OVERLOAD COUPLING FOR ROTATING DRIVE SYSTEMS

Abstract

An overload coupling for coupling a driving device to a driven device. The present embodiments also relate to a rotating drive system with such an overload coupling, to a rotor system with such a rotating drive system, and to a rotary-wing aircraft with such a rotor system. The overload coupling may include concentrically arranged inner connecting element coupled to the driving device and outer connecting element coupled to the driven device. At least a first and a second arm, that each include an arrangement of at least one plate may connect the inner connecting element with the outer connecting element.

Claims

1. An overload coupling for coupling a driving device to a driven device, comprising: an inner connecting element and an outer connecting element that are concentrically arranged and rotate in normal operation around a common rotation axis in a first direction of rotation, wherein the inner connecting element is coupled to the driving device and the outer connecting element is coupled to the driven device; and at least a first and a second arm that connect the inner connecting element with the outer connecting element, wherein the first arm is attached to the inner connecting element at a first attachment point and to the outer connecting element at a second attachment point, wherein the second attachment point is angularly displaced relative to the first attachment point by a first angle such that the first attachment point is ahead of the second attachment point in the first direction of rotation, wherein the second arm is attached to the inner connecting element at a third attachment point and to the outer connecting element at a fourth attachment point, wherein the fourth attachment point is angularly displaced by a second angle relative to the third attachment point such that the third attachment point is ahead of the fourth attachment point in the first direction of rotation, wherein the first and second angles have first and second initial values, respectively, when no force is acting on the first and second arms, wherein the first and second initial values are smaller than 175 degrees, and wherein each one of the at least first and second arms comprises: an arrangement of at least one plate, wherein the at least one plate is loaded in tension when a first torque acts on the inner connecting element in the first direction of rotation or on the outer connecting element in a second direction of rotation that is opposite the first direction of rotation, and wherein the at least one plate is loaded with a compression force when a second torque acts on the inner connecting element in the second direction of rotation or on the outer connecting element in the first direction of rotation, wherein the first and second arms are formed with predefined geometries to enable buckling of the first and second arms when the second torque exceeds a predetermined threshold, and wherein the second torque causes the first and second angles to decrease below the respective first and second initial values, wherein the arrangement of the at least one plate comprises a staggered arrangement of at least two separate plates.

2. The overload coupling of claim 1 wherein at least two of the at least two separate plates are separated by a gap.

3. The overload coupling of claim 1 wherein at least two of the at least two separate plates have a different thickness.

4. The overload coupling of claim 1 wherein at least two of the at least two separate plates are made of different materials.

5. The overload coupling of claim 1 wherein the second attachment point comprises a plurality of attachments, each attachment of the plurality of attachments being located at a different location on the outer connecting element, wherein at least two adjacent plates of the at least two separate plates connect the first attachment point with different attachments of the plurality of attachments, and wherein the at least two adjacent plates are located immediately next to each other in the staggered arrangement.

6. The overload coupling of claim 5 wherein the at least two adjacent plates overlap each other partially at the second attachment point.

7. The overload coupling of claim 6 wherein the at least two adjacent plates overlap each other at the second attachment point with an increasing overlap in the second direction of rotation.

8. The overload coupling of claim 5 wherein the at least two adjacent plates connect the first attachment point with two attachments of the plurality of attachments that are separated by at least one other attachment of the plurality of attachments.

9. The overload coupling of claim 1 wherein the inner connecting element is ring-shaped and has an outer diameter.

10. The overload coupling of claim 9 wherein the at least first and second arms are arranged tangential to the outer diameter of the inner connecting element.

11. The overload coupling of claim 1 wherein the outer connecting element is ring-shaped.

12. The overload coupling of claim 1 further comprising: fasteners that fasten the at least first and second arms to at least one of the inner connecting element or the outer connecting element.

13. The overload coupling of claim 1 wherein the at least first and second arms are integrally formed with at least one of the inner connecting element or the outer connecting element.

14. The overload coupling of claim 13 wherein the at least first and second arms comprise at least one of a fillet or a recess at the transition with the at least one of the inner connecting element or the outer connecting element.

15. The overload coupling of claim 1 wherein the at least first and second arms further comprise at least one of an out-of-plane pre-deformation or a narrowing section.

16. The overload coupling of claim 1 wherein the first and third attachment points are equally spaced around the common rotation axis.

17. A rotating drive system comprising a driving device, a driven device, and the overload coupling of claim 1.

18. A rotor system for a rotary-wing aircraft, comprising the rotating drive system of claim 17 wherein the driving device comprises at least an engine, and wherein the driven device comprises at least a plurality of rotor blades.

19. A rotary-wing aircraft comprising the rotor system of claim 18.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0052] Embodiments are outlined by way of example in the following description with reference to the attached drawings.

[0053] In these attached drawings, identical or identically functioning components and elements are labeled with identical reference numbers and characters and are, consequently, only described once in the following description.

[0054] FIG. 1 is a diagram of an illustrative rotary-wing aircraft with an illustrative rotor system having an illustrative rotating drive system with an illustrative overload coupling in accordance with some embodiments,

[0055] FIG. 2A is a diagram of an illustrative rotating drive system 270 with an overload coupling between a driving device and a driven device that have a same rotation axis in accordance with some embodiments,

[0056] FIG. 2B is a diagram of an illustrative rotating drive system 270 with an overload coupling between a driving device and a driven device that have different rotation axes in accordance with some embodiments,

[0057] FIG. 3 is an isometric view of an illustrative overload coupling with a staggered arrangement of separate plates in accordance with some embodiments,

[0058] FIG. 4 is a diagram of an illustrative overload coupling with an inner and outer ring and three arms in accordance with some embodiments,

[0059] FIG. 5 is a diagram of several illustrative overload couplings having differing numbers of arms that connect an inner and an outer connecting element and that are arranged tangential to the outer diameter of the inner ring in accordance with some embodiments,

[0060] FIG. 6A is a diagram of an illustrative overload coupling with four arms between an inner and outer ring in accordance with some embodiments,

[0061] FIG. 6B is a diagram of a partial view of the illustrative overload coupling of FIG. 6A showing an arm that deviates by a predetermined angle from a tangential arrangement to the outer diameter of the inner ring in accordance with some embodiments,

[0062] FIG. 6C is a diagram of a partial view of the illustrative overload coupling of FIG. 6A showing an arm with a narrowing section between the inner and outer rings in accordance with some embodiments,

