ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICE

Abstract

An electrochemical device includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and separators which are stacked and wound together, and electrolytic solution. A negative-electrode terminal is provided which is made of metal, and has a joining part which is a part joined to the principal face of the negative-electrode collector. The negative electrode has a first width, the positive electrode has a second width, which is smaller than the first width, and the separators have a third width, which is greater than the first width, along the direction parallel with the center axis of winding. The length of the joining part along the direction parallel with the center axis of winding is equal to or greater than the second width, but equal to or smaller than the third width.

Claims

1. An electrochemical device comprising: a negative electrode having a negative-electrode collector being a metal foil, and a negative-electrode active material layer formed on a principal face of the negative-electrode collector; a positive electrode having a positive-electrode collector being a metal foil, and a positive-electrode active material layer formed on a principal face of the positive-electrode collector; a negative-electrode terminal made of metal, and having a joining part which is a part joined to the principal face of the negative-electrode collector; separators that insulate the positive electrode and negative electrode; and electrolytic solution that immerses the positive electrode, negative electrode, and separators, and the positive electrode, negative electrode, and separators being stacked and wound together, with the separators separating the positive electrode and negative electrode; wherein, the negative electrode has a first width along a direction parallel with a center axis of winding; the positive electrode has a second width, which is smaller than the first width, along the direction parallel with the center axis of winding; the separators have a third width, which is greater than the first width, along the direction parallel with the center axis of winding; and a length of the joining part along the direction parallel with the center axis of winding is equal to or greater than the second width, but equal to or smaller than the third width.

2. An electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein lithium ions are pre-doped into the negative-electrode active material layer.

3. An electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode has a negative-electrode non-forming region where the negative-electrode active material layer is not formed on the principal face; the joining part is joined to the negative-electrode collector in the negative-electrode non-forming region; and the negative-electrode non-forming region has the first width along the direction parallel with the center axis of winding.

4. An electrochemical device according to claim 2, wherein the negative electrode has a negative-electrode non-forming region where the negative-electrode active material layer is not formed on the principal face; the joining part is joined to the negative-electrode collector in the negative-electrode non-forming region; and the negative-electrode non-forming region has the first width along the direction parallel with the center axis of winding.

5. An electrochemical device according to claim 3, wherein the negative-electrode non-forming region and the negative-electrode terminal are covered with an insulating protective tape on a side opposite to the side contacting the negative-electrode collector.

6. An electrochemical device according to claim 1, further comprising: a positive-electrode terminal made of metal, and having a joining part which is a part joined to the principal face of the positive-electrode collector;

7. An electrochemical device according to claim 6, wherein the positive electrode has a positive-electrode non-forming region where the positive-electrode active material layer is not formed on the principal face; and the joining part is joined to the positive-electrode collector in the positive-electrode non-forming region.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] These and other features of this invention will now be described with reference to the drawings of preferred embodiments which are intended to illustrate and not to limit the invention. The drawings are greatly simplified for illustrative purposes and are not necessarily to scale.

[0030] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electrochemical device pertaining to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0031] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the electric storage element the electrochemical device has.

[0032] FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of the electric storage element.

[0033] FIGS. 4A and 4B are plan views of the negative electrode of the electric storage element.

[0034] FIG. 5 is a plan view of the negative-electrode terminal not yet joined to the negative electrode of the electric storage element.

[0035] FIG. 6 is a plan view of the negative-electrode terminal joined to the negative electrode of the electric storage element.

[0036] FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of the negative-electrode terminal joined to the negative electrode of the electric storage element.

[0037] FIGS. 8A and 8B are plan views of the negative electrode of the electric storage element.

[0038] FIGS. 9A and 9B are plan views of the positive electrode of the electric storage element.

[0039] FIGS. 10A and 10B are plan views of the positive electrode of the electric storage element.

[0040] FIG. 11 is a plan view showing the positive electrode, negative electrode, and separators of the electric storage element before winding.

[0041] FIG. 12 is a plan view showing the positive electrode and negative electrode of the electric storage element before winding.

[0042] FIG. 13 is a cross sectional view of the electric storage element.

[0043] FIG. 14 is a plan view showing the negative-electrode terminal of the electric storage element of the electrochemical device pertaining to a comparative example of the present invention.

