METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR TREATING A PRODUCT

Abstract

A vessel having an opening for receiving the product and walls surrounding the vessel at all sides except the opening. The interior of the vessel is filled with a fluid having a specific gravity lower than a specific gravity of a medium surrounding the walls outside the vessel. While the vessel is oriented with the opening facing downwards, the vessel and/or product is/are conveyed to ensure that the product enters the interior through the opening.

Claims

1. A method of treating a product, comprising: providing a vessel having an opening sized for receiving said product and walls surrounding said vessel at all sides except said opening, wherein an interior of said vessel is filled with a fluid having a specific gravity lower than a specific gravity of a medium surrounding said walls outside said vessel; and while said vessel is oriented with said opening facing downwards, conveying said vessel and/or said product to ensure that said product enters said interior through said opening.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said fluid is at a temperature higher than a temperature outside said vessel.

3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising heating said fluid before said product is introduced into said vessel.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein said heating is while said opening is facing downwards.

5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising heating said fluid while said product is in said vessel.

6. (canceled)

7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising while said vessel is oriented with said opening facing downwards, conveying said vessel and/or said product to ensure that said product exits said interior through said opening.

8. (canceled)

9. A system for heating a product, comprising: a vessel having an opening sized for receiving said product and walls surrounding said vessel at all sides except said opening, wherein an interior of said vessel is filled with a fluid; a heating device configured for heating said fluid to a temperature higher than a temperature outside said vessel; and a conveyor configured for conveying said vessel and/or said product to ensure that said product enters said interior through said opening, while said vessel is oriented with said opening facing downwards.

10. The system according to claim 9, wherein said conveyor is also configured for conveying said vessel and/or said product to ensure that said product exits said interior through said opening, while said vessel is still oriented with said opening facing downwards.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein said vessel is static and said product is moved upwards into said interior.

12. The system according to claim 9, wherein said vessel is static and said product is moved upwards into said interior.

13. The method according to claim 1, wherein said product is static and said vessel is moved downwards to cover said product.

14. The system according to claim 9, wherein said product is static and said vessel is moved downwards to cover said product.

15. The method according to claim 1, wherein said fluid is gas.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein said product is immersed in liquid.

17. The method according to claim 1, wherein said product is immersed in liquid and said fluid is also liquid.

18. A method of treating a product, comprising: providing a vessel having an opening sized for receiving said product and walls surrounding said vessel at all sides except said opening, wherein an interior of said vessel is filled with a fluid having a specific gravity higher than a specific gravity of a medium surrounding said walls outside said vessel; while said vessel is oriented with said opening facing upwards, conveying said vessel and/or said product to ensure that said product enters said interior through said opening, and to maintain a relative motion between said product and said vessel at least throughout the presence of said product is in said vessel; and conveying said vessel and/or said product to ensure that said product exits said interior through said opening.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein said fluid is at a temperature lower than a temperature outside said vessel.

20. The method according claim 18, further comprising cooling said fluid before said product is introduced into said vessel or while said product is in said vessel.

21-22. (canceled)

23. The method according to claim 18, further comprising while said vessel is oriented with said opening facing upwards, conveying said vessel and/or said product to ensure that said product exits said interior through said opening.

24. A system for cooling a product, comprising: a vessel having an opening sized for receiving said product and walls surrounding said vessel at all sides except said opening, wherein an interior of said vessel is filled with a fluid; a cooling device configured for cooling said fluid to a temperature lower than a temperature outside said vessel; and a conveyor configured for conveying said vessel and/or said product to ensure that said product enters said interior through said opening, while said vessel is oriented with said opening facing upwards, and to maintain a relative motion between said product and said vessel at least throughout the presence of said product is in said vessel.

25. The system according to claim 24, wherein said conveyor is also configured for conveying said vessel and/or said product to ensure that said product exits said interior through said opening, while said vessel is still oriented with said opening facing upwards.

