Abstract
There is provided a laser system having a cylindrically-shaped annular minor with at least one opening in its surface; a pair of planar metallic electrodes disposed proximate opposite edges of the annular mirror, normal to the axis of the annular minor, the electrodes configured to have an RF field applied between them; a pair of end minors disposed at said at least one opening; and a ceramic material in the form of a disc, disposed in the internal volume of the annular minor, the ceramic material having a series of channels formed therein such that they generate a zig-zag pathway in the ceramic material, wherein (i) the zig-zag path, when filled with a gain medium, (ii) the annular minor and (iii) the pair of end minors, together constitute a laser cavity.
Claims
1. A laser system comprising: an annular mirror whose inner surface has a high reflectivity at the wavelength at which said laser system is intended to lase, said mirror having at least one opening in its surface; a pair of planar metallic electrodes disposed proximate opposite edges of said annular mirror, normal to the axis of said annular mirror, said electrodes configured to have an RF field applied between them; a pair of end mirrors disposed at said at least one opening, one of said end mirrors being a high reflectivity mirror, and the other of said end mirrors being a partial reflector; and a ceramic material in the form of a disc, disposed in the internal volume of said annular mirror, said ceramic material having a series of channels formed therein such that they generate a zig-zag pathway in the ceramic material, each leg of said zig-zag path being aligned at an angle such that said leg does not pass through the axis of said annular mirror, and meets said annular mirror at a different pair of points around the circumference of said annular mirror, wherein, (i) said zig-zag path, when filled with a gain medium, (ii) said annular mirror and (iii) said pair of end mirrors, together constitute a laser cavity.
2. A laser system according to claim 1, wherein said at least one opening is a single opening, such that two adjacent legs of said zig-zag path meet at said single opening, and said pair of end mirrors are both positioned at said single opening at angles such that one end mirror is normal to one of the legs of said zig-zag path meeting at said one opening and the other end mirror is normal to the other of said two legs of said zig-zag path meeting at said one opening.
3. A laser system according to claim 2, wherein one of said pair of end mirrors is positioned normal to a first leg of said zig-zag path, and the other of said end mirrors is positioned normal to a second leg of said zig-zag path, said second leg being positioned in said zig-zag path relative to said first leg, after a plurality of meetings of said zig-zag path with said annular mirror.
4. A laser system according to claim 1, wherein said at least one opening is a pair of openings, and said zig-zag path begins at one of said pair of openings and ends at the other of said pair of openings.
5. A laser system according to claim 4, wherein one of said pair of end mirrors is positioned at a first one of said pair of openings, and is aligned normal to a first leg of said zig-zag path, and the other of said end mirrors is positioned at a second one of said pair of openings, and is aligned normal to a second leg of said zig-zag path, said second leg being positioned in said zig-zag path relative to said first leg after a plurality of meetings of said zig-zag path with said annular mirror.
6. A laser system according to any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising cooling passages attached to said pair of planar metallic electrodes.
7. A laser system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said annular mirror has a straight cylindrical shape.
8. A laser system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein said annular mirror has a curvature also out of the plane of the annulus.
9. A laser system according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein said ceramic material is selected from the group consisting of beryllium oxide and aluminium oxide.
10. A laser system according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein said laser is a carbon dioxide laser.
11. A laser system according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein said laser is a carbon monoxide laser.
12. A laser system according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein either of said planar metallic electrodes having contact with said channels has an intermediate layer in contact with said channels, providing resistance from reaction with an RF-excited gaseous gain medium in said channels.
13. A laser system according to claim 12, wherein said intermediate layer is either a coating on said planar metallic electrode, or an intermediate metallic sheet.
14. A laser system according to claim 12 wherein said intermediate layer is a silver foil.
15. A laser system according to claim 14 wherein said silver foil is coated with gold on the side of the foil facing said channels.
16. A laser system according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the reflectivity of the annular mirror is at least 90%.
17. A laser system according to claim 16, wherein the reflectivity of the annular mirror is at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.
18. A laser system to according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the reflectivity of the high reflectivity end mirror is at least 90%.
19. A laser system according to claim 18, wherein the reflectivity of the high reflectivity end mirror is at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%.
20. A laser system according to any one of claims 1 to 19, further comprising a gain medium disposed within said channels.
