Heater Arrangement for TEPSA System

Abstract

The present invention relates to a temperature enhanced pressure swing adsorption (TEPSA) process for removing at least two components including a less strongly adsorbed component and a more strongly adsorbed component from a gas mixture, said process comprising using one single heater and at least two adsorber vessels, in each of which repeated cycles comprising an adsorption phase and subsequent regeneration phases.

Claims

1. A temperature enhanced pressure swing adsorption (TEPSA) process using the apparatus according to claim 10, the process for removing at least two components including a less strongly adsorbed component and a more strongly adsorbed component from the gas mixture, wherein repeated cycles comprising an adsorption phase and subsequent regeneration phases are performed in each of the adsorber vessels as follows: in the adsorption phase said gas mixture is passed in a first direction through the adsorbent bed contained in the adsorber vessel, so that said gas mixture is purified by the adsorption of said at least two components in the adsorbent bed, in a first regeneration phase a hot regeneration gas having a target temperature which is selected to be any temperature in the range from 20° C. to 100° C., is passed through the adsorbent bed in a flow direction opposite to the flow direction during the adsorption phase, and in a second regeneration phase a cool regeneration gas having a target temperature which is selected to be any temperature in the range from 5° C. to 65° C. is passed through the adsorbent bed in a flow direction opposite to the flow direction during the adsorption phase, wherein the hot regeneration gas is provided to each of the adsorber vessels by passing regeneration gas from the source of the regeneration gas to said one single heater where the regeneration gas is heated up, and passing the hot regeneration gas leaving the one single heater to the respective vessel through the single line from the one single heater to the junction having a length, X, between 1 m and 9 m, and the cool regeneration gas is provided to each of the adsorber vessels by directing regeneration gas from the source of the regeneration gas to the respective vessel by-passing the one single heater.

2. (canceled)

3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the hot regeneration gas in the first regeneration phase has a target temperature which is selected to be any temperature in the range from 20° C. to 70° C.

4. A process according to claim 1, wherein the cool regeneration gas in the second regeneration phase has a target temperature which is selected to be any temperature in the range from 10° C. to 55° C.

5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the difference of the target temperatures of the hot regeneration gas in the first regeneration phase and the cool regeneration gas in the second regeneration phase is 15° C. or more.

6. A process according to claim 1, wherein the peak temperature of the hot regeneration gas in the first regeneration phase is 45° C. or more.

7. A process according to claim 1, wherein the first regeneration phase takes place for 20 min or less.

8. A process according to claim 1, wherein the second regeneration phase takes place for 80 min or less.

9. A process according to claim 1, wherein the overall regeneration cycle time (on-line time) is 120 min or less.

10. Apparatus for use in a temperature enhanced pressure swing adsorption (TEPSA) process, the apparatus comprising one single heater and at least two adsorber vessels, wherein each adsorber vessel comprises an inlet for a gas mixture to be purified and an outlet for purified gas separated by a flow path including a flow chamber containing an adsorbent bed, an inlet and an outlet for regeneration gas separated by a flow path including said flow chamber, the apparatus further comprising lines connecting a source of the gas mixture to be purified with the inlets for the gas mixture of each adsorber vessel, a line connecting the one single heater with a source of regeneration gas, lines connecting the one single heater with the inlet for regeneration gas of each adsorber vessel, and a by-pass line for connecting the source of regeneration gas with the inlet of each absorber vessel for regeneration gas, where said by-pass line by-passes the one single heater, wherein a single line from the one single heater is joined at a junction with the by-pass line, the junction feeding a single, common regeneration gas line before this common regeneration gas line is split to individual lines leading to each inlet for regeneration gas of each respective adsorber vessel; and wherein the length, X, of the single line from the one single heater to the junction with the by-pass line is between 1 m and 9 m.

11-13. (canceled)

14. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the total length, Y, of the line between the junction and the inlet for the regeneration gas of each adsorber vessel is not more than 6 m.

