Thermal stability of copper-manganese spinel as Zero PGM catalyst for TWC application

Abstract

Effect of the type of ZPGM material composition to improve thermal stability of ZPGM catalyst systems for TWC application is disclosed. ZPGM catalyst system samples are prepared and configured with washcoat on ceramic substrate, overcoat including doped Zirconia support oxide, and impregnation layer including either Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel or Cu.sub.1Co.sub.1Mn.sub.1O.sub.4 spinel. Testing of ZPGM catalyst samples including variations of aging temperatures and different impregnation layer materials are developed under isothermal steady state sweep test condition for ZPGM catalyst systems to evaluate performance especially NO.sub.x conversions and level of thermal stability. As a result disclosed ZPGM catalyst systems with most suitable spinel that includes Cu.sub.1Co.sub.1Mn.sub.1O.sub.4 in impregnation layer exhibit high NOx conversion and significant improved thermal stability compare to Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel, which is suitable for under floor and close coupled TWC application. The effect of adding Co to Cu—Mn spinel composition to improve thermal stability confirmed by TPR measurement.

Claims

1. A zero platinum group metal (ZPGM) catalyst system comprising: a substrate, a washcoat layer overlying the substrate, an overcoat layer overlying the washcoat layer, said overcoat layer consisting of ZrO.sub.2—Pr.sub.6O.sub.11, and an impregnation layer deposited on a surface of the overcoat layer; wherein the impregnation layer comprises a spinel according to the formula Cu.sub.xMn.sub.3-xO.sub.4 or Cu.sub.xCo.sub.yMn.sub.3-x-yO.sub.4, wherein X and Y are each independently 0.01 to 1.0, wherein the catalyst system has been aged at about 850° C.

2. The ZPGM catalyst system of claim 1, wherein the substrate is ceramic.

3. The ZPGM catalyst system of claim 1, wherein the impregnation layer comprises CuMn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel.

4. The ZPGM catalyst system of claim 1, wherein the impregnation layer comprises CuCoMnO.sub.4 spinel.

5. The ZPGM catalyst system of claim 4, wherein the spinel is stable up to about 1040° C.

6. The ZPGM catalyst system of claim 1, wherein the washcoat layer is an alumina-based washcoat on substrate.

7. The ZPGM catalyst system of claim 1, wherein the spinel is aged under fuel cut gas conditions.

8. The ZPGM catalyst system of claim 1, wherein nitrogen oxide (NOx) conversion is about 52% to about 98% when having an R-value of 1.2 under an isothermal steady state sweep condition.

9. A method of producing an aged zero platinum group metal (ZPGM) catalyst system comprising aging the catalyst system of claim 1 at a temperature of about 850° C.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the aging lasts about 20 hours.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the impregnation layer comprises CuMn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the impregnation layer comprises CuCoMnO.sub.4 spinel.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the aged ZPGM catalyst system converts nitrogen oxide (NOx) at about 52% to about 98% when having an R-value of 1.2 under an isothermal steady state sweep condition.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The present disclosure can be better understood by referring to the following figures. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the disclosure. In the figures, reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views.

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates configuration for ZPGM catalyst system Type 1, which includes an alumina-based washcoat on substrate, an overcoat with doped ZrO.sub.2, and an impregnation layer including Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel, according to an embodiment.

(3) FIG. 2 shows configuration for ZPGM catalyst system Type 2, which includes an alumina-based washcoat on substrate, an overcoat with doped ZrO.sub.2, and an impregnation layer including Cu.sub.1Co.sub.1Mn.sub.1O.sub.4 spinel, according to an embodiment.

(4) FIG. 3 shows NO conversion of ZPGM catalyst system Type 1, which were aged under fuel cut gas composition at 850° C. during about 20 hours and also at 900° C. during about 20 hours, under isothermal steady state sweep test from R-value of about 2.0 (rich condition) to about 0.80 (lean condition), at inlet temperature of about 450° C. and SV of about 40,000 h.sup.−1, according to an embodiment.

(5) FIG. 4 shows NO conversion of ZPGM catalyst system Type 2, which were aged under fuel cut gas composition at 850° C. during about 20 hours and also at 900° C. during about 20 hours, under isothermal steady state sweep test from R-value of about 2.0 (rich condition) to about 0.80 (lean condition), at inlet temperature of about 450° C. and SV of about 40,000 h.sup.−1, according to an embodiment.