21. A method of generating a laser beam, comprising applying an RF field between the pair of planar metallic electrodes of a laser system according to claim 20, whereby to cause lasing of the gain medium.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0042] Embodiments of the present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:
[0043] FIG. 1 illustrates schematically a plan view of the zig-zag trajectories traced by a beam traversing an exemplary resonator of a laser system of the present application;
[0044] FIG. 2A illustrates isometrically an exemplary channeled ceramic disc insert, whose channels are used in order to confine the plasma discharge to within the channels only, while FIG. 2B shows an alternative annular mirror having a radius of curvature out of the plane of the annulus; and
[0045] FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of the ceramic disc of FIG. 2A, showing the beam path channels and the planar electrodes.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0046] Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which illustrates schematically a plan view of the trajectories 14, 17, traced by a beam traversing an exemplary resonator of a laser system of the present application. The beam path is determined by successive reflections on the circumferential annularly shaped mirror 10 at points 15 which define a polygonal shape characterized by the number of apexes and the angle α , which the beam makes in its trajectory between apexes. The annularly shaped mirror therefore behaves like a whispering gallery, in that the beam travels around the periphery of the annularly shaped mirror 10 in a series of reflections from the mirror. The beam may be advantageously coupled out of the cavity by means of an aperture 11, formed in the wall of the annular mirror 10. Since the beam must, after entry into the cavity at the output coupling aperture 11, traverse the entire circumference of the annularly shaped mirror, and then return to the same output coupling aperture, the injection angle of the beam, as defined by the angle of the full reflector 12 and output coupler 13 of the laser, must be selected such that after a limited number of traverses, the beam again impinges on the beam coupling aperture. As previously mentioned if the angle is made such that the beam propagates at too close an angle to the circumference, coupling into and out of the beam coupling aperture 11 would be difficult because of the sensitivity to the beam angle α . In other words, for a beam propagating very closely to the annular mirror, a small deviation in the injection angle from the desired angle would result in the beam path missing the aperture on its return after circumventing the cavity. Therefore, the number of passages between reflections of the beam within the cavity should be limited to a predetermined number, typically of the order of 10 to 20, so that the beam does readily close on itself at its entry point. In order to reduce the angular sensitivity of the beam path segments, each segment is oriented such that it does not impinge on the next available reflection apex, but skips a small number of apexes, in order to reduce the effective angle of the beam entering the cavity, relative to the normal to the circumferential mirror at the entry point. The angle must still be carefully aligned such that after the predetermined number of traverses of the cavity, the beam does accurately reach the beam coupling aperture. Thus for instance, in the exemplary cavity shown in FIG. 1, the beam angle α is aligned such that after impinging on the mirror at apex point 15, the beam next impinges on the fourth apex 18 of the star-shaped beam trajectory around the circumferential annular mirror. In the example shown, the end mirrors 12, 13, are aligned at such an angle that the apex included angle α is approximately 49°, this angle being calculated exactly to provide 11 traverses of the beam across the annular mirror space, with 11 corresponding reflections at apexes of the folded beam path, the angle ensuring that each reflected beam next impinges on the annular mirror at the fourth apex position of the star-shaped beam trajectory, from the previous reflection.
[0047] Additionally, as previously mentioned, the angle α should not be made too small, since that would result in a larger number of traverses and reflections, and since the reflectivity of the circumferential mirror is not 100%, and for a gold mirror for instance is of the order of 99% at the CO.sub.2 lasing wavelength, an inordinately large number of reflections of the beam path with the circumferential mirror would result in excessive cavity losses, and reduction in the lasing efficiency. Furthermore, as previously mentioned, a smaller angle may result in greater sensitivity to end mirror alignment.
[0048] In the exemplary cavity path shown in FIG. 1, the output beam 16, is milked from the cavity through the output coupler 13 having partially reflecting optical properties, and the output coupler 13 and the full reflector end mirror 12, are located at a single α perture 11 in the annular mirror, this providing the optimum use of the internal volume of the cavity. However, using the same angular configuration, it would be possible to have a further aperture at the apex 19, for instance, and to position one of the end mirrors at this aperture and the other at the original aperture 11. By this means, the full reflector and the output coupler could be spatially separated, should this provide a more convenient mechanical design, but this would involve loss of three traverses of the beam across the cavity volume. Similarly, the apex included angle α could be made somewhat smaller in order to compensate for these lost traverses. However, the arrangement in FIG. 1 with a single aperture 11 provides the most space-efficient configuration.
