FUNCTIONAL PARTICLES, PRODUCTION PROCESS AND USES

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a process for obtaining and formulating functional silica particles and other materials with active ingredients/compounds for use in polymers, paints, mortars, ceramic, cement, textile, pharmaceutics, varnishes, paper, clays, cosmetics, sensors and effluents.

The present disclosure describes a functional particle for binding to a substrate comprising:

a granule comprising oxide or hydroxide of an element selected from the following list: silica, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, silver, aluminum, gold, titanium, or mixtures thereof having a size between 90 nm-500 nm;

a binder comprising silane-based compounds which binds the outer granule to the substrate;

a functional compound/active compound bound to the surface of the granule, to the binder, or to both;

wherein the functional compound is at least one of the following compounds: anti-mosquito/repellent/anti-insect, fungicide, antimicrobial/bactericide, antimycotic, anti-fire, UV protectors, larvicides, hydrophobics, vitaminics, moisturizers, cosmetics, drugs, mechanical properties, magnetic properties enhancement, or mixtures thereof.

Claims

1-22. (canceled)

23. A functional particle for binding to a substrate, comprising: 0.1-50% p/v of a granule comprising oxide or hydroxide of an element having a size between 90 nm-500 nm and being selected from the following group consisting of: silica, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, silver, aluminum, gold, titanium, and mixtures thereof 5-50% (p/v) of a binder comprising silane-based compounds that bind the outer granule to the substrate; and 40-80% (p/v) of a functional compound/active compound bound to the surface of the granule, to the binder, or to both; wherein the functional compound/active compound comprises at least one of the following compounds: anti-mosquito/repellent/anti-insects, fungicide, antimicrobial/bactericide, antimycotic, anti-fire, UV protectors, larvicides, hydrophobics, vitaminics, moisturizers, cosmetics, drugs, and mixtures thereof. wherein the particle size ranges is between 120 nm-250 nm.

24. The particle according to claim 23, comprising: 20%-50% (w/v) of a binder; 50-80% (w/v) of an active compound/functional compound; 0.1%-20% (w/v) of a granule comprising oxide or hydroxide of an element having a size between 90 nm-500 nm and being selected from the following the group consisting of: silica, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, silver, aluminum, gold, titanium. and mixtures thereof.

25. The particle according to claim 23, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of: (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane, octyltriethoxysilane, octyltrimeth-oxysilane, propyltriethoxysilane, propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, organofunctional oligosiloxane reactive in water, fluoroalilfunctional oligosiloxane, 3-glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-methyl-diethoxysilane, 3-[diethoxy(methyl)silyl]propan-1-amine, 3-glycidyloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3 -glycidyloxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, and mixtures thereof.

26. The particle according to claim 23, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of: (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane, octyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, organofunctional oligosiloxane reactive in water, fluoroalilfunctional oligosiloxane, 3-aminopropyl-methyl-diethoxysilane, 3-[diethoxy(methyl)silyl]propan-1-amine, 3-glycidyloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidyloxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, and mixtures thereof.

27. The particle according to claim 23, wherein the functional compound/active compound comprises the repellant and wherein the repellant is selected from the group consisting of: ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate, permethrin, deltamethrin, p-3,8metano-diol, icaridin/saltidin, N,N-dimethyl-meta-toluamide, citronella oil, methylneodecanamide, fipronil, empenthrin, d-allethrin, piperonyl butoxide, transfluthrin, prallethrin, biphenothrin, pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid, brodifacoum, tetramethrin, bmidaclopride, bromadiolone, bumatetralyl, blocumafene, bipermethrin, citriodiol, and mixtures thereof.

28. The particle according to claim 23, wherein the functional compound/active compound comprises the fungicide and wherein the fungicide is selected from the group consisting of: celery oil, chlorhexidine gluconate, benzalkonium chloride, zinc oxide, tea tree oil, octylisothiazolinone, di-n-decyldimethylammoniumchloride, phenoxyethanol, benzimidazole, and mixtures thereof.

29. The particle according to claim 23, wherein the functional compound/active compound comprises the antimicrobial and wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of: benzoyl peroxide, celery oil, chlorhexidine gluconate, benzalkonium chloride, zinc oxide, tea tree oil, ortho phenyl phenol, 2-benzyl-4 -chlorophenol, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, silver nitrate, zinc nitrate, copper nitrate, octylisothiazolinone, di-n-decyldimethylammoniumchloride, phenoxyethanol, chitosan, and mixtures thereof.

