SATELLITE BROADCAST RECEPTION ANTENNA, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SEARCHING AND IDENTIFICATION OF BROADCAST SATELLITES IN GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT

Abstract

Finding and recognizing geostationary satellite orbital slots includes acquiring a location estimate for a satellite broadcast receiving antenna. A set of satellite look angles is captured in the antenna's reference frame coordinate space. A pattern of expected look angles is generated from the antenna location estimate. A pattern matching algorithm is executed to determine azimuth axis rotation to transform antenna reference frame into world reference frame. The validity of the reference frame transform is then checked for correctness by looking for a satellite position outside the set of satellite positions used for the pattern matching.

Claims

1. A method of aiming a satellite broadcast reception antenna at a target orbital slot, the satellite broadcast reception antenna comprising an onboard antenna control system, a motor coupled to the antenna control system and an antenna element operably coupled to the motor, the method comprising: acquiring by the antenna control system a location estimate for the satellite broadcast reception antenna; rotating the antenna element in an azimuth range at a given elevation to identify at least one local power maxima in a frequency spectrum window corresponding to a satellite downlink signal broadcast by a satellite located in the target orbital slot; generating a list of look angles by the antenna control system based upon the identified at least one local power maxima; storing the list of look angles in a memory of the antenna control system; determining by the antenna control system an azimuth angle offset for the antenna element of the satellite broadcast reception antenna as compared to a world reference frame; and validating by the antenna control system the azimuth angle offset based upon a verification orbital slot that was not utilized in the step of determine an azimuth angle offset for the antenna element.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the location estimate is a set of reference coordinates.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the location estimate is a zip code.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: wirelessly pairing the satellite broadcast reception antenna with an external computing device; and transmitting from the external computing device to the satellite broadcast reception antenna a location data.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising actuating the motor to aim the antenna element at the target orbital slot if the azimuth angle is validated.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of determining the azimuth angle offset includes the antenna control system matching the at least one local power maxima to a visible satellites pattern stored in the memory of the antenna control system.

7. A method of locating one or more target satellite orbital slots with a satellite broadcast reception antenna, the method comprising: generating by a microprocessor of the satellite broadcast reception antenna a list of look angles for satellites potentially visible to a radio frequency (RF) sensor of the satellite broadcast reception antenna; orienting an antenna element of the satellite broadcast reception antenna to align with a highest elevation where one or more satellite broadcast energy maxima are determined by the microprocessor to be visible to the RF sensor; sweeping the antenna element in an azimuth axis to locate signal maxima by the microprocessor; storing azimuth coordinates for each maxima in a memory coupled to the microprocessor; matching by the microprocessor the located maxima against a visible satellites pattern stored in the memory; determining by the microprocessor an azimuth offset required to transform a reference frame of the satellite broadcast reception antenna into a world reference frame.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising validating the azimuth offset by the microprocessor by comparing a verification orbital slot not used in the azimuth offset determination that is expected to be present from the visible satellites pattern stored in the memory against the azimuth coordinates for each maxima stored in memory to verify a match.

9. The method of claim 7, further comprising: computing a look angle corresponding to each of the one or more target satellite orbital slots based upon the azimuth offset; and energizing a motor of the satellite broadcast reception antenna by the microprocessor to aim the antenna element in the azimuth axis at a first one of the one or more target satellite orbital slots.

10. The method of claim 9, further comprising energizing the motor of the satellite broadcast reception antenna by the microprocessor to aim the antenna element in the azimuth axis at second one of the one or more target satellite orbital slots in response to a user changing television channels on a television set top box, wherein the aiming at the second one of the one or more target satellite orbital slots is performed without a scan for RF energy by the satellite broadcast reception antenna.

11. The method of claim 7, further comprising validating the azimuth offset by the microprocessor based upon the visible satellites pattern stored in the memory.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising providing a first visible indication to a user when the validation step is successful and a second visible indication to the user when the validation step is unsuccessful, wherein the first and second visible indications are different.

13. The method of claim 7, further comprising acquiring by the antenna control system a location estimate for the satellite broadcast reception antenna.