(6) FIG. 5 depicts CO-TPR responses for Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 bulk powders, where the samples are exposed at different temperatures to a 1% CO/He flow for a pre-defined duration, according to an embodiment.

(7) FIG. 6 depicts XRD measurement for Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 bulk powder after the CO-TPR experiment, annealed up to 550° C. for about 3 min, according to an embodiment.

(8) FIG. 7 depicts XRD measurements for Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 bulk powder after the CO-TPR experiment, annealed up to 550° C. for about 180 min, and 880° C. for about 90 min, according to an embodiment.

(9) FIG. 8 shows CO-TPR responses for Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O4 bulk powder and Cu.sub.1Co.sub.1Mn.sub.1O.sub.4 bulk powder, where the samples are exposed to a 1% CO/He flow for a pre-defined temperature and duration, according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(10) The present disclosure is here described in detail with reference to embodiments illustrated in the drawings, which form a part here. Other embodiments may be used and/or other changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description are not meant to be limiting of the subject matter presented here.

DEFINITIONS

(11) As used here, the following terms may have the following definitions:

(12) “Platinum group Metal (PGM)” refers to platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium, and rhodium.

(13) “Zero platinum group (ZPGM) catalyst” refers to a catalyst completely or substantially free of platinum group metals.

(14) “Catalyst” refers to one or more materials that may be of use in the conversion of one or more other materials.

(15) “Substrate” refers to any material of any shape or configuration that yields a sufficient surface area for depositing a washcoat and/or overcoat.

(16) “Washcoat” refers to at least one coating including at least one oxide solid that may be deposited on a substrate.

(17) “Overcoat” refers to at least one coating that may be deposited on at least one washcoat or impregnation layer.

(18) “Milling” refers to the operation of breaking a solid material into a desired grain or particle size.

(19) “Impregnation” refers to the process of imbuing or saturating a solid layer with a liquid compound or the diffusion of some element through a medium or substance.

(20) “Calcination” refers to a thermal treatment process applied to solid materials, in presence of air, to bring about a thermal decomposition, phase transition, or removal of a volatile fraction at temperatures below the melting point of the solid materials.

(21) “Spinel” refers to any of various mineral oxides of magnesium, iron, zinc, or manganese in combination with aluminum, chromium, copper or iron with AB.sub.2O.sub.4 structure.

(22) “R-value” refers to the number obtained by dividing the reducing potential by the oxidizing potential of materials in a catalyst.

(23) “Rich condition” refers to exhaust gas condition with an R-value above 1.

(24) “Air/Fuel ratio” or A/F ratio” refers to the weight of air divided by the weight of fuel.

(25) “Three-way catalyst (TWC)” refers to a catalyst that may achieve three simultaneous tasks: reduce nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen, oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, and oxidize unburnt hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water.

(26) “X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis” refers to a rapid analytical technique that investigates crystalline material structure, including atomic arrangement, crystalline size, and imperfections in order to identify unknown crystalline materials (e.g. minerals, inorganic compounds).

(27) “Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR)” refers to a technique for the characterization of solid materials and is often used in the field of heterogeneous catalysis to find the most efficient reduction conditions, an oxidized catalyst precursor is submitted to a programmed temperature rise while a reducing gas mixture is flowed over it.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(28) The present disclosure may provide ZPGM catalyst systems with a plurality of material compositions including Cu.sub.xMn.sub.3-xO.sub.4 spinel and Cu.sub.xCo.sub.yMn.sub.3-x-yO.sub.4 spinel within impregnation layers in order to develop suitable catalytic layers capable of providing high reactivity and thermal stability for ZPGM catalyst systems. The diversified aspects that may be treated in present disclosure may include different aging temperatures that may show improvements in the process for overall catalytic conversion capacity which may be suitable for TWC applications for under floor or close couple catalyst positions.

(29) According to embodiments, disclosed ZPGM catalyst systems may include at least a substrate, a washcoat layer, an overcoat layer, and an impregnation layer. A plurality of ZPGM catalyst systems may be configured to include an alumina-based washcoat layer coated on a suitable ceramic substrate, an overcoat layer of support oxide material, such as doped ZrO.sub.2, and an impregnation layer including Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel or Cu.sub.1Co.sub.1Mn.sub.1O.sub.4 spinel.