[0044] FIG. 15 is a cross sectional view of the electric storage element.

[0045] FIG. 16 is a plan view showing the negative-electrode terminal of the electric storage element of the electrochemical device pertaining to a variation example of the present invention.

[0046] FIG. 17 is a cross sectional view of the electric storage element.

[0047] FIG. 18 is a table showing the constitutions and measured results of the electrochemical devices pertaining to examples and comparative examples of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SYMBOLS

[0048] 100—Electrochemical device

[0049] 110—Electric storage element

[0050] 130—Negative electrode

[0051] 130a—Negative-electrode non-forming region

[0052] 131—Negative-electrode terminal

[0053] 131b—Joining part

[0054] 140—Positive electrode

[0055] 140a—Positive-electrode non-forming region

[0056] 141—Positive-electrode terminal

[0057] 150—Separator

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0058] The electrochemical device 100 pertaining to this embodiment is explained. The electrochemical device 100 may be a lithium ion capacitor. The electrochemical device 100 may also be an electric double-layer capacitor, lithium ion secondary battery, or other type of electrochemical device that can be charged and discharged.

[0059] [Constitution of Electrochemical Device]

[0060] FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the constitution of the electrochemical device 100 pertaining to this embodiment. As shown in the figure, the electrochemical device 100 is constituted by an electric storage element 110 and a container 120 (its lid and terminals are not illustrated) housing it. Electrolytic solution is housed in the container 120, together with the electric storage element 110.

[0061] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the electric storage element 110, while FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross sectional view of the electric storage element 110. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the electric storage element 110 has a negative electrode 130, a positive electrode 140, and separators 150, and is constituted in such a way that a laminate, consisting of the foregoing stacked on top of each other, is wound around a winding core C. The direction in which the winding core C extends, or specifically the direction parallel with the center axis of winding, is hereinafter referred to as the “Z direction.” The X direction represents the direction perpendicular to the Z direction, while the Y direction represents the direction perpendicular to the X direction and Z direction. It should be noted, also, that the winding core C need not be provided.

[0062] The negative electrode 130, positive electrode 140, and separators 150 constituting the electric storage element 110 are stacked in the order of separator 150, negative electrode 130, separator 150, and positive electrode 140, toward the winding core C (from the outer side of winding), as shown in FIG. 2. Also, the electric storage element 110 has a negative-electrode terminal 131 and a positive-electrode terminal 141, as shown in FIG. 2. The negative-electrode terminal 131 is connected to the negative electrode 130, while the positive-electrode terminal 141 is connected to the positive electrode 140, and both are led out to the exterior of the electric storage element 110, as shown in FIG. 2.

[0063] The negative electrode 130 has a negative-electrode collector 132 and negative-electrode active material layers 133, as shown in FIG. 3. The negative-electrode collector 132 is made of conductive material, and may be a copper foil or other metal foil. The negative-electrode collector 132 may be a metal foil whose surface is roughened by a chemical or mechanical means, or a metal foil in which through holes have been formed. The thickness of the negative-electrode collector 132 may be 20 um, for example.

[0064] The negative-electrode active material layers 133 are formed on the negative-electrode collector 132. The material for the negative-electrode active material layers 133 may be a mixture of a negative-electrode active material and a binder resin, which may further contain a conductive aid. For the negative-electrode active material, any material capable of adsorbing lithium ions in the electrolytic solution may be used, such as non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon), graphite, soft carbon, or other carbon material.

[0065] For the binder resin, any synthetic resin that joins the negative-electrode active material may be used, such as carboxy methyl cellulose, styrene butadiene rubber, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, aromatic polyamide, carboxy methyl cellulose, fluororubber, polyvinylidene fluoride, isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, and ethylene propylene rubber, for example.

[0066] The conductive aid is constituted by grains made of conductive material, and improves the conductivity between negative-electrode active materials. The conductive aid may be acetylene black, graphite, carbon black, or other carbon material, for example. Any of these may be used alone or multiple types may be mixed. It should be noted that the conductive aid may be a material having conductivity, such as metal material and conductive polymer, among others.