26. The system according to claim 24, further comprising: an additional vessel having an opening for receiving said product and walls surrounding said vessel at all sides except said opening, wherein an interior of said vessel is filled with a fluid; and a heating device configured for heating said fluid to a temperature higher than a temperature outside said vessel; wherein said a conveyor is also configured for conveying said vessel and/or said product to ensure that said product enters said interior through said opening, while said vessel is oriented with said opening facing downwards.

27. The system according to claim 25, further comprising: an additional vessel having an opening for receiving said product and walls surrounding said vessel at all sides except said opening, wherein an interior of said vessel is filled with a fluid; and a heating device configured for heating said fluid to a temperature higher than a temperature outside said vessel; wherein said a conveyor is also configured for conveying said vessel and/or said product to ensure that said product enters said interior through said opening, while said vessel is oriented with said opening facing downwards.

28. The method according to claim 18, wherein said vessel is static and said product is moved downwards into said interior.

29. The method according to claim 18, wherein said product is static and said vessel is moved upwards to cover said product.

30-35. (canceled)

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0041] Some embodiments of the invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced.

[0042] In the drawings:

[0043] FIG. 1 is a flowchart diagram of a method suitable for treating a product, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0044] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a system suitable for heating a product, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0045] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a system suitable for heating a product, in embodiments of the invention in which a product to be heated is static;

[0046] FIG. 4 is a flowchart diagram of a method suitable for cooling a product, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0047] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a system suitable for cooling a product, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0048] FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a system suitable for cooling a product, in embodiments of the invention in which a product to be heated is static;

[0049] FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a system suitable for cooling and heating a product, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0050] The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to product treatment and, more particularly, but not exclusively, to method and system for thermal treatment of products, such as, but not limited to, agricultural products.

[0051] Conventional techniques for thermal treatment of products employ ovens with side openings through which the products are conveyed into and out of the oven. The present inventors found that through such openings there is a significant loss of energy. Other techniques employ washing and/or steaming protocols in which heated water is sprayed on the products while they are conveyed through a washing and/or steaming apparatus and drained out. It was found by the present inventors that this technique requires a considerable amount of energy. Even if the hot water is recycled, it loses a significant amount of energy to the environment and the treatment is not energy-efficient.

[0052] The present Inventors have therefore devised a technique for applying thermal treatment that is more energetically efficient than the above techniques.

[0053] Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components and/or methods set forth in the following description and/or illustrated in the drawings and/or the Examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

[0054] Several embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to flowchart diagrams. It is to be understood that, unless otherwise defined, the method operations described hereinbelow can be executed either contemporaneously or sequentially in many combinations or orders of execution. Specifically, the ordering of the flowchart diagrams is not to be considered as limiting. For example, two or more operations, appearing in the following description or in the flowchart diagrams in a particular order, can be executed in a different order (e.g., a reverse order) or substantially contemporaneously. Additionally, several operations described below are optional and may not be executed.

[0055] Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a flowchart diagram of a method suitable for treating (optionally and preferably heating) a product, according to some embodiments of the present invention. The product is optionally and preferably an agricultural product, such as, but not limited to, as a whole-plant, a part of a plant, an isolated fruit, an isolated vegetable, an isolated flower and a seed. The product can also be a food product or industrial product (e.g., a textile product, a pharmaceutical product, an industrial food product, a leather product) or any other type of product that requires heating.

[0056] The method begins at 10 and continues to 11 at which a vessel is provided. The vessel optionally and preferably has an opening that is sized for receiving the product and walls surrounding the vessel at all sides except at the opening. The interior of the vessel is filled with a fluid (gas or liquid). At 12 a product is selected. Typically, but not necessarily, the product is one of a collection of products to which thermal treatment is to be applied.

[0057] The specific gravity of the fluid in the vessel is preferably lower than the specific gravity of the medium surrounding the walls of the vessel outside the vessel. For example, the fluid in the vessel can be at a temperature that is higher than the temperature outside vessel. Alternatively or additionally, the method can optionally and preferably heat the fluid in the vessel at 13. Preferably, the fluid is heated while the opening is facing downwards. This is energetically advantageous because the heated fluid moves upwards, so that when the opening is facing downwards, the heated fluid moves away from the opening into the vessel and is therefore trapped within the vessel. The fluid can be different from the fluid of the environment surrounding the vessel. For example, when the fluid of the environment surrounding the vessel is air, the fluid in the vessel can be water vapor. Another example is when the fluid of the environment surrounding the vessel is liquid, and the fluid in the vessel is gas.