[0049] The exit and entry aperture of the beam need not have a physical window at the annular mirror 10, since the complete assembly can be constructed within a vacuum tight box, with a vacuum window at any convenient point. This is advantageous since the angle of incidence at the aperture may be significantly different from normal incidence, and an antireflection coating for such an angle of incidence may be more complex to design and coat.
[0050] Because of the novel zig-zag path design, the optical path length within the resonator between the end reflectors can thus be made disproportionately long in comparison with the lateral dimensions of the cavity. Thus for instance, in the cavity shown in FIG. 1, the mirror diameter is only 120 mm, and yet for the 11-segmented beam path shown, a beam path of the order of 1,210 mm is obtained, illustrating the compactness of the laser cavity. A relatively long beam path within the laser cavity increases efficiency and pointing stability, on condition that the number of passes is such that the lasing efficiency is not significantly affected by the numerous reflections engendered.
[0051] Reference is now made to FIG. 2A, which illustrates isometrically a channeled ceramic disc insert 20, whose channels 21 are used in order to confine the plasma discharge to within the channels only. The channels in the ceramic element have a precalculated shape and dimension, and when mounted inside the annular mirror 22, duplicate the zig-zag optical beam path defined by the annular mirror radius, and the angle of entry of the beam from the end mirrors. Since the volume of the excited plasma is defined by the ceramic channels, which have a significantly reduced volume compared with prior art lasers, the RF exciting power level required to provide a specific power output is reduced, thereby improving beam quality compared with that of prior annular lasers, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,847,852 for “Ultra Compact RF Excited Gaseous Lasers”, having a common inventor with the present application. The laser efficiency is thus increased compared to other prior art multipass lasers not using channeled ceramic inserts. Furthermore, the small channel volume means that a comparatively small volume gas reservoir may be used, thereby saving device volume. In addition, the close proximity of the heat conductive ceramic insert to the discharge within the channels, provides a better level of cooling, thereby also assisting in increasing the laser efficiency. FIG. 2A also shows the location of the circumferential annular mirror 22, disposed around the outer periphery of the ceramic disc insert. Although a single element annulus may be the most convenient bending mirror to use, because of its single piece construction, it may be more economical to use segments of planar mirrors arranged around the circumference of the ceramic disc.
[0052] FIG. 2B now shows an alternative configuration 35 for the annular circumferential mirror, in which instead of a cylindrical reflection surface, as in FIG. 2A, the reflection surface 36 is formed having a curved shape, having a radius of curvature also in the direction out of the annulus, such that it focusses the beam towards a waist at the center of the annulus, as described hereinabove in the summary. This shape can be used to compensate for beam divergence, and provides better stability to the mode structure of the beam.
[0053] Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of the ceramic disc 20 of FIG. 2A, showing the beam path channels 21, and the planar electrodes 31, 32, between which the radiofrequency (RF) exciting voltage is applied. The application of this voltage is shown schematically in FIG. 3, but can be applied in practice by using conventional RF connectors (not shown in FIG. 3) located on the top and bottom electrodes, most conveniently at their centers. RF matching can be performed without interfering with the optical structure of the cavity since all of the matching elements are external to the cavity structure. In the example shown in FIG. 3, the annular reflecting mirror 33 is shown schematically. Since the electrodes may advantageously be constructed of aluminium, having good electrical and thermal conductivity, and since aluminium may not have good resistance to the RF excited gas discharge in the channels 21, the side of the plate 31 in contact with the channels may need to be coated with a more inert layer 37, such as a gold coating, or may need to have an intermediate metal sheet 37, such as titanium, to provide long life and to avoid contaminating the laser gas fill. The electrodes may be readily cooled by means of water tubes attached thereto (not shown in FIG. 3), or by forced cooling air flow across their surface, though the latter method cannot be used if the entire laser cavity with electrodes is contained within an outer vacuum-tight enclosure.
[0054] It is appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as variations and modifications thereto which would occur to a person of skill in the art upon reading the above description and which are not in the prior art.