14. The method of claim 7, further comprising the microprocessor generating the list of look angles based upon a location for the satellite broadcast reception antenna being the same as determined in a previous scan operation.

15. The method of claim 7, further comprising eliminating located maxima from further evaluation that do not display a Gaussian distribution in an azimuth and an elevation dimensions.

16. A satellite broadcast reception antenna, comprising: an antenna element; a motor coupled to the antenna element such that the motor can sweep the antenna element in an azimuth axis; and an antenna control system coupled to the first motor, the antenna control system including a physical memory and a microprocessor, wherein the antenna control system is configured to: generate a list of satellite broadcast energy maxima collected by an azimuth sweep of the antenna element; match the list of broadcast energy maxima against a visible satellites pattern stored in the memory; and determine an azimuth offset required to transform a reference frame of the antenna element into a world reference frame.

17. The satellite broadcast reception antenna of claim 16, further comprising a GPS receiver coupled to the microprocessor, the GPS receiver providing the microprocessor with a data for a location of the satellite broadcast reception antenna.

18. The satellite broadcast reception antenna of claim 16, wherein the antenna control system is further configured to validate the azimuth offset by matching a satellite maxima located by the antenna element against an expected satellite maxima when utilizing the determined azimuth offset.

19. The satellite broadcast reception antenna of claim 16, wherein the antenna control system is further configured to jump the antenna element from a first azimuth orientation to a second azimuth orientation in response to a user changing channels via a television set top box.

20. The satellite broadcast reception antenna of claim 16, wherein the an antenna element, the motor and the antenna control system are each disposed entirely within an enclosure, wherein at least a portion of the enclosure comprises an electromagnetic wave permeable material.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] FIGS. 1A and 1B are an algorithm for determining the identity of broadcast satellites according to certain example embodiments.

[0029] FIG. 2 is a satellite television reception and viewing system diagram according to an example embodiment.

[0030] FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of a portion of a satellite antenna unit according to an example embodiment.

[0031] FIG. 4 is a rear perspective view of a portion of a satellite antenna unit according to an example embodiment.

[0032] FIG. 5 is a rear perspective view of a portion of a satellite antenna unit according to an example embodiment.

[0033] FIG. 6 is an illustration of satellite antennas deployed in a home or building setting according to certain example embodiments.

[0034] While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular example embodiments described. On the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] In the following descriptions, the present invention will be explained with reference to various example embodiments; nevertheless, these embodiments are not intended to limit the present invention to any specific example, environment, application, or particular implementation described herein. Therefore, descriptions of these example embodiments are only provided for purpose of illustration rather than to limit the present invention. The various features or aspects discussed herein can also be combined in additional combinations and embodiments, whether or not explicitly discussed herein, without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0036] The satellite antenna device and system can take many forms as discussed previously and can be configured for standing on the ground or a surface, or mounted to a structure. The satellite antenna can be fully enclosed, partially enclosed or non-enclosed. The satellite antenna can be configured to aim at one satellite orbital slot at a time or it can be configured to aim at multiple slots simultaneously.

[0037] One example antenna apparatus can be configured as a hand transportable antenna system (with or without handle) such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,595,764, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Also, the antenna apparatus can be adapted to a vehicular mobilized satellite antenna product for mounting on the roof of a vehicle such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,864,846, 6,937,199 or 8,368,611, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety as these references show additional satellite antenna device examples that can be adapted to certain embodiments of the current invention.

[0038] The operations, structural devices, acts, systems, modules, logic and method steps discussed herein below, according to certain embodiments of the present invention, may take the form of a computer program or software code stored on a tangible or non-transitory machine-readable medium (or memory) in communication with a processor which executes the code or program to perform the described behavior, function, features and methods. It will be recognized by one skilled in the art that these operations, structural devices, acts, logic, method steps and modules may be implemented in software, in firmware, in special purpose digital logic, or any combination thereof, without deviating from the spirit and scope of the present invention as recited within the claims attached hereto.

