Cutting tool with enhanced chip evacuation capability and method of making same

Abstract

A milling cutter includes a shank and a cutting head attached to the shank. The cutting head has a plurality of helical teeth, each tooth including a cutting tip, a leading face and a rear face. A flute is defined between the leading face of a trailing tooth, and a rear face of an immediately preceding tooth. A gully of the flute is generally W-shaped in cross section to provide effective chip evacuation. A method for manufacturing the milling cutter with the W-shaped gully of the flute using a split path grinding process is also disclosed.

Claims

1. A milling cutter, comprising: a shank; a cutting head attached to the shank, the cutting head having a plurality of helical teeth, each tooth including a cutting tip, a leading face and a rear face; and a flute defined between the leading face of a trailing tooth, and a rear face of an immediately preceding tooth, wherein a gully of the flute is W-shaped in cross section to provide additional volume for effective chip evacuation, wherein each tooth further comprises a planar primary relief rake facet which extends entirely between the leading face and the rear face and connects directly with both the leading face and the rear face.

2. The milling cutter of claim 1, wherein the gully comprises two flute bases separated by a ridge.

3. The milling cutter of claim 1, wherein the leading face has a positive or negative radial rake angle.

4. The milling cutter of claim 3, wherein the leading face has a radial rake angle of between about −15 degrees and about +15 degrees.

5. The milling cutter of claim 1, wherein the primary relief rake facet has a primary clearance angle of 5-10 degrees.

6. The milling cutter of claim 5, wherein a wedge angle of each tooth is between 60-90 degrees.

7. The milling cutter of claim 1 having between 5 and 50 teeth.

8. The milling cutter of claim 1, wherein a wedge angle of each tooth is between 60-90 degrees.

9. The milling cutter of claim 1 having a cutting diameter between 10 mm and 25 mm.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) While various embodiments of the invention are illustrated, the particular embodiments shown should not be construed to limit the claims. It is anticipated that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of this invention.

(2) FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a milling cutter with a W-shaped gully according to an embodiment of the invention;

(3) FIG. 2 is a side view of the milling cutter of FIG. 1;

(4) FIG. 3 is an end view of the milling cutter of FIG. 1;

(5) FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the milling cutter taken along line 4-4 of FIG. 2;

(6) FIG. 5 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of one of the teeth shown in FIG. 4;

(7) FIG. 6 shows a first grinding operation in the split path grinding process for forming the flutes and the W-shaped gully according to a method of the invention;

(8) FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing the a second grinding operation in the split path grinding process for forming the W-shaped gully according to the method of the invention;

(9) FIG. 8 is an isometric view of a conventional milling cutter;

(10) FIG. 9 is a side view of the conventional milling cutter of FIG. 8; and

(11) FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the conventional milling cutter taken along line 10-10 of FIG. 9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(12) A cutting tool 1, for example, a milling cutter, is shown in FIGS. 1-5 according to an embodiment of the invention. Although a milling cutter 1 is shown in the illustrated embodiment, the principles of the invention described below can be applied to other rotary cutting tools, such as solid drills, taps, reamers, and the like. The milling cutter 1 has a cutting head 2 and a coaxial integral shank 3 for securing in a chuck or arbor of a machine tool for rotation about an axis, X.

(13) The cutting head 2 has a plurality of helical flutes 5 extending from a leading end 6 of the head 2, to a trailing end 7 of the head 2. In the illustrated embodiment, the cutting head 2 has a total of fifteen (15) flutes 5. However, it will be appreciated that the invention can be practiced with any desirable number of flutes 5, depending on the dimensions of the milling cutter 1. For example, a milling cutter 1 having a relatively large cutting diameter D has the capability of having a greater number of flutes than a milling cutter with a relatively smaller cutting diameter D, and vice versa. Thus, the milling cutter 1 can have as few as six (6) flutes 5 (and teeth 8) to as many as thirty (30) flutes 5 (and teeth 8), and a cutting diameter, D, between about 6 mm and about 35 mm.

