Method and an apparatus for attenuating pressure pulses

Abstract

An apparatus and a method for attenuating water pressure pulses generated during sea piling when a percussion mechanism is used, including the stage of driving at least one pile into an earth by a percussion mechanism, while along at least a part of its axial extension, the pile is surrounded by water and at least partly by a tubular outer sleeve; and at least one gas-filled space is provided between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile. The apparatus includes mechanisms for providing the gas-filled space.

Claims

1. A method for attenuating water pressure pulses generated during sea piling when a percussion mechanism is used, the sea piling comprising a stage of driving at least one pile into an earth formation at the bottom of a sea or lake by means of the percussion mechanism, the pile having an axial extension defining a longitudinal axis and having an outer periphery, a part of the axial extension being submerged under sea or lake water along an entirety of said part of the axial extension, the method comprising the steps of: surrounding the pile, along at least a section of said submerged part of the axial extension with a tubular outer sleeve, the outer sleeve having an inner periphery and extending in an axial direction of the pile; and using a gas introduction system to provide, at least partially along said section of said submerged part of the axial extension, one gas-filled space or a plurality of gas-filled spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile; wherein the step of using a gas introduction system to provide one gas-filled space or a plurality of gas-filled spaces comprises pushing water present between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile out through an outlet in the outer sleeve.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of surrounding the pile with a tubular outer sleeve comprises surrounding the pile, along substantially said submerged part of the axial extension, with the tubular outer sleeve.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of using a gas introduction system to provide one gas-filled space or a plurality of gas-filled spaces comprises providing, along substantially said submerged part of the axial extension, one gas-filled space or a plurality of gas-filled spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of using a gas introduction system to provide one gas-filled space or a plurality of gas-filled spaces comprises providing, along substantially said section of said submerged part of the axial extension, one gas-filled space or a plurality of gas-filled spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of using a gas introduction system to provide one gas-filled space or a plurality of gas-filled spaces comprises providing one gas-filled space between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of using a gas introduction system to provide one gas-filled space or a plurality of gas-filled spaces comprises introducing gas, or a gas mixture, into one space or a plurality of spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile.

7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of surrounding the pile, along at least said section of said submerged part of the axial extension, with the outer sleeve such that the pile is axially movable in relation to the outer sleeve.

8. A method for attenuating water pressure pulses generated during sea piling when a percussion mechanism is used, the sea piling comprising a stage of driving at least one pile into an earth formation at the bottom of a sea or lake by means of the percussion mechanism, the pile having an axial extension defining a longitudinal axis and having an outer periphery, a part of the axial extension being submerged under sea or lake water along an entirety of said part of the axial extension, the method comprising the steps of: surrounding the pile, along at least a section of said submerged part of the axial extension with a tubular outer sleeve, the outer sleeve having an inner periphery and extending in an axial direction of the pile; and using a gas introduction system to provide, at least partially along said section of said submerged part of the axial extension, one gas-filled space or a plurality of gas-filled spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile; wherein the step of using a gas introduction system to provide one gas-filled space or a plurality of gas-filled spaces comprises introducing gas, or a gas mixture, into one space or a plurality of spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile, and wherein the method further comprises the step of extracting water from said space or said plurality of spaces.

9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising the steps of detecting whether said space or said plurality of spaces is/are gas-filled, and controlling the introduction of gas, or a gas mixture, and/or the extraction of water based at least partially on the detection of whether said space or said plurality of spaces is/are gas-filled.

10. An apparatus for attenuation of water pressure pulses generated during sea piling when using a percussion mechanism for driving at least one pile into an earth formation at the bottom of a sea or lake, the pile having an axial extension defining a longitudinal axis and having an outer periphery, a part of the axial extension being submerged under sea or lake water along an entirety of said part of the axial extension, the apparatus comprising: a tubular outer sleeve having an inner periphery, the outer sleeve being configured to surround the pile along at least a section of said submerged part of the axial extension while extending in an axial direction of the pile; a gas introduction system providing, at least partially along said section of said submerged part of the axial extension, one gas-filled space or a plurality of gas-filled spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile; and a water extraction system extracting water from one space or a plurality of spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile.

11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein along substantially said submerged part of the axial extension the outer sleeve is arranged to surround the pile.

12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein along substantially said submerged part of the axial extension, said gas introduction system is arranged to provide one gas-filled space or a plurality of gas-filled spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile.

13. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said gas introduction system comprises a gas compressor for introducing gas, or a gas mixture, into one space or a plurality of spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile.

14. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the water extraction system comprises a water pump.