[0063] FIG. 6D is a diagram of a partial view of the illustrative overload coupling of FIG. 6A showing an arm that is fastened to the outer ring with a fastener in accordance with some embodiments,

[0064] FIG. 6E is a diagram of a partial view of the illustrative overload coupling of FIG. 6A showing an arm that is fastened to the inner ring with a fastener in accordance with some embodiments,

[0065] FIG. 6F is a diagram of a partial view of the illustrative overload coupling of FIG. 6A showing an arm that includes a fillet at the transition with the inner ring in accordance with some embodiments,

[0066] FIG. 6G is diagram of a partial view of the illustrative overload coupling of FIG. 6A showing an arm that includes a recess at the transition with the inner ring in accordance with some embodiments,

[0067] FIG. 7A is a diagram of an illustrative overload coupling with a staggered arrangement of plates and integrally formed inner ring, arms, and outer ring in accordance with some embodiments,

[0068] FIG. 7B is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm with a staggered arrangement of plates that all have the same thickness in accordance with some embodiments,

[0069] FIG. 7C is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm with a staggered arrangement of plates that have at least two plates with a different thickness in accordance with some embodiments,

[0070] FIG. 7D is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm with a staggered arrangement of plates that have at least two plates that are separated by a gap in accordance with some embodiments,

[0071] FIG. 7E is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm with a staggered arrangement of plates and a narrowing section in accordance with some embodiments,

[0072] FIG. 8A is a diagram of an illustrative overload coupling with a staggered arrangement of plates, integrally formed inner ring, arms, and outer ring, and a plurality of attachments for each arm at the outer ring in accordance with some embodiments,

[0073] FIG. 8B is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm with a staggered arrangement of plates with partially overlapping adjacent plates at the attachment point with the outer ring in accordance with some embodiments,

[0074] FIG. 8C is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm with a staggered arrangement of plates with overlapping adjacent plates at the attachment point with the outer ring and an increasing overlap in one direction of rotation in accordance with some embodiments,

[0075] FIG. 9A is a diagram of an illustrative overload coupling with arms made of a staggered arrangement of plates that connect an attachment point on the inner ring with different attachments on the outer ring in accordance with some embodiments,

[0076] FIG. 9B is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm with a staggered arrangement of plates and adjacent plates that have non-adjacent attachments on the outer ring in accordance with some embodiments,

[0077] FIG. 9C is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm with a staggered arrangement of plates and adjacent plates that have adjacent, non-overlapping attachments on the outer ring in accordance with some embodiments,

[0078] FIG. 10 is a diagram of an illustrative functional behavior of an overload coupling showing a possible relationship between the torque that is applied to inner and outer connecting elements and the rotational deformation angle between inner and outer connecting elements in accordance with some embodiments,

[0079] FIG. 11 is a diagram of an illustrative overload coupling with inner ring and arms that extend tangentially from the outer diameter of the inner ring in accordance with some embodiments,

[0080] FIG. 12A is a diagram of the illustrative overload coupling of FIG. 11 at a first negative rotational deformation angle at which the arms are subject to an elastic deformation in accordance with some embodiments,

[0081] FIG. 12B is a diagram of the illustrative overload coupling of FIG. 11 at a second negative rotational deformation angle at which the arms start to buckle in accordance with some embodiments,

[0082] FIG. 12C is a diagram of the illustrative overload coupling of FIG. 11 at a third negative rotational deformation angle at which the arms further buckle in accordance with some embodiments,

[0083] FIG. 12D is a diagram of the illustrative overload coupling of FIG. 11 at a fourth negative rotational deformation angle at which the arms are twisted in accordance with some embodiments,

[0084] FIG. 12E is a diagram of the illustrative overload coupling of FIG. 11 at a fifth negative rotational deformation angle at which the arms are about to be ripped off from the inner ring in accordance with some embodiments, and

[0085] FIG. 12F is a diagram of the illustrative overload coupling of FIG. 11 at a sixth negative rotational deformation angle at which the arms have been ripped off the inner ring in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0086] Exemplary embodiments may be used with any devices or vehicles with a rotating drive system that includes a driving device and a driven device that are connected by a rotating drive shaft with an overload coupling in which the drive shaft rotates around an associated rotation axis and transmits thereby mechanical torque from the driving device to the driven device. Examples for such devices may include wind turbines, transmission of forces from an engine, transmissions of forces from/to rotors, dynamometers, etc. Examples for vehicles may include aircraft such as airplanes, quadcopters, helicopters, and drones, land-based vehicles including cars, buses, trucks, and motorcycles, or vessels such as ships and boats, etc.

[0087] FIG. 1 is a diagram of an illustrative aircraft that is embodied as a rotary-wing aircraft 100 having at least one rotor system 110 with a rotor shaft 115. As shown in FIG. 1, the rotary-wing aircraft 100, which is sometimes also referred to as rotorcraft 100, is exemplarily illustrated as a helicopter. Thus, for purposes of simplicity and clarity, the rotorcraft 100 is hereinafter referred to as the “helicopter” 100.

[0088] Illustratively, helicopter 100 may have a fuselage 120 that forms an airframe of the helicopter 100. The fuselage 120 is connected to a suitable landing gear and exemplarily forms a cabin 123 and a rear fuselage 127. The rear fuselage 127 is connected to a tail boom 130.

[0089] By way of example, helicopter 100 may include at least one counter-torque device 140 configured to provide counter-torque during operation, i.e., to counter the torque created by rotation of the at least one rotor system 110 for purposes of balancing the helicopter 100 in terms of yaw. If desired, counter-torque device 140 may be shrouded.

[0090] The at least one counter-torque device 140 is illustratively provided at an aft section of the tail boom 130 and may have a tail rotor 145. The aft section of the tail boom 130 may include a fin 150. Illustratively, the tail boom 130 may be provided with a suitable horizontal stabilizer 135.

[0091] Illustratively, helicopter 100 may have at least one rotor system 110, which is illustratively provided as a multi-blade rotor system 110, for providing lift and forward or backward thrust during operation. The at least one rotor system 110 comprises an engine 111 coupled to a plurality of rotor blades 112, 113. By way of example, the plurality of rotor blades 112, 113 may be mounted at an associated rotor head 114 to a rotor shaft 115, which rotates in operation of the helicopter 100 around an associated rotation axis 117 in a rotor plane 119.

[0092] The rotor shaft 115 may have first and second ends. Rotor head 114 with rotor blades 112, 113 may be attached to the first end of the rotor shaft 115. The second end of the rotor shaft 115 may be installed within a gearbox, which may be driven by the engine 111.