30. The particle according to claim 23, wherein the functional compound/active compound comprises the antimycotic and wherein the antimycotic is selected from the group consisting of: ketoconazole, terbinafine, sertaconazole, clotrinazol, fluconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, nystatin, celery oil, chlorhexidine gluconate, benzalkonium chloride, octylisothiazolinone, di-n-decyldimethylammoniumchloride, and mixtures thereof.

31. The particle according to claim 23, wherein the functional compound/active compound comprises the anti-fire and wherein the anti-fire is selected from the group consisting of: zinc borate, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, boric acid, aluminum polyphosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, and mixtures thereof.

32. The particle according to claim 23, wherein the functional compound/active compound comprises the UV protector and the wherein the UV protector is selected from the group consisting of: 1H-Benzotriazole, drometrizole trisiloxane, p-aminobenzoic acid, cinoxate, dioxybenzone, homosalate, octocrylene, octyl methoxycinnamate, avobenzone, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, benzophenone-9, bemotrizinole, and mixtures thereof.

33. The particle according to claim 23, wherein the functional compound/active compound comprises a drug and wherein the drug is selected from the group consisting of: ivermectin, diclofenac, indomethacin, piroxicam, naproxen, allantoin, caffeine, hyaluronic acid, salicylic acid, piketoprofen, ammonium lactate, and mixtures thereof.

34. The particle according to claim 23, wherein the functional compound/active compound comprises the larvicide and the preceding claims wherein the larvicide is selected from the group consisting of: Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, temephos, diflubenzuron, novaluron, pyriproxyfen, diflubenzuron, methoprene, and mixtures thereof.

35. The particle according to claim 23, further comprising vitamins, moisturizers, cosmetics, essential oils, or mixtures thereof

36. A composition comprising functional particles configured to bind to a substrate, the particles comprising: 0.1-50% p/v of a granule comprising oxide or hydroxide of an element having a size between 90 nm-500 nm and being selected from the following group consisting of: silica, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, silver, aluminum, gold, titanium, and mixtures thereof; 5-50% (p/v) of a binder comprising silane-based compounds that bind the outer granule to the substrate; and 40-80% (p/v) of a functional compound/active compound bound to the surface of the granule, to the binder, or to both; wherein the functional compound/active compound comprises at least one of the following compounds: anti-mosquito/repellent/anti-insects, fungicide, antimicrobial/bactericide, antimycotic, anti-fire, UV protectors, larvicides, hydrophobics, vitaminics, moisturizers, cosmetics, drugs, and mixtures thereof. wherein the particle size ranges is between 120 nm-250 nm.

37. The composition according to claim 36, further comprising a softener, a dispersant, solvent, or mixtures thereof.

38. A method for the treatment of skin infections including dermatitis, wounds, ulcers, namely diabetic foot, comprising applying a composition comprising the functional particles of claim 36.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0053] For an easier understanding of the solution, drawings are herein attached, which represent preferred embodiments of the disclosure and which, however, are not intended to limit the scope of the present application.

[0054] FIG. 1: Representation of mosquito repellent silica particles in ceramic substrate.

[0055] FIG. 2: Representation of bactericide silica particles in textile substrate.

[0056] FIG. 3: Representation of aluminum particles in cement substrate.

[0057] FIG. 4: Representation of mite repellent silica particles in textile substrate.

[0058] FIG. 5: Representation of oxide particles in paper.

[0059] FIG. 6: Representation of dermatitis treatment with the application of the particles from example in Table III bactericidal in diapers; wherein Figure A represents the patient's skin after using conventional diapers and drugs, Figure B represents the patient's skin after using diapers with the particles described in Table III for 10 days; arid Figure C represents the patient's skin after using the diapers with the particles described in Table III for 20.

[0060] FIG. 7: Representation of ulcer treatment in diabetic foot with the application of the particles from example in Table III in conventional socks; wherein Figure A represents the patient's foot with the use of conventional socks and drugs, Figure B is represents the patient's skin after using socks with particles described in Table III for 1 month.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0061] The present disclosure relates to the process for obtaining functional particles with active ingredients and applications thereof in the textile field (as bactericidal, fungicidal, anti-odor, repellent, anti-mosquito, antimycotic, anti-fire, vitamins, moisturizers, pH control, absorbent, hydrophobic and drugs carrier), agricultural network (anti-insect). The present disclosure can also be used in mortars, cements, paints, varnishes, floors, pools (as a fungicide, repellant, larvicide, hydrophobic, for tensile strength and better frame connection), polymers (such as bactericidal, biodegradability, UV protection, gas impermeability, gas permeability, electrical conductivity, anti-fire, hydrophobic). Additionally it can be used for wastewater treatment, in pharmaceutical industry for drug delivery, paper (as bactericidal, fungicidal, anti-odor, repellent, antimycotic, anti-fire, hydrophobic, magnetic) and electronics.