[0067] The negative-electrode active material layer 133 may be provided directly on the negative-electrode collector 132, or it may be provided on an undercoat layer provided on the negative-electrode collector 132. The thickness of the negative-electrode active material layer 133 may be 70 μm, for example, and the thickness of the undercoat layer may be 5 μm, for example.

[0068] FIGS. 4A and 4B provide schematic views showing the negative electrode 130 before winding, where FIG. 4A is a view from the Z direction, while FIG. 4B is a view from the Y direction. As shown in FIG. 4A, the negative-electrode active material layer 133 is formed on both the first principal face 132a and second principal face 132b of the negative-electrode collector 132 of the negative electrode 130.

[0069] As shown in these figures, the negative electrode 130 has a rectangular shape. The width of the short side of the negative electrode 130 is defined as the first width D1. The first width D1 represents the width along the direction (Z direction) parallel with the center axis of winding when the negative electrode 130 is wound with the positive electrode 140 and separators 150.

[0070] As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the negative electrode 130 has a negative-electrode non-forming region 130a, and the negative-electrode terminal 131 is joined in the negative-electrode non-forming region 130a. The negative-electrode non-forming region 130a is a region where the negative-electrode active material layer 133 is not provided, but the negative-electrode collector 132 is exposed instead, on the first principal face 132a. In the negative-electrode non-forming region 130a, the width along the direction (Z direction) parallel with the center axis of winding corresponds to the first width D1; in other words, this region is formed from one end to the other end of the negative electrode 130 in the Z direction.

[0071] The negative-electrode terminal 131 is joined to the negative-electrode collector 132 exposed in the negative-electrode non-forming region 130a, and is electrically connected to the negative-electrode collector 132. FIG. 5 is a plan view showing the negative-electrode terminal 131 not yet joined. As shown in this figure, the negative-electrode terminal 131 has a linear member 134 and a tubular member 135. The linear member 134 is a line-shaped metal member, while the tubular member 135 is a tube-shaped metal member. The negative-electrode terminal 131 is constituted by the linear member 134 inserted through the tubular member 135.

[0072] The negative-electrode terminal 131 may be joined to the negative-electrode collector 132 by means of needle crimping. FIG. 6 is a plan view of the negative-electrode terminal 131 joined to the negative-electrode collector 132, while FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of the negative-electrode terminal 131 joined to the negative-electrode collector 132.

[0073] As shown in these figures, the negative-electrode terminal 131 may be joined to the negative-electrode collector 132 by holding the tubular member 135 in contact with the negative-electrode collector 132 and then pressing the two together while simultaneously crimping them using a needle 131a. This results in the tubular member 135 being crushed and becoming flat, except for some areas. The needle 131a, as shown in FIG. 7, pierces through the tubular member 135, negative-electrode collector 132, and negative-electrode active material layer 133, and fixes them together. It should be noted that the negative-electrode collector 132 of the negative-electrode terminal 131 need not be joined by means of needle crimping; instead, the joining may be done by means of bonding using conductive adhesive, welding, or the like.

[0074] As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the part of the negative-electrode terminal 131 being joined to the negative-electrode collector 132 is defined as a joining part 131b. Also, the length of the joining part 131b along the Z direction is defined as the length L.

[0075] The negative-electrode terminal 131 is covered with a protective tape 136. FIGS. 8A and 8B provide schematic views showing the negative electrode 130 with the protective tape 136 on it, where FIG. 8A is a view from the Z direction, while FIG. 8B is a view from the Y direction. The protective tape 136 is a tape made of insulating material, and preferably resistant to heat and the solvent of the electrolytic solution. The protective tape 136, as shown in these figures, is attached to the negative-electrode active material layer 133 via the negative-electrode non-forming region 130a, and covers the joining part 131b and the negative-electrode non-forming region 130a.

[0076] The positive electrode 140, as shown in FIG. 3, has a positive-electrode collector 142 and a positive-electrode active material layer 143. The positive-electrode collector 142 is made of conductive material, and may be a metal foil such as aluminum foil or copper foil. The positive-electrode collector 142 may be a metal foil whose surface is chemically or mechanically roughened, or a metal foil in which through holes are formed. The thickness of the positive-electrode collector 142 may be 20 μm, for example.