15. (canceled)

16. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the single line from the one single heater to the junction with the by-pass line is insulated.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0103] FIG. 1: Two adsorption vessel (2 bed) containing TEPSA arrangement with integrated heaters as known in the art;

[0104] FIG. 2: Two adsorption vessel (2 bed) containing TEPSA configuration with external heater and by-pass line;

[0105] FIG. 3: Simplified “hot stand-by” heater arrangement with the depiction of the line length “X” (Distance X) and the line length “Y” (Distance Y);

[0106] FIG. 4: Three adsorption vessel (3 bed) containing TEPSA arrangement with external heater and by-pass line;

[0107] FIG. 5: Diagram showing the TEPSA regeneration stream temperature profile without a “hot stand-by” heater arrangement with X=1 m;

[0108] FIG. 6: Comparison of diagrams showing TEPSA regeneration stream temperature profiles without a “hot stand-by” heater arrangement with X=1 m and X=9 m;

[0109] FIG. 7: Comparison of diagrams showing a “hot stand-by” regeneration and stand-by profile with insulation with X=9 m and a “hot stand-by” regeneration and stand-by profile with insulation with X=1 m.

[0110] FIG. 8: Comparison of diagrams showing a “hot stand-by” regeneration and stand-by profile without insulation with X=9 m and a “hot stand-by” regeneration and stand-by profile without insulation with X=1 m.

[0111] FIG. 9: Comparison of diagrams showing a “hot stand-by” regeneration and stand-by profile with insulation with X=1 m, a “hot stand-by” regeneration and stand-by profile without insulation with X=1 m and a regeneration stream temperature profile without a “hot stand-by” heater arrangement and without insulation with X=1 m.

[0112] FIG. 10: Comparison of diagrams showing a “hot stand-by” regeneration profile with X=9 m with insulation versus the regeneration stream temperature profile without a “hot stand-by” heater arrangement with X=9 m.

[0113] FIG. 11: Comparison of diagrams showing a “hot stand-by” regeneration profile with X=9 m with insulation versus the regeneration stream temperature profile without a “hot stand-by” heater arrangement with X=1 m.

[0114] The arrangement shown in FIG. 1 is a prior art setup for a TEPSA process how it is currently used in practise. As can be seen, not (only) one single heater for providing hot regeneration gas to the adsorbent beds is used, but in close proximity to the regeneration gas inlets of each of the adsorbent vessels an individual heater for the heating of the regeneration gas for each vessel is present.

[0115] Thus, in FIG. 1 two heaters 62, 62′ are located in close proximity to each adsorbent vessel 20, 22. By that configuration, the integrity of the heat pulse to the adsorbent bed is ensured, however, the arrangement is complicated as every adsorbent vessel 20, 22 needs to be equipped with a separate heater which in turn means higher investment costs.

[0116] FIG. 2 shows configuration which can be used in the present invention. Regeneration gas originates from the regeneration gas source. The single heater 62 is located in the regeneration gas line being isolated through two valves 58 and 60 which control the route of the regeneration gas. The regeneration gas can thereby either be directed through the heater 62 via open valve 60 or by-passing the heater with valve 60 closed and with valve 58 open. In a distance X, that is, the line exiting the heater in direction to the adsorber vessel (depicted as to “adsorbent vessels, 20, 22”; cf. FIG. 3) with the length X and the by-pass for cool regeneration gas controlled via valve 58 are joined. The line length X to said junction is depicted as distance X and is always kept warm, for example by means including insulation of said line. FIG. 3 depicts in addition the line length Y (Distance Y), whereby the regeneration gas inlet (only depicted as “to adsorbent vessels, 20, 22”) is not shown. However, the line length Y is the distance between the junction of the line exiting the heater in direction to the adsorber vessel with the length X and the by-pass for cool regeneration gas controlled via valve 58 and the regeneration gas inlet of the adsorber vessels. It must be noted that the length Y is measured for each line leading from said junction to the respective adsorber vessel individually. The details of said “hot standby” heater arrangement are also shown in FIG. 3.