[0039] The positions of the broadcast satellites typically do not change in the sky. Therefore, it is known where the satellite slots are located relative to one another. Such data can be stored in memory as a “visible satellites” pattern data set or table and used as part of an algorithm to determine which particular satellite orbital slot the antenna is pointing to at any given time. The visible satellites pattern data set can also be updated from time to time in order to account for any new satellite positions, to adjust for moved satellite positions and to account for any other changes to the visible satellites. The update procedure can be performed via a smartphone link as discussed later herein, or it could be performed directly by uploading an updated visible satellites data set to the antenna's memory.

[0040] The general satellite orbital slot location and identification method, algorithm or logic can include some or all of the following steps:

[0041] 1. Acquire location estimate for the antenna.

[0042] The location estimate need not be provided, and it need not be exact. However, a location estimate in certain embodiments can is preferably within a 50 mile radius of actual location on the earth's surface. The location estimate can be obtained from a variety of means, including from one or more of space-based satellite navigation systems (global position system (GPS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), etc.), cell towers, wireless access points (e.g., Wi-Fi hotspots), set top box, and user input, or from any other source. For example the ZIP code where the antenna unit is physically located provides sufficient resolution for the present methodology. A data table of zip codes and corresponding location data or coordinates can be stored in the antenna's memory. The location data provided to or determined by the antenna unit will be referred to herein generally as reference coordinate data.

[0043] If no location estimate is provided, then the antenna can calculate its own location estimate using the pattern matching steps described below.

[0044] The antenna can also begin the acquisition process using the last elevation, for example, without any user input.

[0045] In certain embodiments, the user can input the location estimate (e.g., city, zip code or other reference coordinate data) with a keypad, switches or other input means provided to the antenna unit, or the input can be provided via wireless user interface, or input can be provided via the control box or STB.

[0046] In one example, a GPS, GLONASS or other space-based satellite navigation system decoder can be included in the electronics of the antenna. In another example, the antenna includes a low-power Bluetooth interface that allows the antenna to exchange data with a nearby paired smartphone of the user, control box set top box, television, etc. Smartphones typically contain GPS decoders, and the GPS coordinates can be obtained from the user's paired smartphone. Many vehicles also have GPS decoding capability as part of their onboard navigations systems. The antenna unit can also be paired with the vehicle's onboard navigation systems to obtain the GPS data.

[0047] 2. Capture a set of satellite look angles in the antenna's reference frame coordinate space.

[0048] The look angles for potential satellites can be determined by sweeping the antenna though an azimuth range at a given elevation to find local power maxima in the frequency spectrum window of satellite downlink signals (i.e., broadcast signals). The power maxima can then be filtered by performing a statistical match to satellite radiation patterns, thus precluding non-satellite radio frequency sources. The number of look angles required to unambiguously determine a rotation transform from the antenna reference frame to the world reference frame will depend on the specific pattern matching algorithm employed. Sensor and antenna positioning inaccuracies are tolerable through the use of statistical filters (e.g. histogram filtering, kalman filtering, particle filtering, etc.), tuned to the sensors and actuators used and linked to the pattern matching algorithm.

[0049] 3. Generate pattern of expected look angles from location estimate.

[0050] The expected look angle pattern preferably corresponds to satellites with downlink signals in the part of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum in which local power maxima was sensed in the above step (2).

[0051] 4. Execute pattern matching algorithm to determine azimuth axis rotation to transform antenna reference frame into world reference frame.

[0052] This step determines the azimuth angle offset of the antenna's reference frame from the orientation of the real world reference frame. For high density signals, i.e., conditions of multiple visible satellites and narrow antenna beamwidth, image registration techniques are preferably used. For low density signals, Bayesian inference algorithms are preferably used.

[0053] 5. If the pattern matching algorithm does not provide confidence metrics, or confidence metrics are inconclusive, the look angles of a satellite position outside the set used for pattern matching can be used to validate the correctness of the reference frame transform.

[0054] This step provides an alternative means to check (or a means to double-check) the results of the preceding step (4). Using the offset determined in the preceding step (4), a candidate satellite location that was not used in the pattern matching algorithm can be calculated. Then the antenna is aimed at the expected location of the calculated candidate satellite to see if the satellite is where it was expected to be. If the expected satellite is present, then this step confirms the validity of the calculated offset in the preceding step (4). Similarly, a negative result indicates that the calculated offset is likely to be invalid. However, there can be other reasons that the candidate satellite would not be located, such as the line of sight being blocked, so the negative result need not always be determinative of an invalid offset.

