridge Embodiments

[0060] The methods and apparatuses (including filling devices, systems, hardware and/or software for controlling filling) described herein may be used with any appropriate cartridge, including those shown in the exploded view of FIGS. 11A-11B.

[0061] For example, in FIG. 11A, the cartridge, whose components are described in greater detail below, may be filled by removing one or both plugs 404a, 404b, or by injection through these plugs, which may be formed of a self-healing material. In the exploded view of FIG. 11A the cartridge 401 includes a tank 441 configured to hold a liquid vaporizable material therein, a heater (e.g. a wick and coil assembly) 443 configured to heat the vaporizable material in the tank 441, and an air tube 408 extending from the tank to a mouthpiece 403. Contacts 535 are configured to connect with contacts 435 on the reusable component 411 to provide power to activate the wick and coil assembly 443. At the distal end of the cartridge the walls of the elongate and flattened tubular body 441 and a bottom cover piece 691 form an overflow leak chamber 699, which is shown with a pair of absorbent pads 495a,b are positioned along the long walls (along the diameter) of the overflow leak chamber. An option felt cover 693 may be included (also acting as an absorbent member). Parallel absorbent pads 422a,b can be positioned within the mouthpiece 403. The absorbent pads 422a,b are rectangular and parallel with one another. The absorbent pads 422a,b are positioned substantially parallel to the flat side of the device 400 (parallel with the plane of the length l and width w in FIG. 4A) and parallel with one another. In some embodiments, the pads 422a,b can be biased fully against the inside walls of the mouthpiece 403 so as to easily capture liquid that rolls along the walls (including during filling). A distance between the two pads 422a,b can be, for example, between 3 and 6 mm, such as between 4 and 5 mm, e.g., approximately 4.8 mm. The gap between the absorbent pads 422a,b advantageously prevents the pads from interfering with the air flow path when a user draws on the mouthpiece 403.

[0062] In general, over-flow pads, e.g., 445a,b may be positioned proximate to the tank 441, i.e., within an overflow leak chamber below the tank, to absorb liquid that may leak out of the tank 441 during filling and/or use. The over-flow pads 445a,b can be similarly placed parallel to one another and/or against the sides of the shell 431 as described above with respect to pads 422a,b.

[0063] Another example of a cartridge is shown in FIG. 11B. In this example, exemplary device 800 is similar to device 400 (similar reference numbers are therefore used) except that it includes a single plug 888 in the proximal section of the cartridge 801 (i.e., as opposed to the two tank seals 604a,b shown in FIG. 11A). The plug 888 is configured to simultaneously seal both outlets of the mouthpiece 403 while also sealing around the tube 408. As mentioned, filling may be performed as described herein, including injecting through the self-healing (e.g., a rubber or polymeric material).

[0064] In the exploded view of a cartridge shown in FIG. 11B, the apparatus includes a cartridge body 1005 that may be clear (transparent), opaque and/or translucent. The cartridge body may form a reservoir for the liquid vaporizable material, and particularly for a viscous liquid vaporizable material such as a cannabinoid oil, nicotine solution or other vaporizable material. The cartridge may include an outer seal (e.g., o-ring 1009) that seals the mouthpiece 403 over the body 1005. The reservoir (tank) may be sealed on the top (at the proximal end) under the mouthpiece by a single-piece plug 888 that covers multiple openings which may be used for filling the tank. The vaporization chamber may be formed at the bottom (distal end) of the cartridge; in exemplary cartridges described herein the vaporization chamber is formed from a cannula and housing piece 1011 that includes opening into which the wick (wick portion of wick and coil 443) passes into the chamber; the walls forming the vaporization chamber separate it from the tank and mate with a back piece 1013 that forms the bottom (distal end) of the tank within the cartridge body. This piece is also sealed (e.g., by an o-ring 1015) to the cartridge body from within the cartridge body, as shown. An air chamber is then formed between the bottom of the cartridge 1019 and the back piece 1013 of the tank. One or more (e.g., two) air openings 796, 796′ through this bottom 1019 allow air to pass (after entering the cartridge receiver through one or more openings 894 in the side) into the distal end of the cartridge, into the air chamber region and then up through an opening into the vaporization chamber. The piece forming the bottom of the cartridge 1019 may also accommodate or include one or more (e.g., two) electrical connectors that are configured to mate with the connectors on the vaporizer base. As mentioned, these contacts may be wiper or scraping contacts. In FIG. 11B, they are shown as cans 1021, 1021′ having openings into which the pins project to form an electrical contact.