[0062] The present disclosure can be used to functionalize the most varied materials in a simple application method with great efficiency and durability.

[0063] In an embodiment, the process for obtaining the 40 nm to 700 nm particles comprises the following steps: [0064] a) Dissolving in 40 mL water 2 g-60 g, more preferably 6-30 g pentahydrate sodium metasilicate or nitrate of the elements selected from the following list (eg. calcium, iron, copper, silver, zinc, aluminum, gold, titanium, silica and mixtures thereof) or sulfate of elements selected from the following list (eg., magnesium, calcium, iron, copper, silver, zinc, aluminum, titanium, silica and mixtures thereof) or chloride of elements selected from the following list (eg. silver, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, aluminum, gold, titanium, silica and mixtures thereof) under stirring; [0065] b) Optionally adding, under stirring for 1-30 minutes, 0.1 g-10 g surfactant from the following list: Triton™ X100, Twenn® 20, 40, 60 and 80, polyether, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene oxide-co-polypropylene oxide (PPO), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly(vinyl pyrrolidinone) (PVP), bromide cetrimonium, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or mixtures thereof to the mixture resulting from step (a). [0066] c) Adding 1-100 mL of active ingredient/functional compound or mixture of active ingredients/functional compounds, preferably able to be diluted with water, alcohols or solvents; even more preferably, in order to improve the bonding among the particles and active ingredient, 1-200 mL silane is added selected from the following group: (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, octyltriethoxysilane, octyltrimethoxysilane, propyltriethoxysilane, propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, HYDROSIL 2909, HYDROSIL 2627, 3-glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilane, Dynasylan F 8815, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, Dynasylan® HYDROSIL 2926, 3-aminopropyl-methyl-diethoxysilane, 3-[diethoxy(methyl)silyl]propan-1-amine, 3-glycidyloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidyloxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane or mixtures thereof. [0067] d) Adding an alkaline solution (eg, sodium phosphate, ammonia, sodium hydroxide among other salts) for precipitating the above solution under stirring for 30 minutes to 1.5 hours but preferably 50-80 minutes, preferably a solution with 20 mL water with 1 g to 100 g ammonium chloride.

[0068] In an embodiment, the obtention process can be performed only with steps a) and d) obtaining particles for mixing with binders and active ingredients.

[0069] In some cases, depending on the application, the particles can be dried or filtered.

[0070] In the present disclosure the active ingredient can be selected from the following group: [0071] repellents such as ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate, permethrin, deltamethrin, p-3,8metano-diol, icaridin/saltidin, N,N-dimethyl-meta-toluamide (DEFT), citronella oil, methylneodecanamide, fipronil, empenthrin, d-allethrin, piperonyl butoxide, transfluthrin, prallethrin, biphenothrin, pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid, brodifacoum, tetramethrin, bmidaclopride, bromadiolone, bumatetralyl, blocumafene, bipermethrin, citriodiol or mixtures thereof; [0072] fungicides such as celery oil, chlorhexidine gluconate, benzalkonium chloride, zinc oxide, tea tree oil, octylisothiazolinone, di-n-decyldimethylammoniumchloride, phenoxyethanol, benzimidazole or mixtures thereof; [0073] antimicrobial, such as benzoyl peroxide, celery oil, chlorhexidine gluconate, benzalkonium chloride, zinc oxide, tea tree oil, ortho phenyl phenol, 2-benzy-4-chlorophenol, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, silver nitrate, zinc nitrate, copper nitrate, octylisothiazolinone, di-n-decyldimethylammoniumchoride, phenoxyethanol, chitosan or mixtures thereof; [0074] antimycotics such as ketoconazole, terbinafine, sertaconazole, clotrinazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, nystatin, celery oil, chlorhexidine gluconate, benzalkonium chloride, octylisothiazolinone, di-n-decyldimethylammoniumchloride or mixtures thereof; [0075] anti-fire such as zinc borate, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, boric acid, aluminum polyphosphate, ammonium polyphosphate or mixtures thereof; vitamins, moisturizers, dies; [0076] UV protectors such as 1H-Benzotriazole, drometrizole trisiloxane, p-aminobenzoic acid, cinoxate, dioxybenzone, homosalate, octocrylene, octyl methoxycinnamate, avobenzone, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, benzophenone-9, bemotrizinole, or mixtures thereof; [0077] flavorings, essential oils such as celery, mint, orange, apple, green tea, aloe vera, eucalyptus, lavender, lemon, DL-menthol, or mixtures thereof; drugs such as ivermectin, diclofenac, indomethacin, piroxicam, naproxen, allantoin, caffeine, hyaluronic acid, salicylic acid, hydrogen, piketoprofen, ammonium lactate, or mixtures thereof; [0078] larvicides such as Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, temephos, diflubenzuron, novaluron, pyriproxyfen, diflubenzuron, methoprene or mixtures thereof; [0079] anti-insects such as methylneodecanamide, fipronil, empenthrin, d-allethrin, piperonyl butoxide, transfluthrin, prallethrin, cyphenothrin, pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid, brodifacoum, tetramethrin, imidacloprid, bromadiolone, coumatetralyl, flocournafen, or mixtures thereof;