(30) Catalyst Material Composition, Preparation, and Configuration

(31) FIG. 1 shows a configuration for ZPGM catalyst system 100, according to an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 1, ZPGM catalyst system 100, referred to as ZPGM catalyst system Type 1, may include at least a substrate 102, a washcoat 104, an overcoat 106, and an impregnation layer 108, where washcoat 104 may include alumina type support oxide, overcoat 106 may include doped ZrO.sub.2 support oxide, and impregnation layer 108 may include Cu.sub.xMn.sub.3-xO.sub.4 spinel.

(32) In order to manufacture disclosed ZPGM catalyst system 100, the preparation of washcoat 104 may begin by milling alumina (Al.sub.2O.sub.3) to make aqueous slurry. Then, the resulting slurry may be coated as washcoat 104 on substrate 102, dried and fired at about 550° C. for about 4 hours.

(33) The preparation of overcoat 106 may begin by milling doped ZrO.sub.2 support oxide such as Praseodymium-Zirconium support oxide (ZrO.sub.2—Pr.sub.6O.sub.11) with water to make aqueous slurry. Then, the resulting slurry may be coated as overcoat 106 on washcoat 104, dried and fired at about 550° C. for about 4 hours.

(34) The impregnation layer 108 may be prepared by mixing the appropriate amount of Mn nitrate solution and Cu nitrate solution with water to make solution at appropriate molar ratio for Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4, according to formulation Cu.sub.xMn.sub.3-XO.sub.4, in which X may take value of 0.05 to 1.5. Subsequently, Cu—Mn solution may be impregnated to overcoat 106, then fired (calcined) at a temperature within a range of about 550° C. to about 800° C., preferably at about 700° C. for about 4 to 6 hours.

(35) FIG. 2 shows a configuration for ZPGM catalyst system 200, according to an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2, ZPGM catalyst system 200, referred to as ZPGM catalyst system Type 2, may include at least a substrate 102, a washcoat 104, an overcoat 106, and an impregnation layer 108, where washcoat 104 may include alumina type support oxide, overcoat 106 may include doped ZrO.sub.2 support oxide, and impregnation layer 108 may include Cu.sub.xCo.sub.yMn.sub.3-x-yO.sub.4 spinel.

(36) In order to manufacture disclosed ZPGM catalyst system 200, the preparation of washcoat 104 may begin by milling alumina (Al.sub.2O.sub.3) to make aqueous slurry. Then, the resulting slurry may be coated as washcoat 104 on substrate 102, dried and fired at about 550° C. for about 4 hours.

(37) The preparation of overcoat 106 may begin by milling doped ZrO.sub.2 support oxide such as Praseodymium-Zirconium support oxide (ZrO.sub.2—Pr.sub.6O.sub.11) with water to make aqueous slurry. Then, the resulting slurry may be coated as overcoat 106 on washcoat 104, dried and fired at about 550° C. for about 4 hours.

(38) The impregnation layer 108 may be prepared by mixing the appropriate amount of Mn nitrate solution, Cu nitrate solution, and Co nitrate solution with water to make solution at appropriate molar ratio for Cu.sub.1Co.sub.1Mn.sub.1O.sub.4, according to formulation Cu.sub.xCo.sub.yMn.sub.3-x-yO.sub.4, in which X may take value of 0.01 to 1.0 and Y may take value of 0.01 to 1.0. Subsequently, Cu—Co—Mn solution may be impregnated to overcoat 106, then fired (calcined) at a temperature within a range of about 550° C. to about 800° C., preferably at about 700° C. for about 4 to 6 hours.

(39) Isothermal Steady State Sweep Test Procedure

(40) The isothermal steady state sweep test may be carried out employing a flow reactor at inlet temperature of about 450° C., and testing a gas stream at 11-point R-values from about 2.00 (rich condition) to about 0.80 (lean condition) to measure the CO, NO, and HC conversions.

(41) The space velocity (SV) in the isothermal steady state sweep test may be adjusted at about 40,000 h.sup.−1. The gas feed employed for the test may be a standard TWC gas composition, with variable O.sub.2 concentration in order to adjust R-value from rich condition to lean condition during testing. The standard TWC gas composition may include about 8,000 ppm of CO, about 400 ppm of C.sub.3H.sub.6, about 100 ppm of C.sub.3H.sub.8, about 1,000 ppm of NO.sub.x, about 2,000 ppm of H.sub.2, about 10% of CO.sub.2, and about 10% of H.sub.2O. The quantity of O.sub.2 in the gas mix may be varied to adjust Air/Fuel (A/F) ratio within the range of R-values to test the gas stream.

(42) The following examples are intended to illustrate the scope of the disclosure. It is to be understood that other procedures known to those skilled in the art may alternatively be used.