[0117] According to FIG. 2 air to be purified (the feed stream) is supplied to a main air compressor system 10 at an inlet 12 in which it is compressed by a multi-stage compressor with inter and after cooling by heat exchange with water. The cooled compressed air is supplied to an inlet manifold 14 containing inlet control valves 16 and 18 to which is connected a pair of adsorbent bed containing vessels 20 and 22. The inlet manifold is bridged downstream of the control valves 16 and 18 by a venting manifold 24 containing venting valves 26, 28 which serve to close and open connections between the upstream end of respective adsorbent vessels 20 and 22 and a vent 30 via a silencer 32. Each of the two adsorbent beds 20 and 22 contains at least two adsorbents. The feed end adsorbent is designated by the numeral 34, 34′ in respective beds and the product end adsorbent by the numeral 36, 36′.

[0118] The apparatus has an outlet 38 connected to the downstream ends of the two adsorbent vessels 20, 22 by an outlet manifold 40 containing outlet control valves 42, 44.

[0119] The outlet manifold 40 is bridged by a regenerating gas manifold 46 containing regenerating gas control valves 48 and 50. Upstream from the regenerating gas manifold 46, a line 52 containing a control valve 54 also bridges across the outlet manifold 40. An inlet for regenerating gas is provided at 56 which through control valves 58 and 60 is connected to pass either through a heater 62 or via a by-pass line 64 to the regenerating gas manifold 46.

[0120] The operation of the valves may be controlled by suitable programmable timing and valve operating means as known in the art (not illustrated).

[0121] In operation air is compressed in the main air compressor system 10 and is fed to the inlet manifold 14 and passes through one of the two vessels containing adsorbent. Starting from a position in which air is passing through open valve 16 to adsorbent vessel 20, and through open valve 42 to the outlet 38, valve 18 in the inlet manifold will just have been closed to cut-off vessel 22 from the feed of air for purification. Valve 44 will just have closed also. At this stage valves 48, 50, 54, and 26 are closed. Bed 20 is thus on-line and bed 22 is to be regenerated.

[0122] To commence depressurisation of bed 22, valve 28 is opened and once the pressure in the vessel 22 has fallen to a desired level, valve 28 is kept open whilst valve 50 is opened to commence a flow of regenerating gas. The regenerating gas will typically be a flow of dry, CO.sub.2-free nitrogen obtained from the air separation unit cold box, possibly containing small amounts of argon, oxygen and other gases, to which the air purified in the apparatus shown is passed. Valve 60 is closed and valve 58 is opened so that the regenerating gas is heated to a temperature of e.g. 70° C. before passing into the vessel 22. Although the regenerating gas enters the vessel 22 at the selected elevated temperature, it is very slightly cooled by giving up heat to desorb carbon dioxide from the upper, downstream adsorbent portion 36′ in the vessel. Since the heat pulse is retained in the system, the exit purge gas emerges from the vent outlet 30 in a cooled state. Progressively, a heat wave moves through the upper adsorbent 36′ as the carbon dioxide is cleared. After a desired period, whilst the heat pulse is part way through the upper adsorbent 36′, valve 58 is closed and valve 60 is opened so that the flow of regenerating gas now becomes cool. The cooled regenerating gas displaces the heat pulse further through the upper adsorbent 36′.

[0123] Whilst the upper adsorbent has been thus regenerated by TSA, the cool regenerating gas has continued to flow through the lower adsorbent and by virtue of its reduced pressure has desorbed water and carbon dioxide from the upstream adsorbent by PSA. At the end of the allotted regeneration period, valve 50 may be closed to end the flow of regenerating gas and valve 54 may be opened to displace nitrogen from the adsorbent and, after the closing of valve 28, to repressurise the vessel 22 with purified air. Thereafter, valve 54 may be closed and valves 18 and 44 may be opened to put the vessel 22 back on line. Residual heat left in bed may be removed by the purified air as a temperature pulse which can be removed in a downstream heat exchanger. The vessel 20 may then be regenerated in a similar manner and the whole sequence continued with the vessels being on-line, depressurising, regenerating, repressurising, and going back on-line in phased cycles of operation.