[0055] Referring now to FIGS. 1A-1B, the method steps according to one example will now be discussed in greater detail. The user starts their smartphone application for locating satellites 100 and issues a ‘Scan for Satellites’ command 102. The smartphone application then determines location using GPS or cellular or other method and conveys the location data to the antenna system 104. The smartphone software application issues a command to the antenna to start scanning (or the antenna begins a scan automatically upon receiving the location data) 106. Alternative methods for providing the rough location value can be used, such as the user inputting the location ZIP code, location city, etc.

[0056] Next, the antenna generates a list of look angles for satellites visible to the antenna's RF sensor (given transmission strength, antenna gain, LNB reception spectrum and power sensor characteristics) 108. The antenna then picks the highest elevation where one or more satellite peaks will be visible to its RF sensor 110. This is a heuristic algorithm and can be implemented multiple ways, including the use of a clustering algorithm.

[0057] The antenna now performs a 360° (or other angular sweep) RF scan and uses a peak detection algorithm to locate signal maxima 112. The azimuth coordinates for each maxima (i.e. peak) are stored in the antenna unit's memory. This is another heuristic algorithm. The antenna unit's logic is configured to reject peaks that do not exhibit a Gaussian signal distribution over azimuth axis 114. For example, the antenna can calculate a median of distribution of the whole sweep and calculate the relative difference between a peak candidate and the calculated average.

[0058] Next, the antenna unit performs a further scan or fine scan on each of the peaks to get best estimate azimuth and elevation values for satellites detected at scan elevation 116. Peaks that do not display Gaussian distribution in the dimensions of azimuth and elevation 118 are rejected.

[0059] The antenna unit executes a histogram filtering algorithm, starting with the east-most signal peak, matching it to the “visible satellites” pattern stored in the antenna unit's memory. When the histogram filter belief vector becomes unimodal 120, the antenna unit calculates an azimuth rotation required to transform the antenna's reference frame into a world reference frame 122.

[0060] Now the antenna unit performs a validation scan 124 at a satellite orbital slot that has not yet been utilized in the histogram filter, as was discussed previously above, to determine whether the validation candidate satellite orbital slot is where it would be expected 126. If validation succeeds, the antenna unit computes look angles of all satellite orbital slots of interest in the antenna unit's reference frame using the computed world reference frame look angles. The scan is then completed 130 and the user is ready to watch television.

[0061] If validation step fails, the antenna unit resets its histogram filter and starts again at step 120 using the next signal peak 132. This reset and validation iteration repeats until validation succeeds or no more hotspots are available to analyze. Once no more hotspots are available and a validation has not been successful, then a search failure is reported to the user 134.

[0062] Upon a search failure, the user can be prompted via the user interface (e.g. smartphone application) or via a status light (e.g. a red light) provided to the antenna unit to move the antenna to a different location and restart the scan.

[0063] Upon a successful validation, a success message can be relayed to the user, e.g. via the smartphone application or a status light illuminated to indicate a successful result (e.g., a green light illuminated).

[0064] If the antenna portion of the antenna unit will need to change its aim to jump between multiple orbital slots to see each of the necessary satellites, then the elevation and azimuth coordinates for each satellite orbital position (e.g. corresponding to the user's subscribed programming package) can be stored in the antenna's memory so that the antenna can quickly reposition or re-aim, switch or jump between aim orientations corresponding to each relevant satellite orbital slot without the need for any re-scanning.

[0065] The antenna unit can be informed of the user's desired satellites, programming package and/or service provider via switches on the antenna or via the user interface in a setup screen.

[0066] In a switching or jumping scenario, the user would be watching television on a first channel. That first channel corresponds to a signal being broadcast from a first particular satellite orbital slot (first slot or position) where the satellite broadcasting that channel is located. If the user changes to a second channel that happens to be broadcast from a satellite located at a different orbital slot (second position or slot), then the antenna system must re-orient its dish or antenna element to receive broadcast data from that second slot.