[0080] These active ingredients can be mixed in active ingredient/binder group ratios (w/v) of 10/90 or 20/80 or 30/70 or 40/60 or 50/50 or 60/40 or 70/30 or 80/20 or 90/10, and this concentrate can also be diluted in solvents, for example, in water or alcohols w/v at 10/90 or 20/80 or 30/70 or 40/60 or 50/50 or 60/40 or 70/30 or 80/20 or 90/10.

[0081] The functionalized particles and/or compositions described can be sprayed onto the surfaces of various materials.

[0082] The functionalized particles and/or compositions described can this solution be further mixed with paints, mortars, cements, textiles, pharmaceuticals, varnishes, electronics, polymers, sensors, civil construction, laminates, paper, paper pulp, diapers, swabs, sanitary towels, detergents, among others.

[0083] Effect of application of the particles described in the present disclosure for several applications, add 1% to 50% w/v.

[0084] Table I—Shows tests conducted with Aedis Egypti mosquitos using the particles herein described, namely with silica octyltriethoxysilane/ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate:

TABLE-US-00001 Sample % Repellency Textile without particles  0% Textile with particles described, 0 washings 100% Textile with particles described, 50 washings  91% Textile with particles described, 80 washings  84% Textile with particles described, 100 washings  75%

[0085] Table II—Shows tests conducted with Aedis Egypti mosquitos using the particles herein described, namely with silica/3-aminopropyltriethoxysilanelethyl butylacetylaminopropionate:

TABLE-US-00002 Sample % Repellency Paint with no particles described    0% Paint with particles described 99.99%

[0086] Table III—Shows tests performed with Staphylococcus aureus in diapers and socks using the particles herein described, particularly with silica/organofunctional siloxane oligomer reactive in water/benzalkonium chloride (see effect in FIGS. 6/7); in these cases, particles were applied by spraying (spray) in conventional diapers and socks:

TABLE-US-00003 Sample % Effectiveness Textile without particles  0% Textile with particles described, 20 washings 91% Textile with particles described, 50 washings 70%

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE IV Tests conducted with Staphylococcus aureus using the particles herein described, in particular silica/organofunctional siloxane oligomer reactive in water/chlorhexidine gluconate/benzalkonium chloride: Sample % Effectiveness Paint with no particles described    0% Paint with particles described 99.99%

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE V Tests conducted with Aspergilius niger using the particles herein described in conventional diapers and conventional socks, in particular silica/organofunctional siloxane oligomer reactive in water/chlorhexidine gluconate/benzalkonium chloride (see effect in FIGS. 6/7): Sample % Effectiveness Paint with no particles described    0% Paint with particles described 99.99%

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE VI Tests conducted with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus mite using the particles herein described in particular silica/octyltriethoxysilane/Ethyl Butylacetylaminopropionate: Sample % Repellency Textile without particles    0% Textile with particles described 92.25%

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE VII Tests conducted with Dermatophagoides farinae mite using the particles herein described in particular silica/octyltriethoxysilane/Ethyl Butylacetylaminopropionate: Sample % Repellency Textile without particles   0% Textile with particles described 85.8%

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE VIII Tests conducted with Staphylococcus aureus using the particles herein described, in particular silica/organofunctional siloxane oligomer reactive in water/benzalkonium chloride: Sample % Effectiveness Paper with no particles described    0% Paper with particles described 99.99%

[0087] Despite several washes which the material is subjected to, it has been found that functionality is maintained after such several washes, these properties being due to the structure of the particles, obtention process, composition and obtention method thereof.

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLES

Example 1

Silica Particles

[0088] 1g to 20 g pentahydrate sodium metasilicate is added to 40 mL water and dissolved so as to obtain an emulsion.

[0089] For the precipitation of the emulation, a 20 mL water side solution is added and 1 g to 50 g ammonium chloride, then the above solution is added and left under stirring for 5 minutes to 120 minutes.