15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the outer sleeve has an outer periphery, wherein the water extraction system comprises a tubular second outer sleeve having an inner periphery, wherein partially along said section of said submerged part of the axial extension the second outer sleeve surrounds the outer sleeve, wherein a room is formed between the outer periphery of the outer sleeve and the inner periphery of the second outer sleeve, the room and the space or the plurality of spaces being in communication with one another, and wherein the water pump is arranged to extract water from the room in order to extract water from the space or the plurality of spaces.

16. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the apparatus comprises at least one detector for detecting whether said space or said plurality of spaces is/are gas-filled, and a control unit arranged to control the gas introduction system and/or the water extraction system based at least partially on the detection of the at least one detector, for controlling the introduction of gas, or a gas mixture, and/or the extraction of water.

17. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the apparatus comprises vibration isolating supports between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile to prevent the outer sleeve from directly abutting against the pile.

18. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein along at least a section of said part of the axial extension of the pile the outer sleeve is arranged to surround the pile such that the pile is axially movable in relation to the outer sleeve.

19. A sea piling system comprising: a percussion mechanism for driving at least one pile into an earth formation at the bottom of a sea or lake, the pile having an axial extension defining a longitudinal axis and having an outer periphery, a part of the axial extension of the pile being submerged under sea or lake water along an entirety of said part of the axial extension, and at least one apparatus having a tubular outer sleeve having an inner periphery, the outer sleeve being configured to surround the pile along at least a section of said submerged part of the axial extension while extending in an axial direction of the pile, and a gas compressor to introduce a gas between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile for providing, at least partially along said section of said submerged part of the axial extension, one gas-filled space or a plurality of gas-filled spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile; and a water extraction system to extract water from one space or a plurality of spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The present invention will now be described, for exemplary purposes, in more detail by way of embodiments and with reference to the enclosed drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional side view of a first embodiment of the apparatus according to the present invention, applied to a sea piling system and a pile;

(3) FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional side view of a second embodiment of the apparatus according to the present invention, applied to a sea piling system and a pile;

(4) FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional side view of a third embodiment of the apparatus according to the present invention, applied to a sea piling system and a pile;

(5) FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional top view of the first embodiment of FIG. 1;

(6) FIG. 5 is a schematic sectional top view of a fourth embodiment of the apparatus according to the present invention, applied to a pile; and

(7) FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating aspects of the method according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(8) FIG. 1 schematically shows a first embodiment of the apparatus according to the present invention, applied to a pile. Further, FIG. 1 schematically illustrates aspects of a first embodiment of the sea piling system according to the present invention, comprising the first embodiment of the apparatus. The sea piling system comprises a percussion mechanism 102 for driving at least one pile 104 into an earth formation 106 at the bottom 108 of a sea or lake 110. The pile 104 has a top end 112 and a bottom end 114 and defines a longitudinal axis z-z extending through the top and bottom ends 112, 114 of the pile 104. The pile 104 has an outer periphery 116 and may have a circular cross-section. The pile 104 may be tubular and hollow and may be made of steel, or any other suitable material. The percussion mechanism 102 may comprise an anvil 118, which is connectable at the top end 112 of the pile 104, and an impact or piling hammer 120 arranged to strike the anvil 118 and thus drive the bottom end 114 of the pile 104 into the earth formation 106 at the bottom 108 of the sea 110. The piling hammer 120 may be hydraulically or pneumatically driven, e.g., or driven by other means. Before driving the pile 104 into the earth formation 106, the pile 104 is in general positioned to extend in a substantially vertical direction.

(9) The percussion mechanism 102 and additional equipment to position the pile 104 in an operative position ready to be driven into the earth formation 106 may have various designs known to the person skilled in the art, and may be mounted to a platform, e.g. a floating platform, such as a vessel 121, known to the skilled person, and are thus not discussed in more detail.

(10) In sea piling sequences of 3000-6000 strikes per pile, radial pile tension caused by the axial impacts of the piling hammer is the sound source origin of each strike. Radiated sound spectrum is shaped by the impact force spectrum, pile resonances and the pile radiation efficiency. Maximum sound energy may occur, in the frequency range, between 70 and 300 Hz. Radial pile surface velocity vibrates in phase along the pile 104 and resonance amplification from the pile breathing mode, also called tension mode, ring mode or zero mode, must be considered. The pile breathing mode is when the pile 104, or the circumference of the pile 104, expands outwardly in a radial direction due to the strike of the piling hammer 120 and subsequently contracts inwardly in a radial direction.