[0077] The positive-electrode active material layers 143 are formed on the positive-electrode collector 142. The material for the positive-electrode active material layers 143 may be a mixture of a positive-electrode active material and a binder resin, which may further contain a conductive aid. For the positive-electrode active material, any material capable of adsorbing lithium ions and anions in the electrolytic solution may be used, such as active carbon or polyacene carbide, for example.

[0078] For the binder resin, any synthetic resin that joins the positive-electrode active material may be used, such as carboxy methyl cellulose, styrene butadiene rubber, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, aromatic polyamide, carboxy methyl cellulose, fluororubber, polyvinylidene fluoride, isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, and ethylene propylene rubber, for example.

[0079] The conductive aid is constituted by grains made of conductive material, and improves the conductivity between positive-electrode active materials. The conductive aid may be acetylene black, graphite, carbon black, or other carbon material, for example. Any of these may be used alone or multiple types may be mixed. It should be noted that the conductive aid may be a material having conductivity, such as metal material and conductive polymer, among others.

[0080] The positive-electrode active material layer 143 may be provided directly on the positive-electrode collector 142, or it may be provided on an undercoat layer provided on the positive-electrode collector 142. The thickness of the positive-electrode active material layer 143 may be 70 μm, for example, and the thickness of the undercoat layer may be 5 μm, for example.

[0081] FIGS. 9A and 9B provide schematic views showing the positive electrode 140 before winding, where FIG. 9A is a view from the Z direction, while FIG. 9B is a view from the Y direction. As shown in FIG. 9A, the positive-electrode active material layer 143 is formed on both the first principal face 142a and second principal face 142b of the positive-electrode collector 142 of the positive electrode 140.

[0082] As shown in these figures, the positive electrode 140 has a rectangular shape. The width of the short side of the positive electrode 140 is defined as the second width D2. The second width D2 represents the width along the direction (Z direction) parallel with the center axis of winding when the positive electrode 140 is wound with the negative electrode 130 and separators 150.

[0083] As shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the positive electrode 140 has a positive-electrode non-forming region 140a, and the positive-electrode terminal 141 is joined in the positive-electrode non-forming region 140a. The positive-electrode non-forming region 140a is a region where the positive-electrode active material layer 143 is not provided, but the positive-electrode collector 142 is exposed instead, on the first principal face 142a. In the positive-electrode non-forming region 140a, the width along the direction (Z direction) parallel with the center axis of winding corresponds to the second width D2; in other words, this region is formed from one end to the other end of the positive electrode 140 in the Z direction.

[0084] The positive-electrode terminal 141 is joined to the positive-electrode collector 142 exposed in the positive-electrode non-forming region 140a, and is electrically connected to the positive-electrode collector 142. Just like the negative-electrode terminal 131, the positive-electrode terminal 141 may be constituted by a linear member inserted through a tubular member, and it may be joined to the positive-electrode collector 142 by means of needle crimping using a needle 141c.

[0085] The positive-electrode terminal 141 is covered with a protective tape 144. FIGS. 10A and 10B provide schematic views showing the positive electrode 140 with the protective tape 144 on it, where FIG. 10A is a view from the Z direction, while FIG. 10B is a view from the Y direction. The protective tape 144 is a tape made of insulating material, and preferably resistant to heat and the solvent of the electrolytic solution. The protective tape 144, as shown in these figures, is attached to the positive-electrode active material layer 143 via the positive-electrode non-forming region 140a, and covers the positive-electrode terminal 141 and the positive-electrode non-forming region 140a.

[0086] The separator 150 separates and insulates the negative electrode 130 and positive electrode 140, while letting the ions contained in the electrolytic solution described later pass through it. To be specific, the separator 150 may be woven fabric, nonwoven fabric, or microporous membrane of synthetic resin, or the like. The width of the separator 150 along the Z direction is defined as the third width D3 (refer to FIG. 13). The third width D3 is greater than the first width D1 being the width of the negative electrode 130.

[0087] The negative electrode 130 and positive electrode 140 are stacked and wound together with the separator 150 in between. FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a laminate constituted by the negative electrode 130, positive electrode 140, and separators 150, stacked together. As shown in this figure, they are stacked in the order of separator 150, positive electrode 140, separator 150, and negative electrode 130.

[0088] FIG. 12 is a schematic view of the negative electrode 130 and positive electrode 140 stacked together, not showing the separators 150. As shown in this figure, the second width D2 is smaller than the first width D1.