[0058] As used herein “downwards” and “upwards” are directions that are generally (e.g., with deviation of 10° or less) parallel and anti-parallel to the direction of the terrestrial gravitational force, respectively.

[0059] The method optionally and preferably continues to 14 at which the vessel and/or product is conveyed to ensure that the product enters the interior of the vessel through the opening, while the vessel is oriented with the opening facing downwards. Maintaining the orientation such that the opening is facing down is advantageous because it reduces loss of heat to the environment. Specifically, when the opening is facing downwards, fluid having a temperature that is higher than the environment is prevented from exiting the vessel through the opening.

[0060] Operation 14 can be executed manually, or, more preferably using an automatic conveyor, as further detailed hereinbelow. The product can enter the vessel while being static, in which case the vessel is moved downwards to cover the product. These embodiments are particularly useful when it is difficult to convey the product itself, for example, when the product is heavier than the vessel, or when the product is connected to the ground (e.g., a tree having roots in the ground) or to any other non-movable support. Alternatively, the vessel can be static, in which case the product is moved upwards into the interior of the vessel. These embodiments are particularly useful when the product is movable, for example, when the product is not connected to a non-movable support (e.g., a whole plant grown in a movable pot, or a part of a plant). Also contemplated, are embodiments in which both the vessel and the product are conveyed towards each other.

[0061] While the product is in contact with the fluid in the interior of the vessel, the product absorbs heat from the fluid. This is because its temperature is lower than that of the fluid. As a result, the fluid may cools. In some embodiments, the heating 13 is continued while the product is in the vessel, to compensate for the fluid heat loss. Alternatively, heating 13 may be applied only after the product has entered the vessel, in which case 14 precedes 13.

[0062] The method optionally and preferably continues to 15 at which the vessel and/or product is conveyed to ensure that the product exits the interior of the vessel through the opening, while the vessel is oriented with the opening facing downwards. Operations 15 and 14 are preferably executed using the same technique. Specifically, when the vessel is static at 14 it is also static at 15, and when the product is static at 14 it is also static at 15.

[0063] From 15 the method can optionally and preferably loop back to 12 for selecting another product from the collection and applying thermal treatment thereto by executing one or more of operations 13 to 15.

[0064] The method ends at 16.

[0065] Reference is now made to FIG. 2 which is a schematic illustration of a system 20 suitable for heating a product, according to some embodiments of the present invention. System 20 is useful, for example, for executing method 10.

[0066] System 20 comprises a vessel 22 having an opening 24, the size of which being sufficiently large for receiving a product 26. Vessel 22 has walls 28 surrounding vessel 22 at all sides except at opening 24. The interior 30 of vessel 22 is filled with a fluid 32. Fluid 32 can be gas (e.g., air, oxygen, helium) or liquid (e.g., water, aqueous solution, oil). Preferably, the fluid is selected so as not to damage product 26.

[0067] Embodiments in which fluid 32 is liquid are useful in a liquid environment, wherein product 26 is immersed in liquid. In these embodiments, at least opening 24 of vessel 22 is also immersed in the liquid of the environment so that product 26 remains submerged under the liquid surface of the environment during the entire thermal treatment process. Embodiments in which fluid 32 is gas are useful both in liquid environments and in gaseous environments.

[0068] In some embodiments of the present invention system 20 comprises a heating device 34 configured for heating fluid 32 to a temperature that is higher than a temperature outside the vessel. Heating device 34 can be of any type, including, without limitation, a flame based heating device, a resistive heating device (e.g., a filament resistor, a power resistor, a coil), a radiative heating device (e.g., a light source that directs radiation to fluid 32 at a wavelength that heats the material, for example, the light source can apply infrared radiation). Optionally, system 20 also comprises a temperature sensor 36 positioned inside vessel 22 for measuring the temperature of fluid 32 and transmitting the measured temperature to a user interface 38 and/or a controller 46.