[0124] In accordance with the invention, the heat pulse during regeneration does not penetrate as far as the boundary of the portion of the adsorbent into which water is adsorbed. This will lie somewhere within the region 34, 34′ below the boundary with the region 36, 36′ shown in the drawings. The actual proportions of the regions 34, 34′ and 36, 36′ are dependent on the operating conditions, e.g. feed pressure, feed temperature, cycle time and purge/air ratio.

[0125] FIG. 4 shows a three adsorbent vessel inventive solution for the “hot stand-by” application, whereby, instead of using three separate heaters, a single heater is installed and “shared” at a suitable position between the adsorber vessels. Such an arrangement brings much simplicity and is more sustainable as it also saves energy, maintenance time and can be run more efficiently.

EXAMPLES

[0126] Simulations were performed to test the integrity (shape) of the heat pulse sent to the adsorber vessels during the first regeneration phase in arrangements with and without “hot stand-by”.

[0127] The arrangement “with hot stand-by heater” corresponds to that shown in FIG. 3. The experiments were performed in a TEPSA arrangement according to FIG. 2 whereby a “hot stand-by heater” corresponding to that of FIG. 3 was used. In the arrangement “without hot stand-by heater” all of the regeneration gas is passed through the heater, which accordingly must be switched off after the heating of the regeneration gas needed in the first regeneration phase and is switched on again only at the beginning of the next first regeneration phase to heat up regeneration gas to the desired temperature.

[0128] Besides, experiments were conducted with a “hot stand-by” heater arrangement with and without insulated piping.

[0129] The test arrangement used for the experiments had a maximum available flow of 1500 Nm.sup.3 hr.sup.−1. The pipes and heater duty were 4″ and 24 kW, respectively.

[0130] The flow was measured upstream of the heater using an elbow flow meter and the pressure was measured upstream and downstream of the heater.

[0131] Thermocouples were placed: [0132] a) upstream of the heater, to measure the temperature of the gas in order to measure the temperature increase across the heater; [0133] b) at an ambient location, for heat loss calculations; and [0134] c) at 0.2 m, 1 m, and then at 1 m intervals up to 9 m, allowing for simultaneous multiple temperature versus time curves at increasing distances away from the heater.

[0135] The air flow rate describes the feed flow rate of the feed stream to TEPSA vessels. As the experimental arrangement applied only modeled the heating of the regeneration gas the purge flow rate was used. Hence, in the following the air flow rate describes the purge flow rate. The purge flow rate remains the same for both heating and cooling steps. In the hot stand-by arrangement, the flow through the test arrangement is reduced to zero to mimic the stagnant gas in the heater.

[0136] □T is defined as the difference between the feed stream to TEPSA vessels temperature and the regeneration temperature at the top of the adsorbent bed. For all examples the required □T is 30°, therefore, the achieved □T during experiments must be at least 30° C. This means for all examples that the required □T of 30° C. is the minimum temperature increase in stream temperature which must be achieved to meet the regeneration requirements. This requirement is met by all examples.

Comparative Example 1 (CE1)

[0137] For Comparative Example 1 the conditions shown in Table 1 were applied.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Experimental conditions for Comparative Examples 1 and 2. Purge Air Flow Heating Cooling Flow Rate Flow Heating Flow Cooling Rate Turn P/A Nm.sup.3 Pressure Power Rate Time Rate Time Example Nm.sup.3hr.sup.−1 Down % — hr.sup.−1 bar g kW Nm.sup.3hr.sup.−1 min Nm.sup.3hr.sup.−1 min Insulation % CE 2600 100 0.5 1300 0.22 24 1300 10 1300 25 0 1 & CE 2

[0138] CE1, cf. diagram of FIG. 5, shows the temperature pulse progression exiting a heater from the cold position whereby no “hot stand-by” is applied. The heater is installed in the common line providing regeneration gas from a regeneration gas source to the TEPSA process. The heating time is 10 minutes. The temperature is measured at a distance of X=1 m downstream of the heater.