[0067] The need to perform a jump from one orbital slot to another can be indicated to the antenna unit by a message from the service provider's equipment (e.g. from the STB in the form of a tone, DiSEqC message, or similar, over a coaxial cable). In response, the antenna unit's control system energizes one or more motors to move the dish element (e.g. reflector and LNB) to the orientation corresponding to the target satellite position, which was already stored in the antenna unit's memory.

[0068] Referring to FIG. 2, a satellite television reception and viewing system according to one example embodiment includes an antenna unit 200, a set top box (STB) 202, a television 204 and a power source 206. The television 204 and STB 202 are both electrically connected to the power source 206. Also, the STB 202 is connected to the television 204 via a communication conduit or cable 208. This cable 208 can be a coaxial cable, an HDMI cable, component cables or other suitable connection means known to those of skill in the art, including various wireless communication methods. Note that the STB 202 functions can be integrated into the television 204

[0069] A coaxial cable 210, or other suitable conduit, electrically and communicatively connects the antenna unit 200 with the STB 202. An external fitting 212 can be provided on an exterior surface of the antenna unit's enclosure 214 to allow signal and power to pass through the enclosure while maintaining the sealed feature of the enclosed antenna unit. All signal and power requirements can be routed through a single conduit, or separate signal and power conduits can be provided.

[0070] Alternatively, the STB 202 can communicate wirelessly with the antenna 200 via Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or other wireless methods. In such configuration, the antenna would be provided with its own independent power input or power supply. The power supply can be a battery, solar or other source, either internal or external to the enclosure.

[0071] A plurality of feet 216 can be provided to the bottom of the enclosure 214 to facilitate the antenna unit 200 sitting on a surface such as the ground or a table, or to facilitate attachment to a bracket.

[0072] Some portions or all of antenna 200 enclosure may comprise an electromagnetic wave permeable material that permits the inbound satellite broadcast energy to pass through the enclosure 214 with minimal loss. The enclosure may be sectioned into a top or cover portion 218 and a bottom or base portion 220 to facilitate access to the antenna components enclosed completely within the enclosure 214. The enclosure 214 protects the antenna control system, motors and other components from moisture, dirt, sand, other debris and from impacts that might damage the enclosed components.

[0073] A handle 221 or other carrying means can be provided to, or defined in, the enclosure 214 to facilitate carrying of the antenna unit 200 by a single hand of a user.

[0074] A user's smartphone 222 containing the software application discussed previously herein is further illustrated in FIG. 2. The smartphone 222 can also take the form of a tablet computer or other computing device such as a personal computer or laptop, or a vehicle's built-in navigation/entertainment system. The smartphone 222 can be paired with the antenna 200 via Bluetooth or other wireless communication methods to conduct two-way data and command exchanges between the respective devices.

[0075] The smartphone 222 can also be paired with a Bluetooth enabled STB 202 to conduct two-way data and command exchanges with the STB. Other wireless communication methods can also be employed. For example, the smartphone 222 can obtain the set of desired satellite locations from the STB 202, can obtain television programming guides from the STB 202 (or from the antenna 200), and any other data, such as for example the user's account information. The smartphone can also relay data to the STB 202, including for example location information, and provide the STB 202 with access to the internet for diagnostic data relay and for receiving firmware updates.

[0076] The antenna unit's firmware (i.e., software code stored in memory) can also be updated wirelessly (e.g. via the smartphone 222) or via the STB connection using DiSEqC or similar protocols. The software updates to the antenna unit can include an updated database (or updates to the onboard database) of satellites in geostationary orbit so that the antenna's database of visible satellites in orbit is current.

[0077] Referring to FIGS. 3-5, certain internal details of the television antenna unit are shown according to one example embodiment. However, the internal components can have other configurations, shapes and sizes without departing from the scope of the invention, for example phased arrays and pseudo phased array configurations. The satellite television antenna unit includes a parabolic reflector dish 250 and a subreflector 252 positioned forward of the dish 250. The dish 250 collects incoming satellite broadcast signals by reflecting them forward to a focal point. The subreflector 252 is located adjacent to the dish's focal point to reflect the collected signal rearward through a waveguide 254 and on to a low noise block (LNB) converter 256 located behind the dish 250. The LNB converter 256 amplifies the collected signals and converts them from microwaves to low frequency signals that are transmitted by the antenna unit to the STB. The STB converts and decodes the television signals provided by the antenna unit so they can appear on the screen of a television.