[0093] If desired, an overload coupling may couple the engine 111 with the rotor blades 112, 113 of the multi-blade rotor system 110. For example, one of the illustrative overload couplings 200 shown in FIG. 2A to FIG. 9A or FIG. 11 to FIG. 12F may implement at least a portion of the overload coupling of helicopter 100. In other words, helicopter 100 may include an overload coupling 200 as described below with reference to FIG. 2 to FIG. 9A and FIG. 11 to FIG. 12F.

[0094] FIG. 2A is a diagram of an illustrative rotating drive system 270 with an overload coupling 200 between a driving device 280 and a driven device 290 that have a same rotation axis 275. Illustratively, the driving device 280 may rotate in normal operation around rotation axis 275 in a first rotation direction.

[0095] The driving device 280 may transmit a torque via a drive shaft 285 to the overload coupling 200. For example, the overload coupling 200 may have an inner connecting element, and drive shaft 285 may be coupled to the inner connecting element.

[0096] By way of example, the overload coupling may have an outer connecting element. Illustratively, overload coupling 200 may include at least a first and a second arm that connect the inner connecting element with the outer connecting element. The at least first and second arms may transmit the torque from the inner to the outer connecting element.

[0097] If desired, drive shaft 295 may be coupled to the outer connecting element. Drive shaft 295 may couple the outer connecting element with the driven device 290.

[0098] As an example, consider the scenario in which rotating drive system 270 represents at least a portion of rotor system 110 of rotary-wing aircraft 100 of FIG. 1. In this scenario, the driving device 280 may include at least an engine (e.g., engine 111 of FIG. 1), and the driven device 290 may include at least a plurality of rotor blades (e.g., rotor blades 112, 113 of FIG. 1). The engine may transmit torque via drive shaft 285 to the overload coupling 200. The overload coupling 200 may transmit the torque via drive shaft 295 to the plurality of rotor blades.

[0099] FIG. 2B is a diagram of an illustrative rotating drive system 270 with an overload coupling between a driving device 280 and a driven device 290 that have different rotation axes 275, 276.

[0100] The driving device 280 may transmit a torque via a drive shaft 285 to the overload coupling 200. For example, the overload coupling 200 may have an inner connecting element 210, and drive shaft 285 may be coupled to the inner connecting element 210.

[0101] By way of example, the overload coupling may have an outer connecting element 220. Illustratively, overload coupling 200 may include at least a first and a second arm 230, 240 that connect the inner connecting element 210 with the outer connecting element 220. The at least first and second arms 230, 240 may transmit the torque from the inner connecting element 210 to the outer connecting element 220.

[0102] Drive shaft 295 may be coupled to the outer connecting element 220. Any suitable means may couple the outer connecting element 220 to the drive shaft 295.

[0103] As an example, a chain or a belt may couple the outer connecting element 220 to a wheel that is coupled to the drive shaft 295. As shown in FIG. 2B, a belt 205 may couple the outer connecting element 220 to the drive shaft 295 via the wheel. The wheel may be mounted to the drive shaft 295, thereby transmitting the rotation from drive shaft 285 to drive shaft 295.

[0104] If desired, the outer rim of the outer connecting element 220 may be notched with teeth, and a cogwheel may be mounted to drive shaft 295 such that the cogwheel meshes with the teeth of the outer connecting element 220, thereby transmitting the rotation from drive shaft 285 to drive shaft 295.

[0105] Illustratively, the transmission of the rotation between drive shaft 285 and drive shaft 295 may occur inside a gearbox with the overload coupling 200 being placed inside the gearbox.

[0106] FIG. 3 is an isometric view of illustrative overload coupling 200 for coupling a driving device (e.g., driving device 280 of FIG. 2A or FIG. 2B) to a driven device (e.g., driven device 290 of FIG. 2A or FIG. 2B) via drive shaft 285. Illustratively, drive shaft 285 may be connected to the driving device.

[0107] By way of example, overload coupling 200 may include an inner connecting element 210 and an outer connecting element 220 that rotate in normal operation around a common rotation axis 275 in a first direction of rotation 277. For example, the inner connecting element 210 may be coupled via drive shaft 285 to the driving device and the outer connecting element 220 to the driven device.

[0108] Illustratively, inner connecting element 210 and outer connecting element 220 may be concentrically arranged around the common rotation axis 275. By way of example, inner connecting element 210 and outer connecting element 220 may be arranged in a same plane. If desired, inner connecting element 210 and outer connecting element 220 may be arranged in different planes that are parallel to each other.

[0109] The overload coupling 200 may include at least a first and a second arm 230, 240. The at least first and second arms 230, 240 may connect the inner connecting element 210 with the outer connecting element 220.

[0110] Illustratively, the first arm 230 may be attached to the inner connecting element 210 at a first attachment point 232 and to the outer connecting element 220 at a second attachment point 233. As shown in FIG. 3, the second attachment point 233 may be angularly displaced relative to the first attachment point 232 by a first angle such that the first attachment point 232 is ahead of the second attachment point 233 in the first direction of rotation 277.

[0111] Similarly, the second arm 240 may be attached to the inner connecting element 210 at a third attachment point 242 and to the outer connecting element 220 at a fourth attachment point 243. As shown in FIG. 3, the fourth attachment point 243 may be angularly displaced by a second angle relative to the third attachment point 242 such that the third attachment point 242 is ahead of the fourth attachment point 243 in the first direction of rotation 277.

[0112] Illustratively, the first and second angles have first and second initial values, respectively, when no force is acting on the first and second arms 230, 240. The first and second initial values are smaller than 175 degrees.

[0113] If desired, each one of the at least first and second arms 230, 240 may include an arrangement of at least one plate. As shown in FIG. 3, each one of the at least first and second arms 230, 240 may include a staggered arrangement of at least two separate plates.

[0114] Illustratively, the inner connecting element 210 and/or the outer connecting element 220 may include an arrangement of at least one plate. As shown in FIG. 3, the inner and outer connecting elements 210, 220 both include a staggered arrangement of at least two separate plates.

[0115] By way of example, the at least first and second arms 230, 240 may be integrally formed with at least one of the inner connecting element 210 or the outer connecting element 220. As shown in FIG. 3, all arms 230, 240 are integrally formed with inner and outer connecting elements 210, 220.