[0139] As it can be seen from FIG. 5, there is a slow progression of the temperature pulse rise. After the heater is switched off heat is still supplied to the adsorbent beds as the heater and associated pipes are cooled down by the gas that should now be the “cold” purge to the adsorbent beds.

Comparative Example 2 (CE2)

[0140] For Comparative Example 2 the test conditions and set up as used for CE1 were applied.

[0141] However, the temperature was measured at a distance of X=9 m downstream of the heater. The results are shown in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6 the temperature profiles at a distance X=1 m for CE1 and at a distance X=9 m for CE2, respectively, are compared. It can be seen, that there is additional deterioration of the heat pulse the further the heater is located away from the adsorbent vessel. With increasing distance from the heater the stream temperature is slower to increase and the peak temperature (at 10 min) is lower.

[0142] The rate of decrease of the stream temperature during the cooling step is less at distances further away from the heater (cf. FIG. 6). The difference is such that for a short period of time after the heater being switched off, the stream temperature furthest from the heater is hotter than just after the heater. This difference can be as significant as 5° C., i.e. at a point in time during the cooling step. The stream temperature at 9 m was 5° C. hotter than the stream temperature at 1 m.

Inventive Example 1 (IE1)

[0143] For Inventive Example 1 the conditions shown in Table 2 have been applied.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Experimental conditions for Inventive Example 1. Purge Air Flow Heating Cooling Flow Rate Flow Heating Flow Cooling Rate Turn P/A Nm.sup.3 Pressure Power Rate Time Rate Time Example Nm.sup.3hr.sup.−1 Down % — hr.sup.−1 bar g kW Nm.sup.3hr.sup.−1 min Nm.sup.3hr.sup.−1 min Insulation % IE 1 2600 100 0.5 1300 0.22 24 1300 10 0 25 100

[0144] A “hot stand-by” set up for the heater was used and insulation has been applied. The insulation material applied is recycled fibre.

[0145] In the case of low and short temperature cycles (<70° C., <10 min) a large amount of the heat pulse degradation is caused by the thermal mass of the piping as well as the heater itself. So insulation is mainly useful for preventing heat loss to the environment, i.e. to prevent the “hot stand-by” parts cooling down when not in use. Besides, by keeping the heater on “hot stand-by” mode cooling down of the heater by cool regeneration gas is avoided.

[0146] The temperature was measured at a distance of X=1 m and X=9 m (Distance X) from the physical location of the heater. The downstream pipe was kept warm whilst the cold purge was directed through the by-pass by closing valve 58 and opening valve 60 (cf. FIG. 3).

[0147] FIG. 7 shows the temperature profiles of the measurements for IE1 with a hot stand-by arrangement with insulation with X=1 m and X=9 m. An additional deterioration of the heat pulse is observed the further the heater is located away from the adsorbent vessel.

Inventive Examples 2 (IE 2)

[0148] The experimental conditions applied for IE2 are depicted in Table 3 below.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Experimental conditions for Inventive Examples 2. Air Purge Heating Cooling Flow Flow Flow Heating Flow Cooling Rate Turn P/A Rate Pressure Power Rate Time Rate Time Example Nm.sup.3hr.sup.−1 Down % — Nm.sup.3hr.sup.−1 bar g kW Nm.sup.3hr.sup.−1 min Nm.sup.3hr.sup.−1 min Insulation % IE 2 2600 100 0.5 1300 0.22 24 1300 10 0 25 0

[0149] In FIG. 8 the temperature profiles for the measurements of IE2 with a hot-standby arrangement without insulation with X=1 m and X=9 m are shown. As can clearly be seen there is additional deterioration of the heat pulse the further the heater is located away from the adsorbent vessel. This finding is in line with the finding of non “hot stand-by” arrangements as already shown in FIG. 6.

[0150] Furthermore, from FIG. 8 can be derived that the peak temperatures for IE2 with X=1 m and X=9 m are lower compared to IE1. This can be traced back to the missing insulation.