EXAMPLES

(43) In order to perform isothermal steady state sweep test, the following samples were prepared:

Example #1—ZPGM Catalyst System Type 1—Fuel Cut Aging Temperature of About 850° C.

(44) Example 1 samples were prepared by aging ZPGM catalyst system Type 1 under fuel gas composition at about 850° C. for about 20 hours.

Example #2—ZPGM Catalyst System Type 1—Fuel Cut Aging Temperature of About 900° C.

(45) Example 2 samples were prepared by aging ZPGM catalyst system Type 1 under fuel gas composition at about 900° C. for about 20 hours.

Example #3—ZPGM Catalyst System Type 2—Fuel Cut Aging Temperature of About 850° C.

(46) Example 3 samples were prepared by aging ZPGM catalyst system Type 2 under fuel gas composition at about 850° C. for about 20 hours.

Example #4—ZPGM Catalyst System Type 2—Fuel Cut Aging Temperature of About 900° C.

(47) Example 4 samples were prepared by aging ZPGM catalyst system Type 2 under fuel gas composition at about 900° C. for about 20 hours.

(48) FIG. 3 shows catalyst performance 300 and thermal stability of ZPGM catalyst type 1 which prepared according to example 1 and example 2, under isothermal steady state sweep condition, from about R-value=2.0 (rich condition) to about 0.80 (lean condition), at inlet temperature of about 450° C. and SV of about 40,000 h.sup.−1, according to an embodiment.

(49) In FIG. 3, NO conversion curve 302 for example 1 samples, and NO conversion curve 304 for example 2 samples show NO conversion results for ZPGM catalyst system Type 1 with different fuel cut aging temperatures.

(50) As may be observed in FIG. 3, results from isothermal steady state sweep test for example 1 samples, fuel cut aged at 850° C. for about 20 hours, reveal a significant high activity. NO conversion significantly decreased when aging temperature increased to 900° C., as may be observed in NO conversion curve 304 for example 2 samples. Example 1 samples exhibit higher level of NOx conversion compared to example 2 samples. For example, at an R-value of 1.05 (approximately stoichiometric condition), and at an R-value of 1.2 (rich condition), example 1 samples exhibit NOx conversion of about 43.2% and 95.6%, respectively; while example 2 samples exhibit NO conversion of about 7.4% and 7.9%, respectively. By considering CO conversion, the NO/CO cross over R-value, where NO and CO conversions are equal, for example 1 samples, takes place at the specific R-value of 1.2. Moreover, there was no NO/CO cross over observed for example 2 samples.

(51) Result of isothermal steady state sweep test show that ZPGM catalyst system Type 1 with Cu—Mn spinel as ZPGM composition, does not show thermal stability, as shown by significant decrease in NO conversion by increasing the aging temperature from 850° C. to 900° C. under fuel cut aging. This result shows ZPGM catalyst system Type 1 may shows great performance for under floor application of TWC, in which the desired aging temperature is around 850° C., however, does not show high thermal stability for catalyst position closer to engine.

(52) FIG. 4 shows catalyst performance 400 and thermal stability of ZPGM catalyst system Type 2, which prepared according to example 3 and example 4, under isothermal steady state sweep condition, from about R-value of about 2.0 (rich condition) to about 0.80 (lean condition), at inlet temperature of about 450° C. and SV of about 40,000 h.sup.−1, according to an embodiment.

(53) In FIG. 4, NO conversion curve 402 for example 3 samples, and NO conversion curve 404 for example 4 samples show NO conversion results for ZPGM catalyst system Type 2 with different fuel cut aging temperatures.

(54) As may be observed in FIG. 4, results from isothermal steady state sweep test for example 3 samples, fuel cut aged at 850° C. for about 20 hours, reveal a significant high activity, especially. NO conversion decreased when aging temperature increased to 900° C., as may be observed in NO conversion curve 404 for example 4 samples. Example 3 samples exhibit higher level of NOx conversion compared to example 4 samples. For example, at an R-value of 1.05 (approximately stoichiometric condition), and at an R-value of 1.2 (rich condition), example 3 samples exhibit NOx conversion of about 52.4% and 97.9%, respectively; while example 4 samples exhibit NO conversion of about 7.8% and 34%, respectively. By considering CO conversion, the NO/CO cross over R-value, where NO and CO conversions are equal, for example 3 samples, takes place at the specific R-value of 1.24. Moreover, the NO/CO cross over R-value, for example 4 samples, takes place at the specific R-value of 1.57.