[0116] The at least two separate plates of each one of the at least first and second arms 230, 240 may be adapted to be loaded in tension when a first torque 272 acts on the inner connecting element 210 in the first direction of rotation 277 or on the outer connecting element 220 in a second direction of rotation 278 that is opposite the first direction of rotation 277.

[0117] Similarly, the at least two separate plates of each one of the at least first and second arms 230, 240 may be adapted to be loaded with a compression force and buckle (e.g., as shown in the detail representation of arm 230 of FIG. 3) when a second torque 273 acts on the inner connecting element 210 in the second direction of rotation 278 or on the outer connecting element 220 in the first direction of rotation 277. The second torque 273 may cause the first and second angles to decrease below the respective first and second initial values.

[0118] FIG. 4 is a diagram of an illustrative overload coupling 200. The illustrative overload coupling 200 may have an inner connecting element 210 that is ring-shaped. The ring-shaped inner connecting element 210 may have an outer diameter 215. By way of example, the outer connecting element 220 is ring-shaped.

[0119] The illustrative overload coupling 200 may include three arms 230, 240, 246. The three arms 230, 240, 246 may be arranged tangential to the outer diameter 215 of the inner connecting element 210. For example, the three arms 230, 240, 246 may be attached to the inner connecting element 210 at attachment points 232, 242, 247, respectively and to the outer connecting element 220 at attachment points 233, 243, 248, respectively, such that one edge of the respective arm 230, 240, 246 forms a tangent to the outer diameter 215 of the inner connecting element 210.

[0120] Illustratively, the attachment points 232, 242, and 247 may be equally spaced around the common rotation axis 275. For example, the attachment points 232, 242, and 247 may be spaced at an angle of 120° from each other on the inner connecting element 210. Similarly, the attachment points 233, 243, and 248 may be equally spaced around the common rotation axis 275. For example, the attachment points 233, 243, and 248 may be spaced at an angle of 120° from each other on the outer connecting element 220.

[0121] Illustratively, attachment point 233 may be angularly displaced relative to attachment point 232 by a first angle 235 such that attachment point 232 is ahead of attachment point 233 in the first direction of rotation 277. Similarly, attachment point 243 may be angularly displaced relative to attachment point 242 by a second angle 245 such that attachment point 242 is ahead of attachment point 243 in the first direction of rotation 277. First and second angles 235, 245 may be equal. If desired, first and second angles 235, 245 may be different.

[0122] FIG. 5 is a diagram of several illustrative overload couplings 200 having differing numbers of arms 230, 240 that connect an inner connecting element 210 with an outer connecting element 220. In particular, FIG. 5 shows a first illustrative overload coupling 200 with three arms 230, 240, a second illustrative overload coupling 200 with four arms 230, 240, a third illustrative overload coupling 200 with five arms 230, 240, and a fourth illustrative overload coupling 200 with six arms 230, 240.

[0123] As shown in FIG. 5, all four illustrative overload couplings 200 have an outer connecting element 220 that is ring-shaped and an inner connecting element 210 that is ring-shaped. The ring-shaped inner connecting element 210 may have an outer diameter 215, and the arms 230, 240 may be arranged tangential to the outer diameter of the inner ring.

[0124] Each arm 230, 240 in each one of the four illustrative overload couplings 200 may be attached to the inner connecting element 210 at respective attachment points 232, 242. Illustratively, the attachment points 232, 242 may be equally spaced around the common rotation axis 275.

[0125] For example, the three attachment points of the overload coupling 200 with three arms may be spaced at an angle of 120° from each other on the inner connecting element 210, the four attachment points of the overload coupling 200 with four arms may be spaced at an angle of 90° from each other on the inner connecting element 210, the five attachment points of the overload coupling 200 with five arms may be spaced at an angle of 72° from each other on the inner connecting element 210, and the six attachment points of the overload coupling 200 with six arms may be spaced at an angle of 60° from each other on the inner connecting element 210.

[0126] Similarly, each arm 230, 240 in each of the four illustrative overload couplings 200 may be attached to the outer connecting element 220 at respective attachment points 233, 243. Illustratively, the attachment points 233, 243 may be equally spaced around the common rotation axis 275.

[0127] For example, the three attachment points of the overload coupling 200 with three arms may be spaced at an angle of 120° from each other on the outer connecting element 220, the four attachment points of the overload coupling 200 with four arms may be spaced at an angle of 90° from each other on the outer connecting element 220, the five attachment points of the overload coupling 200 with five arms may be spaced at an angle of 72° from each other on the outer connecting element 220, and the six attachment points of the overload coupling 200 with six arms may be spaced at an angle of 60° from each other on the outer connecting element 220.

[0128] FIG. 6A is a diagram of an illustrative overload coupling 200 with four arms between the inner connecting element 210 and the outer connecting element 220. FIGS. 6B, 6C, 6D, and 6E show partial views of the illustrative overload coupling 200 of FIG. 6A.

[0129] Inner connecting element 210 and outer connecting element 220 may both be ring-shaped. The four arms 230, 240 may be attached to the inner connecting element 210 at attachment points 232, 242, respectively, and to the outer connecting element 220 at attachment points 233, 243, respectively.

[0130] Illustratively, the four arms may be tangential to the inner connecting element's 210 outer diameter 215. In other words, an imaginary line between inner and outer attachment points 232 and 233 or 242 and 243 may be parallel to a tangent to ring-shaped inner connecting element 210, whereby one edge of the arm 230 coincides with the tangent.

[0131] As shown in FIG. 6A and in more detail in FIG. 6B, the four arms 230, 240 may be tilted by angle 236 relative to the tangent 234 to the outer diameter 215 of ring-shaped inner connecting element 210, if desired.

[0132] By way of example, the four arms 230, 240 may have a same thickness and/or a same width between attachment points 232, 242 at the inner connecting element 210 and attachment points 233, 243 at the outer connecting element 220, as illustratively shown in FIG. 6A. If desired, at least one of the four arms 230, 240 (e.g., arm 230) may include a narrowing section 258 between the attachment points 232 and 233 as illustratively shown in FIG. 6C.

[0133] The narrowing section 258 may have any arbitrary shape. As an example, the narrowing section 258 may have an hourglass shape. As another example, the narrowing section 258 may have a concave shape.

[0134] Illustratively, the four arms 230, 240 may be integrally formed with at least one of the inner connecting element 210 or the outer connecting element 220. As shown in FIG. 6A, the four arms 230, 240 may be integrally formed with the inner connecting element 210 and the outer connecting element 220.