[0069] System 20 can further comprise a conveyor 40 configured for conveying vessel 22 and/or product 26 to ensure that product 26 enters interior 30 through opening 24, while vessel 22 is oriented with opening facing downwards. In the schematic illustration of FIG. 2, which is not to be considered as limiting, conveyor 36 is illustrated as a belt or chain conveyor, having a head pulley 42, a tail pulley 44 and a belt or chain 43. Rotational motion of pulleys 42 and 44 results in a motion of belt or chain 43 inside and outside interior 30. However, this need not necessarily be the case since the present embodiments contemplate any other type of conveyor, such as, but not limited to, a roller conveyor, a chain conveyor, a telescopic arm, a robotic arm and the like. A representative example of a conveyor based on a telescopic arm is illustrated in FIG. 3 described below.

[0070] Conveyor 40 can be controlled by a controller 46 that is optionally operated by user interface 38. Controller 46 can also control (for example, activate and deactivate) heating device 34. For example, controller 46 can synchronize activation and deactivation of heating device 34 with the operation of conveyor 40. In some embodiments of the present invention system 20 also comprises a sensor 48 that senses the presence or absence of product 26 in the interior 30 of vessel 22 and transmits signal pertaining to this presence or absence to user interface and/or controller 46. Sensor 48 can be, for example, a proximity sensor (e.g., optical proximity sensor), a motion sensor (e.g., optical motion sensor) or the like. Controller 46 can receives the signals from sensor 48 and activate and deactivate heating device 34 responsively to the existence or absence of product 26 in the interior 30 of vessel 22.

[0071] While FIG. 2 illustrates system 20 in a configuration in which product 26 moves upwards into vessel 22, this need not necessarily be the case since in some embodiments product 26 is static and conveyor 40 is configured to move vessel 22 downwards. A representative illustration of such configuration is shown in FIG. 3. Shown in FIG. 3 is a collection 56 of products 26 (illustrated as a tree line in the present example). Conveyor 40 is illustrated as a telescopic arm 50 mounted on a rail 52, wherein vessel 22 is mounted on arm 50. Arm 50 is configured to move horizontally 54 along rail 52, and also to retract and extend vertically 58. In response to signals from controller 46, arm 50 moves horizontally above collection 56, preferably while arm 50 is in its retracted state. When vessel 22 is above a particular product 26 in collection 56, arm 50 ceases the horizontal motion and begin to extend until product 26 or a portion thereof (the foliage of the tree in the present example) is within the interior 30 of vessel 22.

[0072] FIG. 4 is a flowchart diagram of a method suitable for cooling a product, according to some embodiments of the present invention. The product can be of any type that requires cooling. Optionally, the product is an agricultural product, as further detailed hereinabove. The product can also be a food product or industrial product as further detailed hereinabove.

[0073] The method begins at 60 and continues to 61 at which a vessel is provided. The vessel can contain a fluid therein. The vessel can be similar to the vessel described above with respect to method 10 and system 20. At 62 a product is selected. Typically, but not necessarily, the product is one of a collection of products to which thermal treatment is to be applied.

[0074] Unlike method 10 above, the specific gravity of the fluid in the vessel is preferably higher than the specific gravity of the medium surrounding the walls of the vessel outside the vessel. For example, the fluid in the vessel can be at a temperature that is lower than the temperature outside vessel. Alternatively or additionally, the method can optionally and preferably cool the fluid in the vessel at 63. Preferably, the fluid is cooled while the opening is facing upwards. This is energetically advantageous because the cooled fluid moves downwards, so that when the opening is facing upwards, the cooled fluid is heavier than the environment and therefore does not transfer energy to the environment through a convection process. The fluid can be different from the fluid of the environment surrounding the vessel. For example, when the fluid of the environment surrounding the vessel is water vapor, the fluid in the vessel can be air. Another example is when the fluid of the environment surrounding the vessel is gas, and the fluid in the vessel is liquid.