(55) Result of isothermal steady state sweep test show that ZPGM catalyst system Type 2 with Cu—Co—Mn spinel as ZPGM composition exhibit high thermal stability as shown by high level of NOx conversion after fuel cut aging at 850° C. and retaining high level of NO conversion after fuel cut aging at 900° C. This result shows ZPGM catalyst system Type 2 may shows great performance for under floor application of TWC, in which the desired aging temperature is around 850° C., however, show better thermal stability for catalyst position closer to engine when compare to ZPGM catalyst system Type 1.

(56) Comparison of NO conversion and NO/CO cross over R-values for ZPGM catalyst system Type 1 and for ZPGM catalyst system Type 2 after fuel cut aging at temperature of 850° C. and 900° C. shows that there is an improvement on thermal stability by using Cu—Co—Mn spinel as ZPGM composition in impregnation layer 108. Therefore, addition of Co to Cu—Mn spinel provides improvement in performance of ZPGM catalyst, as well as improvement in thermal stability of the Cu_Mn spinel.

(57) Temperature Program Reduction Procedure

(58) Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) may be performed using Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4, and Cu.sub.1Co.sub.1Mn.sub.1O.sub.4 bulk powder in order to show improved thermal stability of Cu—Co—Mn spinel composition in comparison with Cu—Mn spinel composition. For this measurement about 0.1 g catalyst powder may be filled in a sample tube which may be positioned in a temperature controlled furnace of a Micromeritics AutoChemII measurement system. A thermocouple measures the temperature of the sample material. A 1% CO/He mixture may be flown through the sample tube and the composition of the gas mixture may be measured at the exit of the sample tube while the sample material may be annealed from room temperature to 1000° C. at a heating rate of about 10° C./min. If the material experiences a reduction reaction, CO is consumed from the gas mixture which may be detected and recorded in correlation with the sample temperature.

(59) FIG. 5 depicts CO-TPR responses 500 for Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 bulk powders. The individual TPR measurements, shown in FIGS. 5a, b, and c are stopped at pre-defined temperatures and the samples are exposed at these temperatures to a 1% CO/He flow for a pre-defined duration. A first sample was annealed in a 1% CO/He atmosphere from room temperature up to 550° C. (10° C./min) and hold at said temperature for about 3 min (FIG. 5a), a second sample was annealed up to 550° C. (10° C./min) and hold at said temperature for about 180 min (FIG. 5b) and, a third sample was annealed up to 880° C. (10° C./min) and hold at said temperature for about 90 min (FIG. 5c). First sample, second sample, and third sample were cooled to room temperature at a rate of 90° C./min. After removing the sample material from the sample tube, XRD measurements were performed.

(60) FIG. 5 shows that first sample (FIG. 5a), second sample (FIG. 5b), and third sample (FIG. 5c) develop a “low temperature” TPR feature between 200° C. to 220° C. In all three samples, the main reduction reaches to maximum at 320° C. developing a constant reduction rate indicated by the development of a broad plateau of the TPR signal. First sample (as shown in FIG. 5a) was removed from the reducing ambient before the reduction of the Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 material was completed as indicated by the observation that the TPR signal 502 did not return to the baseline. Second sample (as shown in FIG. 5b) was held at 550° C. for an extended duration of about 3 hours while exposing the material to the reducing ambient. In this case the TPR signal 504 returns to the baseline suggesting that the Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 bulk material is reduced and no additional oxygen is released from the catalyst material. The TPR signal 506 of third sample (as shown in FIG. 5c) returned to the baseline before the material was exposed to the reducing ambient for an extended duration at 880° C. indicating that the reduction of the Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 material is completed before reaching 880° C.

(61) In order to determine spinel phase stability during reduction process in Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel, XRD measurements of first sample, second sample, and third sample tested in CO-TPR measurement were performed.

(62) The XRD patterns are measured on a Rigaku® powder diffractometer (MiniFlex™) using Cu Ka radiation in the 2-theta range of 15-80° with a step size of 0.02° and a dwell time of 1 second. The tube voltage and current were set at 40 kV and 30 rnA, respectively. The resulting diffraction patterns are analyzed using the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) database and crystallite sizes may be calculated by means of the Scherrer equation as known in the art.