[0135] If desired, fasteners may fasten at least one of the four arms 230, 240 to at least one of the inner connecting element 210 or the outer connecting element 220. Fasteners may include nuts and bolts, rivets, screws, pins, or any combination thereof. Alternatively, or in addition, the at least one of the four arms 230, 240 may be bonded to the at least one of the inner connecting element 210 or the outer connecting element 220.

[0136] FIG. 6D is a diagram of a partial view of the illustrative overload coupling 200 of FIG. 6A showing an arm 230 that is fastened to the outer connecting element 220 with a fastener 260.

[0137] FIG. 6E is a diagram of a partial view of the illustrative overload coupling 200 of FIG. 6A showing an arm 230 that is fastened to the inner connecting element 220 with a fastener 260.

[0138] As an example, fasteners 260 may fasten all four arms 230, 240 to the outer connecting element 220. As another example, fasteners 260 may fasten all four arms 230, 240 to the inner connecting element 210. As yet another example, fasteners 260 may fasten all four arms 230, 240 to inner and outer connecting elements 210, 220.

[0139] The transition between arms 230, 240 and inner and/or outer connecting elements 210, 220 may be sensitive to fatigue, static strength, buckling, and/or rip-off characteristics. Thus, the transition between arms 230, 240 and inner and/or outer connecting elements 210, 220 may be altered. If desired, arms 230, 240 may include at least one of a fillet or a recess at the transition with the at least one of the inner connecting element 210 or the outer connecting element 220.

[0140] As an example, arms 230, 240 may include a fillet at the transition with the inner connecting element 210. FIG. 6F is a diagram of a partial view of the illustrative overload coupling 200 of FIG. 6A showing an arm 230 that includes a fillet 237 at the transition with the inner connecting element 210. As another example, arms 230, 240 may include a fillet at the transition with the outer connecting element 220.

[0141] Illustratively, arms 230, 240 may include a recess at the transition with the inner connecting element 210. FIG. 6G is diagram of a partial view of the illustrative overload coupling 200 of FIG. 6A showing an arm 230 that includes a recess 238 at the transition with the inner connecting element 210. If desired, arms 230, 240 may include a recess at the transition with the outer connecting element 220.

[0142] Overload coupling 200 of FIG. 6A to FIG. 6G may have arms 230, 240 that each include an arrangement of at least one plate. If desired, overload coupling 200 of FIG. 6A to FIG. 6G may have arms 230, 240 that each include a staggered arrangement of at least two separate plates.

[0143] FIG. 7A is a diagram of an illustrative overload coupling 200 with a staggered arrangement 250 of at least two separate plates 255. Illustratively, overload coupling 200 may have a staggered arrangement 250 of two, three, four, five, six, etc. separate plates 255.

[0144] The at least two separate plates 255 may be loosely arranged (i.e., without being fixed to each other). If desired, at least two of the at least two separate plates 255 may be fixed together. As an example, the at least two of the at least two separate plates 255 may be bonded together. As another example, a fastener may fasten the at least two of the at least two separate plates 255 together. If desired, all plates of the at least two plates 255 may be fixed together.

[0145] Illustratively, inner connecting element 210 and/or outer connecting element 220 may include a staggered arrangement 250 of at least two separate plates 255. As shown in FIG. 7A, inner and outer connecting elements 210, 220 include a staggered arrangement of several separate plates 255. Illustratively, inner and outer connecting elements 210, 220 and arms 230, 240 may be integrally formed.

[0146] Illustratively, the separate plates 255 may all have the same thickness. For example, FIG. 7B is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm 230 with a staggered arrangement 250 of plates 255 that all have the same thickness.

[0147] If desired, at least two of the separate plates 255 may have a different thickness. For example, FIG. 7C is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm 230 with a staggered arrangement of plates 255 with at least two plates that have different thicknesses.

[0148] By way of example, the separate plates 255 may all be tightly packed together. If desired, at least two of the separate plates 255 may be separated by a gap 257. For example, FIG. 7D is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm 230 with a staggered arrangement of separate plates 255 with at least two plates that are separated by a gap 257.

[0149] Illustratively, the separate plates 255 may all be made of the same material. If desired, at least two of the separate plates 255 may be made of different materials. The materials may be selected based on predetermined criteria. The predetermined criteria may include elasticity, plasticity, stiffness, strength, etc.

[0150] As an example, the upper and lower plates 255 may be made of a first material, and the plates 255 between the upper and lower plates 255 may be made of a second material. Illustratively, the first and second materials may be selected according to a predetermined criterion. As an example, the first and second materials may be selected such that the first material has a higher elasticity than the second material. As another example, the first material may be selected such that the first material has a protective function.

[0151] By way of example, the arms 230, 240 may have variations in their geometry. As an example, the arms 230, 240 may have an out-of-plane pre-deformation 259. As another example, the arms 230, 240 may have sections that are thicker and/or wider than other sections.

[0152] FIG. 7E is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm 230 with a staggered arrangement 250 of separate plates 255 and a section with an out-of-plane pre-deformation 259. In other words, the arm 230 may have at least a portion between the attachment points 232, 233 with inner and outer connecting elements that is deformed such that at least a portion of arm 230 is in another plane than inner and outer connecting elements.

[0153] The out-of-plane pre-deformation 259 may have any arbitrary shape. As an example, the out-of-plane pre-deformation 259 may have an arc shape. As another example, the out-of-plane pre-deformation 259 may have an S-shape.

[0154] As shown in FIG. 3 to FIG. 7E, the staggered arrangement 250 of separate plates 255 may overlap each other completely at the first attachment point 232 and at the second attachment point 233. However, if desired, the separate plates 255 may overlap each other only partially or not at all at the second attachment point 233.

[0155] FIG. 8A is a diagram of an illustrative overload coupling 200 with a staggered arrangement 250 of plates 255. Illustratively, overload coupling 200 may have a staggered arrangement 250 of two, three, four, five, six, etc. separate plates 255.

[0156] Illustratively, inner connecting element 210 and/or outer connecting element 220 may include a staggered arrangement 250 of at least two separate plates 255. As shown in FIG. 8A, inner and outer connecting elements 210, 220 include a staggered arrangement of several separate plates 255.

[0157] By way of example, overload coupling 200 may include at least a first and a second arm 230, 240 that connect the inner connecting element 210 with the outer connecting element 220. As shown in FIG. 8A, each one of the at least first and second arms 230, 240 may include a staggered arrangement 250 of at least two separate plates 255.