[0075] The method optionally and preferably continues to 64 at which the vessel and/or product is conveyed to ensure that the product enters the interior of the vessel through the opening, while the vessel is oriented with the opening facing upwards. Maintaining the orientation such that the opening is facing up is advantageous because it reduces loss of heat to the environment. Specifically, when the opening is facing upwards, fluid having a temperature that is lower than the environment is prevented from exiting the vessel through the opening.

[0076] Operation 64 can be executed manually, or, more preferably using an automatic conveyor, as further detailed hereinbelow. The product can enter the vessel while being static, in which case the vessel is moved upwards to cover the product. These embodiments are particularly useful when it is difficult to convey the product itself, as further detailed hereinabove. Alternatively, the vessel can be static, in which case the product is moved downwards into the interior of the vessel. These embodiments are particularly useful when the product is movable, as further detailed hereinabove. Also contemplated, are embodiments in which both the vessel and the product are conveyed towards each other.

[0077] While the product is in contact with the fluid in the interior of the vessel, the product releases heat to the fluid. As a result, the fluid may be heated. In some embodiments, the cooling 63 is continued while the product is in the vessel, so as to prevent or reduce the heating of the fluid. Alternatively, cooling 63 may be applied only after the product has entered the vessel, in which case 64 precedes 63.

[0078] The method optionally and preferably continues to 65 at which the vessel and/or product is conveyed to ensure that the product exits the interior of the vessel through the opening, while the vessel is oriented with the opening facing upwards. Operations 65 and 64 are preferably executed using the same technique. Specifically, when the vessel is static at 64 it is also static at 65, and when the product is static at 64 it is also static at 65.

[0079] From 65 the method can optionally and preferably loop back to 62 for selecting another product from the collection and applying thermal treatment thereto by executing one or more of operations 63 to 65.

[0080] The method ends at 66.

[0081] Reference is now made to FIG. 5 which is a schematic illustration of a system 80 suitable for cooling a product, according to some embodiments of the present invention. System 80 is similar to system 20 above, except that some of its components are adapted for executing method 60.

[0082] System 80 comprises vessel 22 with opening 24 and walls 28 as further detailed hereinabove. The interior 30 of vessel 22 is filled with a fluid 32, which can be gas or liquid as further detailed hereinabove. Preferably, the fluid is selected so as not to damage product 26.

[0083] In some embodiments of the present invention system 60 comprises a cooling device 84 configured for cooling fluid 32 to a temperature that is lower than a temperature outside the vessel. Cooling device 84 can be of any type, including, without limitation, a tube having a coolant flowing therein, a thermoelectric cooling device and the like. Optionally, system 80 also comprises temperature sensor 36 positioned inside vessel 22 for measuring the temperature of fluid 32 and transmitting the measured temperature to user interface 38 and/or controller 46.

[0084] System 80 can further comprise conveyor 40 configured for conveying vessel 22 and/or product 26 to ensure that product 26 enters interior 30 through opening 24, while vessel 22 is oriented with opening facing upwards. In the schematic illustration of FIG. 5, which is not to be considered as limiting, conveyor 40 is illustrated as a belt or chain conveyor, but any other type of conveyor can be employed as further detailed hereinabove.

[0085] Conveyor 40 can be controlled by controller 46 that is optionally operated by user interface 38, as further detailed hereinabove with respect to system 20. Controller 46 can also control (for example, activate and deactivate) cooling device 84. For example, controller 46 can synchronize activation and deactivation of cooling device 84 with the operation of conveyor 40. In some embodiments of the present invention system 80 also comprises sensor 48 that senses the presence or absence of product 26 in the interior 30 of vessel 22 as further detailed hereinabove. Controller 46 can receives the signals from sensor 48 and activate and deactivate cooling device 84 responsively to the existence or absence of product 26 in the interior 30 of vessel 22.

