Method for determining a volume thermal expansion coefficient of a liquid

Abstract

In order to determine a volume thermal expansion coefficient of a liquid, a sample of the liquid is placed inside a cell of a calorimeter followed by an incremental increase of pressure inside the cell containing the liquid. After each pressure increase heat flow into the cell and volume of the liquid are measured. Based on results of the measurements of the heat flow and accounting for initially evaluated cell volume, the volume thermal expansion of the liquid is determined.

Claims

1. A method for determining a volume thermal expansion coefficient of a liquid comprising: placing a sample of a first liquid having a known volume heat capacity into a calorimeter cell, increasing a pressure inside the cell containing the sample of the first liquid having the known volume heat capacity and measuring a heat capacity of the sample at each pressure increase and calculating an effective cell volume, cleaning the calorimeter cell, placing a sample of a second liquid into the calorimeter cell, increasing a pressure inside the cell containing the sample of the second liquid by injecting the second liquid, measuring a heat flow into the cell after pressure increase; and determining the volume thermal expansion coefficient of the second liquid as $\alpha ={\alpha }_c+\frac{\delta Q}{\mathrm{dPV}\left(p\right)T},$ where α is the volume thermal expansion coefficient of the second liquid, α.sub.c is a volume thermal expansion coefficient of a material of the cell, δQ is the heat effect determined after each pressure increase, dP—is the pressure increase, and V(p)—is the effective cell volume.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein oil is used as the second liquid.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein water is used as the second liquid.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein a salt solution is used as the second liquid.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein n-hexane is used as the first liquid.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) The invention is illustrated by drawings where

(2) FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a typical differential scanning calorimeter;

(3) FIG. 2 illustrates profiles of temperature and heat flow;

(4) FIG. 3 shows a change in heat flow and thermal effect obtained during step-by-step pressure change; and

(5) FIG. 4 shows volume thermal expansion coefficient at a fixed temperature for varying pressure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(6) A typical differential scanning calorimeter (see FIG. 1) has two cells, one of which (cell 1) contains a sample being studied. The other cell 2 is a reference cell; depending on experiment it can remain empty or be filled. The cells have reliable heat insulation; they are kept at a controlled temperature which can be changed using a heater 3 of the calorimeter. Measurements of the temperature differential between each cell and the calorimeter chamber usually involve thermocouples 4 and 5. The accurate calibration of the calorimeter enables calculating heat flow differential between the calorimeter cells and the calorimeter chamber. Integrating heat flows in time allows determining the difference in amount of heat generated or absorbed in each cell. DSC instruments are able to operate at different temperatures (the temperature range depends on the calorimeter model); some DSC models can be equipped with cells that allow measurements at elevated pressures. To conduct the measurements it is necessary to combine DSC with the system capable of developing controlled pressure inside the calorimeter cells. Such system can be equipped with various types of pumps combined with pressure sensors; a piping can be used to connect the system to calorimeter cells.

(7) In accordance to the method proposed to determine VTEC a calibration procedure should be conducted before studying the sample; the calibration helps to determine how volume of a liquid changes as a function of pressure. A sample of a liquid having known characteristics (e.g., n-hexane in S. L. Randzio, J.-P. E. Grolier and J. R. Quint, j. Thermal Anal., 38 (1992) 1959) is placed into the cell 1 of the calorimeter followed by pressure increase. The heat capacity of the sample is measured at a stable pressure level. This is followed by changing the pressure and repeating the measurement of heat capacity (see, for example, “Experimental evaluation of procedures for heat capacity measurement by differential scanning calorimetry” Ramakumar K., Saxena M., Deb S. Journal of Thermal Analysis and calorimetry, V. 66, Iss. 2, 2001, pp. 387-397). The heat capacity C.sub.ref measured for each pressure is compared to the tabular data on specific heat capacity for the liquid at a given pressure c.sub.ref.sub._.sub.table, then the calculation of an effective cell volume (coinciding with effective volume of the liquid in the cell) is carried out for each pressure V(p)=.sub.ref(p)/c.sub.ref.sub._.sub.table(p).

(8) In order to increase accuracy of measuring specific heat it is possible to use a method where temperature is changed in a step-like manner at each pressure, i.e. the method should have two isothermal intervals before and after temperature increase. The second interval should be long enough to ensure stabilizing the heat flow (see FIG. 2). The area between the curve of the heat flow FIG. 2 and the base line corresponds to the measured thermal effect.

(9) After the calibration the cell 1 of the calorimeter is cleaned; then the cell is filled with a sample of a liquid being studied. After stabilization of heat flow (usually takes about 2 hours) pressure in the cell 1 is changed step-by-step by injection of the liquid being studied into the cell. After each pressure change the heat flow should be stabilized (hereinafter, the term “heat flow stabilization” implies reaching a stationary thermal regime when no absorption or generation of heat develops inside the cell; this regime is characterized by zero or base-line heat flow).

(10) The total heat flow (minus a baseline value corresponding to a signal when there is no pressure increase) allows evaluating a thermal effect δQ for each pressure as an area under the heat flow curve (see FIG. 3). In accordance with S. Verdier, S. I. Andersen “Determination of Isobaric Thermal Expansivity of Organic Compounds from 0.1 to 30 MPa at 30° C. with an Isothermal Pressure Scanning Microcalorimeter” the measured thermal effect is associated with VTEC (or α) in the liquid being studied, with VTEC α.sub.c of the cell material, with temperature T in the cell, with effective cell volume V(p) (i.e. when cell is filled with liquid), as well as with the step of pressure increase dP as follows:
δQ=(α−α.sub.c)V(p)TdP,

(11) A profile of VTEC changes as a function of pressure is a result of measurements made for each temperature (see, for example, FIG. 4).

(12) As liquids being studied any liquid can be used, for example oil, water or salt.