[0158] Two plates 852, 853, 854, 855 of the staggered arrangement 250 of separate plates 255 are hereinafter considered to be adjacent if these two plates are located immediately next to each other in the staggered arrangement 250. For example, plates 852 and 853, plates 853 and 854, or plates 854 and 855 are considered to be two adjacent plates.

[0159] The first arm 230 may be attached to the inner connecting element 210 at a first attachment point 232 and to the outer connecting element 220 at a second attachment point 233. The second attachment point 233 may be angularly displaced relative to the first attachment point 232 by a first angle 235 such that the first attachment point 232 is ahead of the second attachment point 233 in the first direction of rotation 277.

[0160] By way of example, the second attachment point 233 may include a plurality of attachments 833. Each attachment 833 of the plurality of attachments 833 may be located at a different location 820 on the outer connecting element 220.

[0161] Illustratively, at least two adjacent plates 852, 853 of the at least two separate plates 255 may connect the first attachment point 232 with different attachments 833 of the plurality of attachments 833.

[0162] For example, at least two adjacent plates 852, 853 of the at least two separate plates 255 may overlap each other only partially at the first attachment point 232. As shown in FIG. 8A, all plates of the at least two separate plates 255 overlap each other completely at the first attachment point 232.

[0163] Illustratively, at least two adjacent plates 852, 853 of the at least two separate plates 255 may overlap each other partially at the second attachment point 233.

[0164] FIG. 8B is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm 230, 240 with a staggered arrangement 250 of separate plates 255. Illustratively, at least two adjacent plates 852, 853 overlap each other partially at the second attachment point 233, 243.

[0165] As shown in FIG. 8B, the overlap between any two adjacent plates 852, 853, 854, 855, and thereby the non-overlapping portion of the plates 255, is constant at the second attachment point 233, 243. If desired, the overlap between any two adjacent plates 852, 853, 854, 855, and thereby the non-overlapping portion of the plates 255, at the second attachment point 233, 243 may be selected to be non-constant.

[0166] FIG. 8C is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm 230, 240 with a staggered arrangement 250 of separate plates 255. Illustratively, at least two adjacent plates 852, 853 overlap each other partially at the second attachment point 233, 243.

[0167] As shown in FIG. 8C, the overlap between any two adjacent plates 852, 853, 854, 855, and thereby the non-overlapping portion of the plates 255, is non-constant at the second attachment point 233, 243.

[0168] As an example, the at least two adjacent plates 852, 853, 854, 855 may overlap each other at the second attachment point 233 with an increasing overlap 865 in the second direction of rotation 278. Thus, the non-overlapping portion 860 of the separate plates 255 may decrease in the second direction of rotation 278.

[0169] As another example, the at least two adjacent plates 852, 853, 854, 855 may overlap each other at the second attachment point 233 with a decreasing overlap 865 in the second direction of rotation 278. Thus, the non-overlapping portion 860 of the separate plates 255 may increase in the second direction of rotation 278.

[0170] In this example, the arms 230, 240 may approximate the shape of an airfoil. Thus, the arms 230, 240 that rotate in normal operation around rotation axis 275 in direction 277 may experience an airflow 870 such that the overload coupling 200 may act as a fan that produces an air stream. The air stream may have a predetermined delivery direction. If desired, the increasing overlap 865 in the second direction of rotation 278 of the at least two adjacent plates 852, 853, 854, 855 at the second attachment point 233 may be selected to determine the strength and/or the quantity and/or the delivery direction of the air stream.

[0171] Illustratively, the air stream produced by the overlap coupling 200 may be used to actively cool a device such as for example a bearing, an engine, a transmission, etc. The device may be located in the proximity of the overload coupling 200. If desired, an air duct may transport the air stream from the overload coupling 200 to a device that is located further apart from the overload coupling 200.

[0172] As shown in FIG. 8A, the plurality of attachments 833 that form the second attachment point 233 may be located at a different location 820 on the outer connecting element 220 such that the staggered arrangement 250 of plates 255 overlap each other partially at the second attachment point 233. If desired, the plurality of attachments 833 that form the second attachment point 233 may be located at a different location 820 on the outer connecting element 220 such that the staggered arrangement 250 of plates 255 is non-overlapping at the second attachment point 233.

[0173] FIG. 9A is a diagram of an illustrative overload coupling 200 with arms 230, 240 made of a staggered arrangement 250 of plates 255 that connect an attachment point 210 on the inner connecting element 210 with different attachments 833 of second attachment 233, 243 on the outer connecting element 220 such that the staggered arrangement 250 of plates 255 is non-overlapping at the respective second attachment points 233, 243.

[0174] As shown in FIG. 9A, the plurality of attachments 833 of each second attachment 233, 243 of the at least two arms 230, 240 is evenly distributed on the outer connecting element 220. Thereby, the outer connecting element 220 may experience a uniform support and a balanced load during operation of the overload coupling 200.

[0175] FIG. 9B is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm 230, 240 with a staggered arrangement 250 of plates 255 and adjacent plates 853, 854 that have non-adjacent attachments 833 on the outer connecting element 220.

[0176] Illustratively, the at least two adjacent plates 853, 854 may connect the first attachment point 232 with two attachments 833 of the plurality of attachments 833 that are separated by at least one other attachment 833 of the plurality of attachments 833. For example, as shown in FIG. 9B, plate 855 connects the first attachment point 232 with the attachment 833 that separates the two attachments 833 to which the two adjacent plates 853, 854 are connected.

[0177] In this example, the at least two adjacent plates 853, 854 may experience at least a reduced friction against each other when the at least two adjacent plates 853, 854 are loaded with a compression force and buckle when a torque acts on the inner connecting element 210 in direction of rotation 278 or on the outer connecting element 220 in direction of rotation 277 compared to the plates 255 of the overload coupling 200 of FIG. 3 or FIG. 7A.

[0178] If desired, the at least two adjacent plates 853, 854 may connect the first attachment point 232 with two attachments 833 of the plurality of attachments 833 that are next to each other on the outer connecting element 220. FIG. 9C is a diagram of an illustrative cross-section of an arm 230, 240 with a staggered arrangement 250 of plates 255 and adjacent plates 853, 854 that have adjacent, non-overlapping attachments 833 on the outer connecting element 220.