[0078] In one embodiment, orientation or positioning of dish 250 is carried out by a motorized elevation drive system, which includes an elevation motor 260, and a motorized azimuth drive system, which includes an azimuth motor 262, that are each controlled by the antenna control system. The respective motors are coupled to the dish or a support for the dish 250 via gears, gear segments, belts, cables, a combination thereof, or via other suitable means, to selectively orient or aim the dish as controlled by the antenna control system.

[0079] The antenna control system includes a microprocessor and physical memory disposed on a control board 258, which is located inside of the enclosure. If the antenna unit is not enclosed, then the antenna control system may be contained within its own enclosure. The memory can be onboard the processor or separate from the processor, or a combination of both. The memory stores the operating software code or firmware for the antenna unit, which is executable by the microprocessor. The microprocessor (also referred to as the processor) then communicates with (or selectively energizes) the motors 260 and 262 to selectively orient or aim the dish 250. The microprocessor also controls communication of the antenna unit with the STB.

[0080] The control board also can include motor controllers and/or RF energy detectors.

[0081] A GPS receiver can also be provided to the control board 258, or other portion of the antenna unit inside of the enclosure according to certain embodiments. The GPS receiver in such embodiments communicates with the processor to provide data that the processor uses to calculate look angle data for geostationary satellites visible from the geographic location of the antenna unit.

[0082] An automatic leveler 264 can further be provided to the antenna unit. The automatic leveler 264 allows the antenna unit to compensate for an unlevel condition. For example, slight adjustments to the elevation of the antenna element can be made while the element rotates in the azimuth direction so that a true azimuth rotation can be achieved despite the rotational platform on which the antenna element is mounted being in a non-level condition. This feature can reduce or completely eliminate the need for the user to level the antenna unit prior to use.

[0083] An azimuth position sensing device 266 can further be provided to the antenna unit. This sensing device in certain embodiments can be a potentiometer. The azimuth position sensing device provides a reference for the relative position of the antenna element (e.g., the dish 250 and LNB 256) with respect to the antenna units base.

[0084] The systems, units, devices, apparatus and methods described herein can also be provided in the form of a kit that a user could easily self-install for their home or business. The kit includes a satellite reception antenna system 300 and associated mounting hardware. Referring to FIG. 6, the user mounts the antenna system 300 on their home 302 so that the antenna's reflector dish 304 has a clear view of the sky. For example, a roof mounting bracket 305 can be fastened to the roof of a house 302 and the antenna 300 subsequently secured to the bracket 305. Alternatively, the antenna device can be mounted on a pole, tripod 306 or other support.

[0085] Next, the user connects the cabling 308 to both the antenna device 300 and to the STB (typically located inside of the home nearby the television) or other satellite signal decoder. Then the user initiates an auto install command for the antenna system 300 via one of a paired smartphone, via the set top box, via a switch on the antenna, or via other means. If necessary, the user will be prompted to input a location estimate such as their zip code. The antenna control system then actuates the unit's motors to move the reflector dish in one or more of elevation, azimuth and skew, to perform a satellite location and identification routine, thereby aiming the reflector dish at the desired satellite orbital slots. The user is thus able to watch their television without the need for a professional installation.

[0086] Instead of using cabling 308, the antenna 300 can be connected to the set top box/decoder wirelessly using any suitable wireless communication protocol, such as Wi-Fi. The antenna electronics can also be powered by means such as solar cells and/or batteries.

[0087] While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred example embodiments, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed example embodiments. It will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications and equivalent arrangements can be made thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, such scope to be accorded the broadest interpretation of the appended claims so as to encompass all equivalent structures and products.

[0088] For purposes of interpreting the claims for the present invention, it is expressly intended that the provisions of Section 112, sixth paragraph of 35 U.S.C. are not to be invoked unless the specific terms “means for” or “step for” are recited in a claim.