(11) The apparatus according to the present invention is arranged to attenuate water pressure pulses generated during sea piling when using the percussion mechanism 102 for driving at least one pile 104 into the earth formation 106 while along at least a part 122 of the axial extension 123 of the pile 104 the pile 104 is surrounded by sea or lake water 124. The apparatus comprises a tubular outer sleeve 126 having an inner periphery 128. The outer sleeve 126 may be a hollow pipe or tube, e.g. made of steel, or of any other suitable material. Along at least a section 130 of said part 122 of the axial extension 123 of the pile 104 the outer sleeve 126 is arranged to surround the pile 104, while extending in the axial direction of the pile 104. The outer sleeve 126 defines a longitudinal axis z-z, and the outer sleeve 126 may be positioned such that the outer sleeve 126 and the pile 104 are substantially coaxial. Advantageously, along at least a section 130 of said part 122 of the axial extension 123 of the pile 104 the outer sleeve 126 is arranged to surround the pile 104 such that the pile 104 is axially movable in relation to the outer sleeve 104. The apparatus comprises means 132 for providing, at least partially along said section 130 of said part 122 of the axial extension 123 of the pile 104, one gas-filled space 134 or a plurality of gas-filled spaces 134 between the inner periphery 128 of the outer sleeve 126 and the outer periphery 116 of the pile 104. By means of said gas-filled space/spaces 134, an efficient attenuation of water pressure pulses generated during sea piling, when a percussion mechanism is used, is provided. Said means 132 may comprise gas introduction means 136 for introducing gas, or a gas mixture, into one space 134 or a plurality of spaces 134 between the inner periphery 128 of the outer sleeve 126 and the outer periphery 116 of the pile 104. The gas introduction means 136 may comprise means for introducing gas, or a gas mixture, under pressure, i.e. as compressed gas, e.g. a gas compressor 138. The gas, or the gas mixture, introduced may be a single gas or a gas mixture, e.g. air. The apparatus may comprise at least one inlet 140 connected, directly or indirectly, to the space 134 or spaces 134 and to which the gas introduction means 136 is connectable, e.g. via a conduit 141, such as a pipe or tube. The gas introduction means 136 may be arranged to maintain at least one pressure in the space/spaces 134. The outer sleeve 126 and may have a first end portion 142 and a second end portion 144, and the longitudinal axis z-z of the outer sleeve 126 may extend through the first and second end portions 142, 144. When the outer sleeve 126 is in its operative position, the first end portion 142 is the top end portion and the second end portion 144 is the bottom end portion. The first end portion 142 of the outer sleeve 126 may be provided with said inlet 140. The apparatus may comprise at least one outlet 146 connected, directly or indirectly, to the space/spaces 134. The second end portion 144 of the outer sleeve 126 may be provided with said outlet 146. The gas introduction means 136 may be arranged to press out water present between the inner periphery 128 of the outer sleeve 126 and the outer periphery 116 of the pile 104 through the outlet 146, and e.g. into the sea 110. Said means 132 may comprise a sealing element 148 provided at the first end portion 142 of the outer sleeve 126 to seal between the outer sleeve and the pile 104 for sealing off the space/spaces 134 from the atmosphere 150 outside of the outer sleeve 126.

(12) With reference to FIG. 1, along at least the entire axial extension of said part 122 of the axial extension 123 of the pile 104 the outer sleeve 126 may be arranged to surround the pile. Along substantially the entire, or along at least the entire, axial extension of said part 122 of the axial extension 123 of the pile 104 said means 132 may be arranged to provide one gas-filled space 134 or a plurality of gas-filled spaces 134 between the inner periphery 128 of the outer sleeve 126 and the outer periphery 116 of the pile 104. Alternatively, the outer sleeve 126 may be arranged to surround the pile along a section of said part 122 of the axial extension 123 of the pile 104, where the section is axially shorter than said part 122. Alternatively, the said means 132 may be arranged to provide one gas-filled space 134 or a plurality of gas-filled spaces 134 between the inner periphery 128 of the outer sleeve 126 and the outer periphery 116 of the pile 104 along, or at least partially along, a section of said part 122 of the axial extension 123 of the pile 104, where the section is axially shorter than said part 122.

(13) The apparatus may comprise at least one detector 152 for detecting whether said space/spaces 134 is/are gas-filled. The at least one detector 152 may comprise a hydrophone 154 arranged to sense the sound pressure pulses from the sea piling. When a decrease of the level of the sound pressure pulses is sensed by the hydrophone 154, it can be determined that the space/spaces 134 has/have been gas-filled and that the inventive attenuation is provided. Other detectors, as mentioned above, are also possible. The apparatus may comprise a control unit 156 arranged to control the gas introduction means 136 based at least partially on the detection of the at least one detector 152, for controlling the introduction of gas, or a gas mixture, into the space/spaces 134. The control unit 156 may comprise a CPU 157. The control unit 154 may be connected to the at least one detector 152 and to the gas introduction means 136.