[0179] The overload couplings 200 of FIGS. 3 to 9A have at least a first and a second arm 230, 240 that connect the inner connecting element 210 with the outer connecting element 220. The first arm 230 of these overload couplings 200 is attached to an inner connecting element 210 at a first attachment point 232 and to an outer connecting element 220 at a second attachment point 233 such that the second attachment point 233 is angularly displaced relative to the first attachment point 232 by a first angle (e.g., angle 235 of FIG. 4) such that the first attachment point 232 is ahead of the second attachment point 233 in the first direction of rotation 277.

[0180] The second arm 240 is attached to the inner connecting element 210 at a third attachment point 242 and to the outer connecting element 220 at a fourth attachment point 243 such that the fourth attachment point 243 is angularly displaced by a second angle (e.g., angle 245 of FIG. 4) relative to the third attachment point 242 such that the third attachment point 242 is ahead of the fourth attachment point 243 in the first direction of rotation 277.

[0181] Illustratively, the first and second angles have first and second initial values, respectively, when no force is acting on the first and second arms 230, 240. As an example, the first and second initial values are smaller than 175 degrees.

[0182] By way of example, each one of the at least first and second arms 230, 240 includes an arrangement of at least one plate (e.g., arrangement 250 of plates 255 of FIG. 7A).

[0183] FIG. 10 is a diagram 300 of an illustrative functional behavior of an overload coupling (e.g., overload coupling 200 of FIGS. 3 to 9A) showing the relationship between the torque that is applied to inner and outer connecting elements (e.g., inner and outer connecting elements 210, 220 of FIGS. 3 to 9A) and the change in angle between the inner and outer connecting elements (e.g., a change in angle of the angularly displaced attachment points 232, 242 and 233, 243 of the arms compared to the initial values for these angles 235, 245 of FIG. 4).

[0184] The abscissa 310 of diagram 300 shows the change in angle between the inner and outer connecting elements. Thus, abscissa 310 of diagram 300 depicts the relative change of the angles between the attachment points of the arms at the inner connecting element and the attachment points of the arms at the outer connecting element (i.e., of angles 235, 245 of FIG. 4) compared to their initial values.

[0185] In other words, a zero on the abscissa 310 means that angles 235, 245 of FIG. 4 have their initial values. A positive value on the abscissa 310 means that angles 235, 245 are greater than their initial values, and a negative value on the abscissa 310 means that angles 235, 245 are smaller than their initial values.

[0186] For example, consider the scenario in which angle 235 of FIG. 4 is α when arm 230 is not loaded with a force. In this scenario, a value of 5° on the abscissa 310 means that the angle 235 is equal to (α+5°). Similarly, a value of −15° on the abscissa 310 means that the angle 235 is equal to (α−15°).

[0187] It should be noted that the diagram 300 may not be to scale. In particular, the angles 235, 245 may only increase slightly (e.g., less than 2°) during normal operation on the linear elastic working curve 350 between failure onsets 360 and 365.

[0188] The ordinate 320 of diagram 300 shows the load in the respective arms 230, 240. A positive value on the ordinate 320 means that the respective arms 230, 240 are loaded in tension 330. A negative value on the ordinate 320 means that the respective arms 230, 240 are loaded with a compression force 340.

[0189] Thus, the relationship between the change in angle between the inner and outer connecting elements and the load in the respective arms 230, 240 passes from the first quadrant 330 through the origin into the third quadrant 340.

[0190] As an example, consider the scenario in which the overload coupling 200 of FIG. 11 that has a ring-shaped inner connecting element 210 and four arms 230, 240 that extend tangentially from the outer diameter of the ring-shaped inner connecting element 210 rotate in normal operation around rotation axis 275 in direction 277. Consider further that the inner connecting element 210 is coupled to a driving device (e.g., engine 111 of rotor system 110 of rotary-wing aircraft 100 of FIG. 1) and that the arms 230, 240 couple the inner connecting element 210 via an outer connecting element with a driven device (e.g., rotor blades 112, 113 of rotor system 110 of rotary-wing aircraft 100 of FIG. 1).

[0191] Moreover, consider that the arms 230, 240 are attached at attachment points 232, 242 to the inner connecting element 210 and at attachment points 233, 243 to an outer connecting element, that the attachment points 233, 243 are angularly displaced relative to attachment points 232, 242 by angles 235, 245, respectively, and that each one of the arms 230, 240 includes an arrangement of at least one plate that is adapted to be loaded in tension 330 when a first torque 272 acts on the inner connecting element 210 in the first direction of rotation 277 or on the outer connecting element in a second direction of rotation 278 that is opposite the first direction of rotation 277.

[0192] Consider further that the at least one plate is adapted to be loaded with a compression force 340 and buckle when a second torque 273 acts on the inner connecting element 210 in the second direction of rotation 278 or on the outer connecting element in the first direction of rotation 277 such that the second torque 273 causes the first and second angles 235, 245 to decrease below the respective first and second initial values.

[0193] As a first example in this scenario, engine 111 of FIG. 1 may be coupled to the inner connecting element 210 and rotor blades 112, 113 of FIG. 1 may be coupled to the outer connecting element of overload coupling 200 of FIG. 11. Engine 111 rotates in the first direction of rotation 277, which in turn rotates rotor blades 112, 113 in the first direction of rotation 277. Thus, torque 272 from engine 111 acts on the inner connecting element 210 in the first direction of rotation 277.

[0194] In this first example, a very high stiffness in the arms 230, 240 may be observed. The angles 235, 245 may only increase slightly during normal operation and remain on the linear elastic working curve 350 within range 345 of FIG. 10. Thus, after an elimination of the torque 272 (e.g., when the engine is turned off and the rotor blades have come to a standstill), the angles 235, 245 return to their initial values.

[0195] If for any reason (e.g., due to an increased resistance from the rotor blades 112, 113) the angles 235, 245 increase by more than a value of 314 and less than a value shown with reference value 315 (i.e., as long the angles 235, 245 increase by a value within range 346), the arms 230, 240 may experience an onset of plasticization 360. Thus, even after an elimination of the torque 272, the angles 235, 245 may not return to their initial values.

[0196] Any further increase of the angles 235, 245 beyond value 315 (i.e., by a value selected from range 347), may cause a sudden rupture 370 of the arms 230, 240. Thereby, the tension in the arms returns to zero.

[0197] As a second example in this scenario, engine 111 of FIG. 1 may be coupled to the inner connecting element 210 and rotor blades 112, 113 of FIG. 1 may be coupled to the outer connecting element. Engine 111 rotates in the first direction of rotation 277, which in turn rotates rotor blades 112, 113 in the first direction of rotation 277. However, suddenly the rotor blades 112, 113 move faster than the inner connecting element 210. Thus, torque 273 from rotor blades 112, 113 acts on the outer connecting element in the first direction of rotation 277. As a result, the arms 230, 240 are loaded with a compression force.