(14) Each flute 5 has a tooth 8 provided with a leading face 9 and a rear face 10, as shown in FIG. 4. The leading face 9 faces the direction of rotation of the cutter 1 when in use and has a cutting tip 4. The cutting tip 4 of each of the teeth 8 lie on the circumference of a pitch circle having a diameter, D. The leading face 9 has a positive radial rake angle 21. The radial rake angle 21 is the angle that the inclined leading face 9 makes with a radial line Y, as shown in FIG. 5, extending from the tool axis, X, to the tip 4 of a tooth 8. In one embodiment, the angle 21 is in a range between about −15 degrees to about +15 degrees, depending on the material being cut, and a zero radial rake angle 21 may be required for some materials.

(15) As shown in FIG. 5, each tooth 8 also has a primary relief rake facet 11 which, in the example illustrated, is planar. The primary facet 11 comprises a land which extends rearwardly from the tip of the leading edge 9 of the tooth 8. The primary facet 11 is inclined at an angle to a tangent, Z, extending from the pitch circle at the tooth tip 4. This angle is referred to as the primary clearance angle 22, and is of the order of approximately 5 degrees to approximately 10 degrees. Alternatively however the primary relief rake facet is not planar, but is eccentric or convex, providing more material, and hence greater strength for each tooth 8.

(16) The primary clearance angle 22 is used to define the geometry of the double ratchet tooth form. By controlling the angle 22, the geometry of the tooth can be defined in the manufacturing process.

(17) The leading face 9 of a trailing tooth 8, and a rear face 10 of the immediately preceding tooth 8 define a flute base 13 and a gully 14 therebetween. The gully 14 is provided for swarf removal purposes and is designed so that in use the swarf generated during cutting is carried away without clogging the cutter 1. This is achieved by controlling the pitch of the teeth, the depth of the gully 14 and the width of the land of the primary facet 11.

(18) One aspect of the invention is that the gully 14 of the flute 5 is generally W-shaped in cross section, as shown in FIG. 5. By comparing FIGS. 5 and 11, it is readily apparent that the W-shaped gully 14 of the flute 5 is visually different than the gully 114 of the flute 105. Specifically, the W-shaped flute 5 of the cutting tool 1 of the invention has two flute bases 13a, 13b that may be separated by a small ridge 13c by using a split path grinding process. As a result, the W-shaped gully 14 of the flute 5 has additional volume (i.e., a larger cross-sectional area), as compared to the conventional gully 114. This additional volume is especially valuable for multi-flute cutting tools, and in particular multi-flute cutting tools having unequal indexing (i.e. unequal spacing between teeth). In another embodiment, the small ridge 13c is very smooth or eliminated. This distinct visual difference is from removing the bulge 125 in the rear face 110 in the gully 114 of the conventional flute 105 that is shown in FIG. 11. In doing so, the secondary clearance surface 112 in the conventional cutting tool 100 is essentially removed from the milling cutter 1 of the invention, resulting in the gully 14 having additional volume as compared to the conventional gully 114. It has been shown by the inventors that the W-shaped gully 14 of the flute 5 of the invention provides superior swarf evacuation as compared to the flute 105 of the conventional milling cutter 100.

(19) A method of forming the W-shaped flute 5 of the invention will now be described. As shown in FIG. 6, the W-shaped flute 5 is basically formed using a split path grinding process.

(20) In the split grinding process, a grinding wheel 15 has a profile peripheral area 16 with a corner radii 17 required for forming the flute base 13a, and is rotated about an axis 18 extending generally transversely to axis X of the milling cutter 1. As seen in FIG. 6, in a first grinding operation, the corner radii 17 of the grinding wheel 15 grinds individual flutes 5 into the outer periphery of a cutter blank from the leading end 6 towards the shank 3. In addition, the positive rake angle is formed on the leading face 9 (of a trailing tooth 8), while simultaneously forming the flute base 13b. Alternatively, the periphery area 16 of the grinding wheel 15 may grind the individual flutes 5 into the outer periphery of a cutter blank from the shank 3 toward the leading end 6 of the head 2.