(14) FIG. 2 schematically shows a second embodiment of the apparatus according to the present invention, applied to a pile 104. Further, FIG. 2 schematically illustrates aspects of a second embodiment of the sea piling system according to the present invention, comprising the second embodiment of the apparatus. In the second embodiment of the apparatus, the means 232 for providing one gas-filled space 134 or a plurality of gas-filled spaces 134 between the inner periphery 128 of the outer sleeve 126 and the outer periphery 116 of the pile 104 comprise water extraction means 236 for extracting water from one space 134 or a plurality of spaces 134 between the inner periphery 128 of the outer sleeve 126 and the outer periphery 116 of the pile 104. The water extraction means 236 comprise a water pump 238. The outer sleeve 126 has an outer periphery 129. The water extraction means 236 may comprise a tubular second outer sleeve 258 having an inner periphery 260. Partially along said section 130 of said part 122 of the axial extension 123 of the pile 104 the second outer sleeve 258 surrounds the outer sleeve 126, and the second outer sleeve 258 may be closed at the top and at the bottom. The second outer sleeve 258 may be mounted adjacent to the region of the second end portion 144 of the outer sleeve 126. A room 262 is formed between the outer periphery 129 of the outer sleeve 128 and the inner periphery 260 of the second outer sleeve 258, and the room 262 and the space/spaces 134 is/are in communication with one another. The water pump 238 may be arranged to extract water from the room 262 in order to extract water from the space/spaces 134. The water extraction means 236 may comprise a suction tube 263 connected to the water pump 238 and at least partially provided in the room 262. Alternatively, the water pump 238 may be connected to the outer sleeve 126 without the second outer sleeve 258. The second embodiment of the apparatus may comprise at least one detector 252 for detecting whether said space/spaces 134 is/are gas-filled, and a control unit 256, e.g. including a CPU 257, arranged to control the water extraction means 236 based at least partially on the detection of the at least one detector 252, for controlling the extraction of water from the space/spaces 134. The at least one detector 252 may comprise at least one sensor 254 for sensing the performance of the water pump 238, e.g. power used by the water pump 238, the rate of the water pump 238, or the water flow through the water pump 238. When the space/spaces is/are gas-filled and there is no more water to pump, the water pump requires less power, or the rate of the pump will increase as the load on the water pump decreases. At the second end portion 144, the outer sleeve 126 may be provided with a sealing unit 268 or filter unit 269 for preventing earth formation material, e.g. sand, water or a mixture thereof from entering the space/spaces 134 between the inner periphery 128 of the outer sleeve 126 and the outer periphery 116 of the pile 104.

(15) FIG. 3 schematically shows a third embodiment of the apparatus according to the present invention, applied to a pile 104. Further, FIG. 3 schematically illustrates aspects of a third embodiment of the sea piling system according to the present invention, comprising the third embodiment of the apparatus. The third embodiment is a combination of the first and second embodiments of the apparatus according to the present invention, as disclosed above. Thus, in the third embodiment of the apparatus, the means 332 for providing one gas-filled space 134 or a plurality of gas-filled spaces 134 between the inner periphery 128 of the outer sleeve 126 and the outer periphery 116 of the pile 104 comprise both the gas introduction means 136 as disclosed in connection with FIG. 1 and the water extraction means 236 as disclosed in connection with FIG. 2. Both the gas introduction means 136 and the water extraction means 236 may be used at the same time. Alternatively, by means of this embodiment, one of the gas introduction means 136 and the water extraction means 236 may be used, while the other may be inactive and only used as a backup upon failure. The third embodiment of the apparatus may comprise at least one detector 252 corresponding to the detector disclosed above in connection with FIG. 2. The third embodiment of the apparatus may comprise a control unit 356, e.g. including a CPU 357, arranged to control the gas introduction means 136 and the water extraction means 236 based at least partially on the detection of the at least one detector 252, for controlling the introduction of gas, or a gas mixture, and the extraction of water.

(16) FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional top view of the first embodiment of FIG. 1, showing the pile 104, the outer sleeve 126 surrounding the pile 104 and the gas-filled space 134 formed between the inner periphery 128 of the outer sleeve 126 and the outer periphery 116 of the pile 104. Although the cross-sections of the pile 104 and outer sleeve 126 are circular, other shapes of each cross-section is possible. When a pile 104 having an outer diameter of 2.5 meters is used, the inner diameter of the outer sleeve 126 may be 2.6 meters, which results in a radial spacing of about 5 cm between the inner periphery 128 of the outer sleeve 126 and the outer periphery 116 of the pile 104, if the pile 104 and the outer sleeve 126 are substantially coaxial. However, other dimensions are possible.