[0198] The behavior of the overload coupling 200 in this second example is illustrated with reference to FIGS. 12A to 12F. FIGS. 12A to 12F are diagrams of the illustrative overload coupling 200 of FIG. 11 at different variations of angles 235, 245.

[0199] In this second example, the angles 235, 245 are allowed to decrease slightly during normal operation (e.g., when the throttle of the engine is reduced while the rotor blades are turning) and remain on the linear elastic working curve 350 within range 341 of FIG. 10 (i.e., the angles 235, 245 are decreased by less than a value shown with reference number 311). Thus, after an elimination of the torque 273 (e.g., when the engine is turned off and the rotor blades have come to a standstill), the angles 235, 245 return to their initial values. This is illustrated in FIG. 12A.

[0200] A further increase in torque 273 may lead to an increase in compression force in arms 230, 240 and in turn to a further decrease of angles 235, 245 by a value that is greater than the value shown with reference number 311 and less than the value shown with reference number 312 (i.e., a decrease by a value from within range 342). Such a further increase in torque 273 may represent a hazard for the stability of the overload coupling 200, which is depicted in FIG. 12A by the unlabeled warning triangles. The further increase in torque 273 may be due to the occurrence of a failure case. As an example, the failure case may involve a sudden stoppage of the engine or a blocked bearing.

[0201] As a result, the arms 230, 240 may experience an onset of failure 365 caused by an initial buckling, which is illustratively shown in FIG. 12B, followed by the forming of a bulge 380 (e.g., as also shown by the bulge that forms as a result of compression forces acting on arm 230 in FIG. 3), which is illustratively shown in FIG. 12C and by the folding and/or twisting of the arms, which is illustratively shown in FIG. 12D.

[0202] The forming of the bulge and the folding and/or twisting of the arms has the effect that the compression force in the arms 230, 240 remains nearly constant even though the angles 235, 245 further decrease as shown in FIG. 10.

[0203] The reference value 311 at which onset of failure 365 is observed may be preselected based on the number of arms 230, 240, the material of the arms 230, 240, the number of staggered plates, the thickness of the individual plates, the presence or absence of fillets, the presence or absence of recesses, etc.

[0204] When the decrease of angles 235, 245 reaches value 312, the arms 230, 240 begin to be torn from either the inner or the outer connecting element as illustratively shown in FIG. 12E. As a result, the compression force in the arms 230, 240 further decreases while the change of angles 230, 240 is within range 343 of FIG. 10.

[0205] When the decrease of angles 235, 245 becomes greater than the value shown with reference number 313 (i.e., the decrease is in range 344), the arms 230, 240 are ripped off the inner or outer connecting element as illustratively shown in FIG. 12F, and the compression force returns to zero as shown in FIG. 10.

[0206] Thus, the characteristic of the overload coupling 200 is a smooth rupture with high deformation capability. If desired, at least portions of the arms 230, 240 may remain connected to the inner and/or outer connecting element.

[0207] Diagram 300 of FIG. 10 may have a first scale in the first quadrant 330 with respect to the change in angle 310 and/or the tension load 320 in arms 230, 240 and a second scale that is different than the first scale in the third quadrant 340 with respect to the change in angle 310 and/or the compression load 320 in arms 230, 240.

[0208] It should be noted that the abovementioned embodiments are merely described for illustration purposes, but not in order to restrict the present disclosure thereto. Instead, multiple modifications and variations of the presented embodiments are possible and should, therefore, also be considered as being part of the disclosure.

[0209] For example, overload couplings 200 of FIGS. 3 to 9A and 11 to 12F is shown with at least three and at most six arms 230, 240. However, overload couplings 200 of FIGS. 3 to 9A and 11 to 12F may have any number of arms 230, 240 that is greater than or equal to two.

[0210] Furthermore, the arms 230, 240 of FIGS. 3 to 9A and to 12F are illustratively shown with a rectangular cross-section. However, the cross-section of the arms 230, 240 may have any shape. For example, the cross-section of the arms 230, 240 may be circular, oval, elliptical, polygonal, or any combination thereof. For example, a first cross-section of an arm 230, 240 may be circular and a second cross-section rectangular, if desired.

REFERENCE LIST

[0211] 100 rotary-wing aircraft, rotorcraft, helicopter [0212] 110 multi-blade rotor system [0213] 111 engine [0214] 112, 113 rotor blades [0215] 114 rotor head [0216] 115 rotor shaft [0217] 117 rotation axis [0218] 119 rotor plane [0219] 120 fuselage [0220] 123 cabin [0221] 127 rear fuselage [0222] 130 tail boom [0223] 135 horizontal stabilizer [0224] 140 counter-torque device [0225] 145 tail rotor [0226] 150 fin [0227] 200 overload coupling [0228] 210 inner connecting element [0229] 215 outer diameter [0230] 220 outer connecting element [0231] 230 arm [0232] 232, 233 attachment point [0233] 234 tangent [0234] 235, 236 angle [0235] 237 fillet [0236] 238 recess [0237] 240 arm [0238] 242, 243 attachment point [0239] 245 angle [0240] 246 arm [0241] 247, 248 attachment point [0242] 250 staggered arrangement [0243] 255 plate [0244] 257 gap [0245] 258 narrowing section [0246] 259 out-of-plane pre-deformation [0247] 260 fastener [0248] 270 rotating drive system [0249] 272, 273 torque [0250] 275 rotation axis [0251] 277, 278 direction of rotation [0252] 280 driving device [0253] 285 drive shaft [0254] 290 driven device [0255] 295 drive shaft [0256] 300 diagram [0257] 310 abscissa, change in angle [0258] 311, 312, 313, 314, 315 current value of angle [0259] 320 ordinate, load in the arm [0260] 330 first quadrant, tension load [0261] 340 third quadrant, compression force load [0262] 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347 range [0263] 350 elastic working curve [0264] 360 failure onset, onset of plasticization [0265] 365 failure onset, buckling [0266] 370 rupture [0267] 380 bulge forming [0268] 390 rupture [0269] 820 location on the outer connecting element [0270] 833 attachment [0271] 852, 853, 854, 855 plate [0272] 860 non-overlapping portion [0273] 865 overlap [0274] 870 airflow