(21) As shown in FIG. 7, the grinding wheel 15 is then moved toward the preceding tooth 8 and a second grinding operation is performed. Specifically, the grinding wheel 15 is simultaneously moved with respect to at least three (3) axes and up to five (5) axes to grind the flute base 13a and produce the gully 14 having a generally W-shape in cross section. As a result, the gully 14 of the invention has additional volume as compared to the conventional gully 114. Optionally, a small ridge 13c (FIG. 4) separating the flute bases 13a, 13b may be produced by the grinding of the flute base 13a, depending on the movement of the grinding wheel 15.

(22) In general, the method of the invention has several distinct features:

(23) 1) A flute 5 can be ground either from the leading end 6 of the head 2 toward the shank 3 of the head 2, or from the shank 3 to the leading end 6 of the head 2.

(24) 2) The grinding wheel 15 can have a variety of profile shapes and is not limited to a frusto-conical profile shape.

(25) 3) The rake face or leading face 9 and bases 13a, 13b of the flute 5 is produced by the corner radii 17 of the grinding wheel 15 and not by the peripheral part 16 of the grinding wheel 15.

(26) 4) The flute back or rear face 10 is produced by the corner radii 17 of the grinding wheel 15.

(27) 5) The peripheral part 16 of the grinding wheel 15 does not contribute to the formation of the rake face or leading face 9 and flute bases 13a, 13b.

(28) 6) The radial rake angle 21 can be either positive or negative in a range between about +15 degrees to about −15 degrees.

(29) 7) The rake face or leading face 9 can have both a negative and positive radial rake angles.

(30) 8) The gully 14 of the flute 5 is produced by implementing a split path grinding process in which the first path produces the flute rake face or leading face 9, and the subsequent paths (second, third, etc.) produce the profile for the flute back or rear face 10.

(31) 9) As a result of the split path grinding process of the invention, a gully 14 with the W-shaped cross section can either be smooth or have certain transition marks at the flute bases 13a, 13b or rear face 10.

(32) 10) The split path grinding process of the invention is a result of split flute calculations in which the rake face and flute back are calculated using different input values that produce different grinding wheel paths. It is noted that the profile of the grinding wheel 15 is part of the input. However, the calculations are much more complex and involves the grinding wheel 15 to move simultaneously about at least three axes (up to five axes) using mostly the corner radii 17 of the grinding wheel 15, unlike conventional grinding processes that use the peripheral part of the grinding wheel.

(33) 11) In a less flexible implementation of the grinding process to produce the gully 14 with the W-shaped cross section, a grinding wheel 15 with a special profile can be used in which the gully 14 can be produced with a single path with all the elements of the profile of the grinding wheel 15 contributing to the formation of the W-shaped gully 14.

(34) Several distinct advantages of the W-shaped flute 5 of the invention include, but is not limited to:

(35) 1) providing more flutes for a given cutting diameter than the conventional cutting tool;

(36) 2) providing a flute shape with enough volume for effective chip formation and evacuation while preserving tool strength;

(37) 3) providing multi-flute (up to 25 flutes for a cutting diameter of 1 inch) with unequal index to suppress chattering;

(38) 4) providing the capability of using relatively larger core diameters, thereby increasing the tool strength;

(39) 5) providing the capability of using relatively larger core diameters so as to accommodate internal coolant channels while preserving tool strength;

(40) 6) reliable mass production of the tool using the split grinding process; and

(41) 7) reducing friction of a swarf (i.e. chips) against flute surfaces.

(42) The patents and publications referred to herein are hereby incorporated by reference.

(43) Having described presently preferred embodiments the invention may be otherwise embodied within the scope of the appended claims.