Example 2

Synthesis of Zinc Hydroxide Particles

[0090] In 40 mL water 1 g to 200 g zinc nitrate or zinc sulfate is dissolved and stirred to complete dissolution.

[0091] Then, 0.1 g to 5 g Triton X100 is added and stirred for 1 to 30 minutes.

[0092] For the precipitation of the emulation, a 20 mL water side solution is prepared and 1 g to 50 g ammonium chloride or 5 mL to 100 mL 50% NaOH is added, then the previous solution is added and left under stirring for 5 minutes to 120 minutes.

Example 3

Synthesis of Silica Particles With Other Materials

[0093] 1 g to 20 g pentahydrate sodium metasilicate is added to 40 mL water and dissolved.

[0094] Then the above solution is added with a 10 mL to 100 mL water solution with 1 g to 100 g nitrate of elements selected from the following list (eg. magnesium, calcium, iron, copper, silver, zinc, aluminum, gold, titanium, and mixtures thereof) or sulfate of elements selected from the following list (e.g., magnesium, calcium, iron, copper, silver, zinc, aluminum, titanium, and mixtures thereof) or chloride of elements selected from the following list (e.g. silver, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, aluminum, gold, titanium, and mixtures thereof).

[0095] For the precipitation of the emulation, a 20 mL water side solution is prepared and 1 g to 50 g ammonium chloride or 5 mL to 100 mL 50% NaOH is added, then the previous solution is added and left under stirring for 5 minutes to 120 minutes.

Example 4

Synthesis of Antimycotic Silica Particles

[0096] 1 g to 20 g pentahydrate sodium metasilicate is added to 40 mL water and dissolved.

[0097] Then the above solution 1 to 100 g ketoconazole and 1 to 10 mL (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane is added.

[0098] For the precipitation of the emulation, a 20 mL water side solution is prepared and 1 g to 50 g ammonium chloride is added and the previous solution is added and left under stirring for 5 minutes to 120 minutes.

Example 5

Active Ingredient

[0099] (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysiiane, octyltriethoxysilane, octyltrimeth-oxysilane, propyltriethoxysilane, propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, HYDROSIL 2909, HYDROSIL 2627, (3-glycidyloxy)propyltriethoxysilane, Dynasyian F 8815, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, Dynasylan® HYDROSIL 2926, 3-aminopropyl-methyl-diethoxysilane, 3-[diethoxy(methyl)silyl]propan-1-amine, 3-Glycidyloxypropyl-methyldimethoxysilane, 3-Glycidyloxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane or mixtures thereof with Ethyl Butylacetylaminopropionate, among other active ingredients are mixed in a w/v ratio ranging 10/90 or 20/80 or 30/70 or 40/60 or 50/50 or 60/40 or 70/30 or 80/20 or 90/10, the concentrate can also be diluted in water, alcohols or solvents at a w/v ratio ranging 10/90 or 20/80 or 30/70 or 40/60 or 50/50 or 60/40 or 70/30 or 80/20 or 90/10.

[0100] All these Examples can be Applied:

[0101] The application of these particles can be applied by spraying or dipping or aditivation.

[0102] Dispersing or dry mixture with polymers, paints, mortars, cements, paper, paper pulp, detergents, textile, varnishes, ceramics, cosmetics, electronics, sensors, glass, civil construction, laminates, diapers, sanitary towels, swabs, medical devices, pharmaceutical articles, among others.

[0103] Example Application in Textile Stretching, Tumbler or Washing Machine:

[0104] Amount in examples 1,2,3,4,5: from 1 g/L to 200 g/L

[0105] Binder: 1 g/L to 300 g/L (e.g. ((3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, octyltriethoxysilane, octyltrimethoxysilane, propyltriethoxysilane, propyltrimethoxysilane, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, HYDROSIL 2909, HYDROSIL 2627, 3-glycidyloxypropyitriethoxysilane, Dynasylan F 8815, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, Dynasylan® HYDROSIL 2926, 3-aminopropyl-methyl-diethoxysilane, 3-[diethoxy(methyl)silyl]propan-1-amine, 3-glycidyloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidyloxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane or mixtures thereof).

[0106] Drying is carried out between 20° C. to 200° C.

Application Example in Paints and Varnishes:

[0107] Amount in examples 1,2,3,4,5: between 1 g/L to 300 g/L, mix and apply paint or varnish.

[0108] The embodiments described above are combinable.

[0109] The present disclosure is of course in no way restricted to the embodiments herein described and a person of ordinary skill in the art will be able to provide many modification possibilities thereto and substitutions of technical features for equivalents, according to requirements in each situation, as defined in the claims.

[0110] The following claims further define preferred embodiments.