[0089] FIG. 13 is a cross sectional view of the laminate constituted by the negative electrode 130, positive electrode 140, and separators 150, stacked together, corresponding to a cross sectional view of FIG. 11 along line A-A. As shown in this figure, the length L of the joining part 131b is equal to or greater than the second width D2 being the width of the positive electrode 140, but equal to or smaller than the third width D3 being the width of the separator 150.

[0090] The electric storage element 110 may be produced by winding, around a winding core C, the laminate constituted by the negative electrode 130, positive electrode 140, and separators 150, stacked together as described above.

[0091] The container 120 houses the electric storage element 110. The top face and bottom face of the container 120 may be closed by lids (not illustrated). The material of the container 120 is not limited in any way, and may be a metal whose primary component is aluminum, titanium, nickel, or iron, or may be stainless steel, for example.

[0092] The electrochemical device 100 is constituted as described above. The electrolytic solution housed in the container 120 together with the electric storage element 110 is a liquid containing lithium ions and anions; for example, it may be a liquid prepared by dissolving an electrolyte, such as LiBF.sub.4 or LiPF.sub.6, in a solvent (carbonate ester, etc.).

[0093] Lithium ions are pre-doped into the negative electrode 130 of the electrochemical device 100. Lithium ion pre-doping is performed by electrically connecting a lithium ion source containing metal lithium to the negative electrode 130 and immersing the electric storage element 110 in the electrolytic solution. Lithium ions released from the lithium ion source are doped into the negative-electrode active material layer 133 via the electrolytic solution.

[0094] [Effects of Electrochemical Device]

[0095] As mentioned above, the length L of the joining part 131b is equal to or greater than the second width D2 being the width of the positive electrode 140, but equal to or smaller than the third width D3 being the width of the separator 150. This effect is explained by comparison against a comparative example.

[0096] FIG. 14 is a schematic view of the negative electrode of the electric storage element 210 pertaining to the comparative example, while FIG. 15 is a cross sectional view of the electric storage element 210. As shown in FIG. 15, the electric storage element 210 has a negative electrode 230, a positive electrode 240, and separators 250. The negative electrode 230 has a negative-electrode terminal 231, a negative-electrode collector 232, and a negative-electrode active material layer 233. The negative-electrode terminal 231 is joined to the negative-electrode collector 232 using a needle 231a. The positive electrode 240 has a positive-electrode terminal (not illustrated), a positive-electrode collector 242, and a positive-electrode active material layer 243.

[0097] As shown in this figure, the width E1 of the negative electrode 230 is greater than the width E2 of the positive electrode 240, while the width E3 of the separator 250 is greater than the width E1 of the negative electrode 230. Also, the length M of the joining part 231b of the negative-electrode terminal 231 is smaller than the second width E2. In this case, the distance between the positive-electrode active material layer 243 and the negative-electrode terminal 231 varies from the distance between the positive-electrode active material layer 243 and the negative-electrode active material layer 233, as shown by the arrows in the figure. As a result, the negative electrode 230, positive electrode 240, and separators 250 meander as they are wound, causing the structure of the electric storage element 210 to become non-uniform.

[0098] With the electric storage element 110 pertaining to this embodiment, on the other hand, the length L of the joining part 231b is equal to or greater than the second width D2, as mentioned above, which means that the distance between the negative electrode 130 and the positive electrode 140 does not vary due to the negative-electrode terminal 131, which in turn allows the structure of the electric storage element 110 to become uniform.

[0099] [Variation Example]

[0100] In the aforementioned embodiment, the negative-electrode non-forming region 130a has the first width D1 along the Z direction; however, it may have a width smaller than the first width D1. FIGS. 16 and 17 are schematic views showing the negative-electrode non-forming region 130a pertaining to a variation example. As shown in these figures, the fourth width D4, defined as the width of the negative-electrode non-forming region 130a along the Z direction, may be a width smaller than the first width D1 but greater than the second width D2. Even with this structure, the distance between the negative electrode 130 and the positive electrode 140 does not vary due to the negative-electrode terminal 131, which allows the structure of the electric storage element 110 to become uniform.