[0151] In the following the results for 30° C. Temperature Increase Times for CE1 and CE2 as well as IE 2 are listed in Table 4 below.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 30° C. Temperature Increase Times for CE1, CE2 and IE 2. Distance (X = 1 m) Distance (X = 9 m) ΔT Rise Percent of ΔT Rise Percent of Time, Maximum Time, Maximum Example (s) Time (s) Time CE1 195 32.5% — — CE2 — — 330 55.0% IE2 120 20.0% 225 37.5%

[0152] From table 4 can be derived that the distance X has an important impact on the Temperature Increase Time as is clearly shown by the differing values for the ΔT Rise Time with respect to CE1, CE2 and IE2. Besides, it is also shown that a “hot stand-by” arrangement decreases the ΔT Rise Time significantly.

[0153] In Table 5 the results of the measurements regarding the hot stand-by effect with and without insulation with X=1 m are shown. The Temperature Peak and the ΔT Rise Time of CE1 as well as IE1 and IE2 are compared. The conclusions are provided in Table 5.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Results on hot stand-by effect. Observation (at X = 1 m), comparing arrangement without hot stand-by, CE1 with hot standby arrangements of IE1 & IE2) Temperature Peak ΔT Rise Time CE1 lower than IE1 CE1 longer than IE1 CE1 lower IE2 CE1 longer than IE2 IE2 lower than IE1 IE2 longer than IE1 Conclusion Conclusion Operating with hot stand-by and Operating with hot cold bypass increases temperature stand-by and cold peak whereby hot stand-by with bypass reduces time insulation increases the to reach stream ΔT. temperature peak further

[0154] FIG. 9 depicts the temperature profiles of CE1, IE1 and IE for a distance of X=1 m.

[0155] The comparison of the Inventive Examples with the Comparative Example, clearly shows that the hot stand-by mode and hot stand-by with insulation have improved the temperature peak and rise time.

[0156] FIGS. 10 and 11 provide comparisons of the temperature profiles obtained for IE1 for X=9 m with the results obtained for CE1, cf. FIG. 11, and CE2, cf. FIG. 10.

[0157] FIG. 11 depicts the temperature profiles of CE1 (X=1 m) and IE1 (X=9 m).

[0158] As can clearly be seen for IE1 when comparing it to CE1 the temperature drop at the start of the heating process immediately exiting the heater, i.e. the difference between the highest and lowest temperature value during said first regeneration phase is reduced from 45° C. to about 12° C. A similar effect is shown in comparison to CE2. Thus, the conditions and arrangement applied for IE1 allow a much more significant quantity of high grade heat to be introduced to the TEPSA process. Besides, higher peak temperatures can be obtained. Furthermore, less energy is necessary to reach the peak temperature as the difference between the highest and lowest temperature value during the first regeneration phase is significantly reduced.

[0159] In Table 6 the results of the measurements for CE1 with X=1 m and IE1 with X=9 m are shown (temperature curves are depicted in FIG. 11). The Temperature Peak and the ΔT Rise Time of CE1 and IE1 are compared. The conclusions are provided in Table 6 below.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Comparison on hot stand-by effect with insulation and without hot stand-by and insulation at varying length X. Comparing X = 1 m (arrangement without hot stand-by, CE1) versus X = 9 m (hot standby arrangement, IE1) Temperature Peak ΔT Rise Time CE1 lower than IE1 CE1 longer than IE1 Conclusion Conclusion Operating with hot stand-by and cold Operating with hot stand-by bypass increases temperature peak and cold bypass reduces time even at a length of X = 9 m. to reach stream ΔT.

[0160] As can be derived from FIG. 11 and Table 6, in case of hot stand-by with insulation, IE1 (cf. respective upper dash-and-dot curves), the temperature peak and the ΔT Rise Time are improved even if the length X is extended from X=1 m (CE1) to X=9 m (IE1). The comparison of CE2 (X=9 m) with IE1 (X=9 m) as depicted in FIG. 10 shows an even stronger difference between the inventive hot stand-by arrangement with insulation and a conventional set up.

[0161] While the principles of the invention have been described above in connection with preferred embodiments, it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as a limitation of the scope of the invention.