(63) FIG. 6 depicts XRD measurement 600 for first sample (as shown in FIG. 5a), after the TPR experiment (annealed up to 550° C. for about 3 min). As shown in FIG. 6 Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel, CuMnO.sub.2 oxide, metallic Cu, and MnO phases may be identified, as shown respectively by dashed lines 602, solid lines 604, long dashed lines 606, and dashed dotted lines 608. Therefore, confirming the formation of Cu shown by long dashed lines 606, and MnO shown by dashed dotted lines 608. FIG. 6 indicates that during the reduction process the Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel material, which may be employed to form ZPGM catalyst system Type 1, releases oxygen that leads formation of CuMnO.sub.2 as an intermediate reaction product.

(64) FIG. 7 depicts XRD measurements 700 for second sample (as shown in FIG. 5b), after the TPR experiment (annealed up to 550° C. for about 180 min), and third sample (as shown in FIG. 5c), after the TPR experiment (annealed up to 880° C. for about 90 min). FIG. 7 shows Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 is reduced to Cu, shown by solid lines 702, and MnO, shown by solid lines 704, identifying both Cu and MnO as final reduction products.

(65) The appearance of Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel between intermediate and final reaction products suggests that the Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel is stable being exposed to the reducing ambient until the reduction process is completed. The on-going reduction process decreases the amount of spinel in the catalyst powder until no more oxygen is released which is indicated by the return of the TPR signal to the baseline as the endpoint of said Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel reduction. The endpoint of reduction for Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 is determined either by temperature (860° C.) or by the reduction duration at a temperature above the temperature required to initiate a constant oxygen release of the Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel bulk material (>320° C.). Therefore, the endpoint temperature of reduction is used as a measure to determine the thermal stability of catalyst materials while being exposed to a reducing ambient. This result is consistent with thermal stability of ZPGM catalyst system Type 1 as shown in FIG. 3, indicating Cu—Mn spinel composition is stable after aging at 850° C. and does not show any stability when temperature of aging increased to 900° C.

(66) FIG. 8 shows CO-TPR responses 800 for Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 bulk powder (curve 802) that may be employed to form ZPGM catalyst system Type 1, and Cu.sub.1Co.sub.1Mn.sub.1O.sub.4 bulk powder (curve 804) that may be employed to form ZPGM catalyst system Type 2 (concentration curve 802). The measurement suggests that the reduction of Cu.sub.1Co.sub.1Mn.sub.1O.sub.4 starts at approx. 160° C. while reduction of Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 starts at approximately 210° C. Both materials develop a “low temperature” peak with a peak maximum between 200° C. to 220° C. This feature is most likely associated with surface oxygen states which are reduced at low temperatures. The main reduction peak reaches its maximum for Cu.sub.1Co.sub.1Mn.sub.1O.sub.4 at about 300° C. and for Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 at about 320° C. The peak maximum evolves into a plateau which can be understood under the assumption that all CO available in the reducing atmosphere is consumed for the reduction of catalyst bulk material. The reduction end temperature of each material was derived from the downward slope of the peak and the intersection with the baseline: Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 shows a reduction end point at approximately 860° C. while the reduction of Cu.sub.1Co.sub.1Mn.sub.1O.sub.4 is completed at approximately 1040° C. At this point Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 is most likely reduced to Cu(0) and MnO and, Cu.sub.1Co.sub.1Mn.sub.1O.sub.4 to Cu(0), Co(0) and Mn(II)O. The significant difference in reduction end temperature between both materials suggests that beyond a temperature of 860° C. and up to 1040° C. Cu.sub.1Co.sub.1Mn.sub.1O.sub.4 spinel is still releasing oxygen while Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 is entirely reduced. Therefore, results from TPR show that Cu.sub.1Co.sub.1Mn.sub.1O.sub.4 spinel exhibit superior stability at high temperatures in a reducing atmosphere compared to Cu.sub.1Mn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel material.

(67) Results from isothermal steady state sweep test of ZPGM catalyst system of Cu—Mn spinel and Cu—Co—Mn spinel composition at different fuel cut aging temperatures, shows significant improvement of Cu—Mn spinel as ZPGM composition for under floor position of TWC by adding Co as third element. The new composition with Cu—Co—Mn spinel structure shows significant thermal stability at high aging temperature which can be considered for catalyst position closer to engine. The temperature program reduction (TPR), and x-ray diffraction analyses (XRD) also confirmed higher thermal stability of Cu—Co—Mn spinel in comparison with Cu—Mn spinel, showing Cu—Co—Mn exhibit superior stability up to high temperatures as 1040° C. The thermal stability at temperature range of 1000° C. can be considered for three way catalyst with close couple position.