EXAMPLES

[0101] Electric storage elements were produced and their structures were evaluated. To be specific, a slurry was produced by mixing active carbon as an active material, acetylene black as a conductive aid, and carboxyl methyl cellulose and styrene butadiene rubber as binders.

[0102] This slurry was applied on a negative-electrode collector made of an aluminum foil of 20 μm in thickness, to form a negative electrode layer on the negative-electrode collector. The negative-electrode layer is a layer constituted by a 5-μm thick undercoat layer and a 70-μm thick negative-electrode active material layer. On the negative-electrode collector, a negative-electrode non-forming region was formed where the negative-electrode active material layer was not formed but the negative-electrode collector was exposed instead, and a negative-electrode terminal was joined in this region by means of needle crimping. A sheet-shaped negative electrode was thus produced.

[0103] Also, the aforementioned slurry was applied on a positive-electrode collector made of an aluminum foil of 20 μm in thickness, to form a positive electrode layer on the positive-electrode collector. The positive-electrode layer is a layer constituted by a 5-μm thick undercoat layer and a 70-μm thick positive-electrode active material layer. On the positive-electrode collector, a positive-electrode non-forming region was formed where the positive-electrode active material layer was not formed but the positive-electrode collector was exposed instead, and a positive-electrode terminal was joined in this region by means of needle crimping. A sheet-shaped positive electrode was thus produced.

[0104] The belt-shaped positive electrode (290 mm long) and negative electrode (290 mm long) were put one atop the other with the separator (320 mm long) in between, and they were wound around a winding core of 3 mm in diameter. For the separator, a 35-μm thick cellulose separator was used. The wound element was secured with polyimide tape, to produce a wound-type electric storage element.

[0105] FIG. 18 is a table showing the sizes of the respective parts of the electric storage elements pertaining to examples and comparative examples. As shown in this table, the electric storage elements pertaining to Examples 1 to 4 had a negative-electrode terminal whose length was equivalent to or greater than the width of the positive electrode, but equal to or smaller than the width of the separator. With the electric storage elements pertaining to Comparative Examples 1 and 2, on the other hand, the length of the negative-electrode terminal was smaller than the width of the positive electrode. It should be noted that the widths and lengths shown in this table represent widths and lengths along the direction parallel with the center axis of winding of the electric storage element.

[0106] The electric storage elements pertaining to the examples and comparative examples were evaluated for the amount of winding displacement of the positive electrode and negative electrode at the end of winding. The amount of winding displacement corresponds to the length between the positive electrode and negative electrode at the end face on one side, measured in the direction parallel with the center axis of winding of the electric storage element. FIG. 18 shows the amounts of winding displacement. It should be noted that, for Examples 1 and 2, the amount of winding displacement is shown as a ratio relative to the amount of winding displacement in Comparative Example 1 when being set to 1, while, for Examples 3 and 4, the amount of winding displacement is shown as a ratio relative to the amount of winding displacement in Comparative Example 2 when being set to 1.

[0107] As shown in this table, Examples 1 to 4 had smaller amounts of winding displacement compared to those in Comparative Examples 1 and 2, suggesting improved structural non-uniformities of the electric storage elements.

[0108] In the present disclosure where conditions and/or structures are not specified, a skilled artisan in the art can readily provide such conditions and/or structures, in view of the present disclosure, as a matter of routine experimentation. Also, in the present disclosure including the examples described above, any ranges applied in some embodiments may include or exclude the lower and/or upper endpoints, and any values of variables indicated may refer to precise values or approximate values and include equivalents, and may refer to average, median, representative, majority, etc. in some embodiments. Further, in this disclosure, “a” may refer to a species or a genus including multiple species, and “the invention” or “the present invention” may refer to at least one of the embodiments or aspects explicitly, necessarily, or inherently disclosed herein. The terms “constituted by” and “having” refer independently to “typically or broadly comprising”, “comprising”, “consisting essentially of”, or “consisting of” in some embodiments. In this disclosure, any defined meanings do not necessarily exclude ordinary and customary meanings in some embodiments.

[0109] The present application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2016-060077, filed Mar. 24, 2016, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety including any and all particular combinations of the features disclosed therein.

[0110] It will be understood by those of skill in the art that numerous and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Therefore, it should be clearly understood that the forms of the present invention are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.