(17) FIG. 5 is a schematic sectional top view of a fourth embodiment of the apparatus according to the present invention, applied to a pile 104. The fourth embodiment may essentially correspond to the first, second or third embodiment as disclosed above, or mixtures thereof, but is in addition provided with vibration isolating supports 570 between the inner periphery 528 of the outer sleeve 526 and the outer periphery 116 of the pile 104, to prevent the inner periphery 528 of the outer sleeve 526, and thus the outer sleeve 526, from directly abutting against the pile 104, and to maintain the gas-filled space/spaces 534. The vibration isolating supports 570 may also facilitate to keep the pile 104 and the outer sleeve 526 substantially coaxial. The vibration isolating supports 570 may comprise three vibration isolating supports 570 distributed around the inner periphery 528 of the outer sleeve 526. Each vibration isolating support 570 may comprise a holder 572 attached to the inner periphery 528 of the outer sleeve 526 and extending axially at least partially along the axial extension of the outer sleeve 526. Each holder 572 may hold a guide 574. The guide 574 may be made of a material of negligible or low stiffness, e.g. a suitable polymer, so that vibrations are not propagated through the guide 574. By means of vibration isolating supports 570, the gas-filled space 534 between the pile 104 and the outer sleeve 526 is efficiently assured. Each vibration isolating support 570 may extend along substantially the entire axial extension of the outer sleeve 526. Alternatively, the vibration isolating supports may be attached to the pile 104. Other designs of the vibration isolating supports 570 are possible.

(18) With reference to FIG. 6, a flow chart is shown illustrating aspects of the method according to the present invention, for attenuating water pressure pulses generated during sea piling when a percussion mechanism is used. The sea piling comprises the stage of driving at least one pile 104, e.g. as disclosed above, into an earth formation 106 at the bottom of a sea or lake, by means of the percussion mechanism, while along at least a part of the axial extension of the pile the pile is surrounded by sea or lake water. First, a tubular outer sleeve, as disclosed in connection with FIGS. 1-5, is positioned substantially vertically in the sea or the lake and a part of the outer sleeve is sunk into the earth formation, at step 601. The pile 104 is inserted into the outer sleeve from above, so that the pile 104 also extends substantially vertically, at step 602. The outer sleeve then extends in the axial direction of the pile. The pile, along at least a section of said part of the axial extension of the pile is surrounded with the tubular outer sleeve such that the pile is axially movable in relation to the outer sleeve, at step 603, the outer sleeve extending in the axial direction of the pile. Alternatively, the pile may first be positioned in its substantially vertical operative position, and subsequently the outer sleeve may be put around the pile. When the pile and outer sleeve are in place, sea water may initially be present between them. At least partially along said section of said part of the axial extension of the pile, one gas-filled space or a plurality of gas-filled spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile is/are provided by: (a) introducing gas, or a gas mixture, into one space or a plurality of spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile, at step 604, or (b) extracting water from one space or a plurality of spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile, at step 605, or (c) both introducing gas, or a gas mixture, into one space or a plurality of spaces between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile and extracting water from said space or said plurality of spaces, at step 606. The gas introduced may be a single gas or a gas mixture, e.g. air, and the gas may be introduced under pressure.

(19) Whether said space or said plurality of spaces is/are gas-filled is detected, at step 607. If it is detected that said space/spaces is/are gas-filled, the sea piling may be performed with a sufficient attenuation, at step 608, including the stage of driving the pile into the earth formation. If it is detected that said space/spaces is/are not gas-filled, the introduction of gas, or a gas mixture, and/or the extraction of water are/is controlled, at step 609, by way of any of the above-mentioned steps 604-606, based at least partially on said detection. Said detection may be performed by way of at least one sensor in said space/spaces, or by way of a hydrophone located in the water outside the outer sleeve, e.g. at a radial distance of 750 meters. When using a pump for extracting water from the space or spaces, the detection may be performed by way of at least one sensor sensing the performance of the pump, e.g. power used by the pump, the rate of the pump, or the water flow through the pump etc. The method may comprise the step of preventing the outer sleeve from directly abutting against the pile by providing vibration isolating supports, e.g. disclosed in FIG. 5, between the inner periphery of the outer sleeve and the outer periphery of the pile.

(20) Although the above-mentioned pile 104 is disclosed as a hollow tubular element, the pile may also be solid.

(21) The invention shall not be considered limited to the embodiments illustrated, but can be modified and altered in many ways by one skilled in the art, without departing from the scope of the appended claims.