[0065] Any of the methods (including user interfaces) described herein may be implemented as software, hardware or firmware, and may be described as a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a set of instructions capable of being executed by a processor (e.g., computer, tablet, smartphone, etc.), that when executed by the processor causes the processor to control perform any of the steps, including but not limited to: displaying, communicating with the user, analyzing, modifying parameters (including timing, frequency, intensity, etc.), determining, alerting, or the like.

[0066] When a feature or element is herein referred to as being “on” another feature or element, it can be directly on the other feature or element or intervening features and/or elements may also be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly on” another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. It will also be understood that, when a feature or element is referred to as being “connected”, “attached” or “coupled” to another feature or element, it can be directly connected, attached or coupled to the other feature or element or intervening features or elements may be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly connected”, “directly attached” or “directly coupled” to another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. Although described or shown with respect to one embodiment, the features and elements so described or shown can apply to other embodiments. It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that references to a structure or feature that is disposed “adjacent” another feature may have portions that overlap or underlie the adjacent feature.

[0067] Terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. For example, as used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items and may be abbreviated as “/”.

[0068] Spatially relative terms, such as “under”, “below”, “lower”, “over”, “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if a device in the figures is inverted, elements described as “under” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “over” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “under” can encompass both an orientation of over and under. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. Similarly, the terms “upwardly”, “downwardly”, “vertical”, “horizontal” and the like are used herein for the purpose of explanation only unless specifically indicated otherwise.

[0069] Although the terms “first” and “second” may be used herein to describe various features/elements (including steps), these features/elements should not be limited by these terms, unless the context indicates otherwise. These terms may be used to distinguish one feature/element from another feature/element. Thus, a first feature/element discussed below could be termed a second feature/element, and similarly, a second feature/element discussed below could be termed a first feature/element without departing from the teachings of the present invention.

[0070] Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, and variations such as “comprises” and “comprising” means various components can be co-jointly employed in the methods and articles (e.g., compositions and apparatuses including device and methods). For example, the term “comprising” will be understood to imply the inclusion of any stated elements or steps but not the exclusion of any other elements or steps.

[0071] In general, any of the apparatuses and methods described herein should be understood to be inclusive, but all or a sub-set of the components and/or steps may alternatively be exclusive, and may be expressed as “consisting of” or alternatively “consisting essentially of” the various components, steps, sub-components or sub-steps.

[0072] As used herein in the specification and claims, including as used in the examples and unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers may be read as if prefaced by the word “about” or “approximately,” even if the term does not expressly appear. The phrase “about” or “approximately” may be used when describing magnitude and/or position to indicate that the value and/or position described is within a reasonable expected range of values and/or positions. For example, a numeric value may have a value that is +/−0.1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−2% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−5% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−10% of the stated value (or range of values), etc. Any numerical values given herein should also be understood to include about or approximately that value, unless the context indicates otherwise. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. It is also understood that when a value is disclosed that “less than or equal to” the value, “greater than or equal to the value” and possible ranges between values are also disclosed, as appropriately understood by the skilled artisan. For example, if the value “X” is disclosed the “less than or equal to X” as well as “greater than or equal to X” (e.g., where X is a numerical value) is also disclosed. It is also understood that the throughout the application, data is provided in a number of different formats, and that this data, represents endpoints and starting points, and ranges for any combination of the data points. For example, if a particular data point “10” and a particular data point “15” are disclosed, it is understood that greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, and equal to 10 and 15 are considered disclosed as well as between 10 and 15. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.

[0073] Although various illustrative embodiments are described above, any of a number of changes may be made to various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention as described by the claims. For example, the order in which various described method steps are performed may often be changed in alternative embodiments, and in other alternative embodiments one or more method steps may be skipped altogether. Optional features of various device and system embodiments may be included in some embodiments and not in others. Therefore, the foregoing description is provided primarily for exemplary purposes and should not be interpreted to limit the scope of the invention as it is set forth in the claims.

[0074] The examples and illustrations included herein show, by way of illustration and not of limitation, specific embodiments in which the subject matter may be practiced. As mentioned, other embodiments may be utilized and derived there from, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein individually or collectively by the term “invention” merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single invention or inventive concept, if more than one is, in fact, disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description.