[0086] While FIG. 5 illustrates system 80 in a configuration in which product 26 moves downwards into vessel 22, this need not necessarily be the case since in some embodiments product 26 is static and conveyor 40 is configured to move vessel 22 upwards. A representative illustration of such configuration is shown in FIG. 6. Shown in FIG. 6 is a collection 56 of products 26. Conveyor 40 is illustrated as a telescopic arm 50 mounted on a rail 52, as further detailed hereinabove. In response to signals from controller 46, arm 50 moves horizontally below collection 56, preferably while arm 50 is in its retracted state. When vessel 22 is below a particular product 26 in collection 56, arm 50 ceases the horizontal motion and begin to extend until product 26 or a portion thereof (the foliage of the tree in the present example) is within the interior 30 of vessel 22.

[0087] Reference is now made to FIG. 7 which is a schematic illustration of a system 100 suitable for cooling and heating a product, according to some embodiments of the present invention. System 100 combines components from systems 20 and 80 above. Specifically, system 100 comprises both a vessel in which the opening is facing downwards and a vessel in which the opening is facing upwards. In these embodiments, conveyor 40 is configured for conveying the vessels and/or product to ensure that the product enters a first vessel for a first treatment (for example, heating when the first vessel is with the opening facing downwards), exits the first vessel, enters a second vessel for a second treatment (for example, cooling when the second vessel is with the opening facing upwards), and optionally exit the second vessel. In the schematic illustration of FIG. 7, which is not to be considered as limiting, conveyor 40 is illustrated as a belt or chain conveyor, but this need not necessarily be the case since the present embodiments contemplate any other type of conveyor, as further detailed hereinabove.

[0088] In any of the above embodiments, the product and/or vessel are conveyed to maintain a relative motion between the product and the vessel, at least during the presence of the product is in the vessel. For example, the conveyor 40 can be controlled by controller 46 such that while the product is in the vessel, the conveyor maintains its motion.

[0089] In any of the above embodiments, vessel 22 optionally has a tapered shape (for example, a frustum, e.g., a conical frustum), wherein opening 24 is at a wider side of the tapered shape.

[0090] In any of the above embodiments, walls 28 are made of a material having a heat conductivity at room temperature of less than 1 or less than 0.5 or less than 0.25 or less than 0.1 or less than 0.05 watt per meter per degree, so as to provide thermal insulation. Representative examples of materials for use in the walls of the vessel including, without limitation, fiberglass, cork and polyester. Other materials are also contemplated.

[0091] In any of the above embodiments, at least one of: the speed of the relative motion between the product and the vessel, and the length of the relative motion path traversed by the product within the vessel is selected so as to ensure that the product is within the vessel for a predetermined time period. The predetermined time period can also be set based on the temperature difference between the fluid in the vessel and the environmental temperature outside the vessel or the temperature of the product. Typically, but not necessarily, for higher temperature differences, shorter time periods are employed. As a representative example, when the product is a poultry egg, the temperature in vessel 22 of system 20 can be from about 70° C. to about 120° C. and the predetermined time period can be from about 0.5 minute to about 2 minutes. Another example is the heating of deciduous trees during or at the end of their hibernation cycle, wherein heating to higher temperatures may shorten the treatment time and improve the efficiency.

[0092] As used herein the term “about” refers to ±10%.

[0093] The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance or illustration.” Any embodiment described as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments and/or to exclude the incorporation of features from other embodiments.

[0094] The word “optionally” is used herein to mean “is provided in some embodiments and not provided in other embodiments.” Any particular embodiment of the invention may include a plurality of “optional” features unless such features conflict.

[0095] The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, “having” and their conjugates mean “including but not limited to”.

[0096] The term “consisting of” means “including and limited to”.

[0097] The term “consisting essentially of” means that the composition, method or structure may include additional ingredients, steps and/or parts, but only if the additional ingredients, steps and/or parts do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition, method or structure.

[0098] As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “a compound” or “at least one compound” may include a plurality of compounds, including mixtures thereof.

[0099] Throughout this application, various embodiments of this invention may be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.

[0100] Whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to include any cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range. The phrases “ranging/ranges between” a first indicate number and a second indicate number and “ranging/ranges from” a first indicate number “to” a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and are meant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all the fractional and integral numerals therebetween.

[0101] It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments are not to be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without those elements.

[0102] Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.

[0103] All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting.