PRINT QUALITY ON THIN COATINGS OF CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS

Abstract

The present invention relates to the use of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) blended with a polymeric material selected from a polyvinyl alcohol) (PVOH), an ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (EAA), other carboxylated polymer latexes, or other polymer blends, and applied as a thin coating layer on plastic films for printing with digital processes such as ink jet and laser printing, as well as with more conventional printing processes such as flexography and offset lithography, to the control of ink adhesion to the plastic film, and to the reduction in the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of the plastic film.

Claims

1. A polymer recording medium for digital printing, at least one layer of a coating on the medium, the coating comprising: a cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and a polymeric material compatible with CNC, wherein the coating has a weight ration of polymeric material (PM) to CNC from 20% to 80% PM/CNC:

2. The recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric material is selected from a polyvinyl alcohol, an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, an ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) copolymer, a carboxylated latex and combinations thereof.

3. The recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of polymeric material (PM) to CNC is from 20% to 25% PM /CNC.

4. A coating composition for a polymer recording medium, the coating comprising: a cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and a polymeric material compatible with CNC, wherein the coating has a weight ration of polymeric material (PM) to CNC from 20% to 80% PM/CNC

5. The composition according to claim 4, wherein the polymeric material is selected from a polyvinyl alcohol, an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, an ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) copolymer, a carboxylated latex and combinations thereof.

6. The composition according to claim 4, wherein the weight ratio of polymeric material (PM) to CNC is from 20% to 25% PM/CNC.

7. A method of producing a polymer recording medium for digital printing comprising: preparing an aqueous suspension comprising cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and a polymeric material compatible with CNC; providing the recording medium; treating the medium in a corona discharge; and applying at least one layer of the suspension onto the medium, wherein the coating has a weight ration of polymeric material (PM) to CNC from 20% to 80% PM/CNC.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the polymeric material is selected from a polyvinyl alcohol, an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, an ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) copolymer, a carboxylated latex and combinations thereof.

9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the weight ratio of polymeric material (PM) to CNC is from 20% to 25% PM/CNC.

10. The method according to claim 7, wherein the corona discharge is in a range from 5 to 25 W min/m.sup.2.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic representation of the fundamental concept of a thin CNC coating on a plastic film, according to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0029] FIG. 2 illustrates a test setup for ink peel measurement on the Instron device used, according to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0030] FIG. 3 illustrates a test setup for ink drying (ink setoff) test on the IGT F1 laboratory flexographic press, according to one embodiment of the present invention; in which ink is applied to the CNC-coated plastic film, followed by transfer of the remaining wet ink to a reference paper;

[0031] FIG. 4A illustrates an inkjet test pattern of very poor visual quality on untreated PET film;

[0032] FIG. 4B illustrates a superior visual quality of the same test pattern on PET film coated with a blend of CNC with PVOH, according to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0033] FIG. 5A illustrates an inkjet print on untreated PET film of the prior art;

[0034] FIG. 5B illustrates an inkjet print on PET film coated with a blend of CNC with PVOH, according to one embodiment of the present invention showing a reduction in bleeding (original images in colour) of liquid inkjet inks onto an CNC coating, printed using inkjet printer A;

[0035] FIG. 6A illustrates a print on untreated PET film of the prior art;

[0036] FIG. 6B illustrates a print on PET film coated with a blend of CNC with PVOH, according to one embodiment of the present invention, showing a reduction in bleeding (original images in colour) of liquid inkjet inks onto an CNC coating, printed using inkjet printer B;

[0037] FIG. 7A illustrates flexographic prints made with a water-based ink formulated specifically for plastic films, on untreated PET film of the prior art. The images were taken before (left side) and after (right side) testing for dry rub resistance as compared to FIG. 7A;

[0038] FIG. 7B illustrates flexographic prints made with a water-based ink formulated specifically for plastic films on PET film coated with blend of CNC with PVOH, according to one embodiment of the present invention showing an improvement in water-based flexographic print density and the reduction in ink ruboff on an CNC coating, where the superiority in print density (blackness) and in rub resistance are both clearly evident;

[0039] FIG. 8 illustrates that wet rub resistance of flexographic ink can be controlled by varying the ratio of CNC to EAA polymer, where for higher amounts of CNC in the coating (left), the amount of ink removed by the wet rub test is minimal, and the amount of ink removed by the wet rub test increases with decreasing CNC content in the film;

[0040] FIG. 9 illustrates an improvement in water-based flexographic ink setting (measured as ink setoff) with increased amounts of CNC in the coating, where the setting of water-based flexographic ink is poor on the control polymer film and on a coating of pure EAA (left), a higher CNC content in the coating gives faster ink setting (from left to right in the images);

[0041] FIG. 10A illustrates a halftone dot pattern of 75% nominal coverage printed with conventional water-based flexographic packaging ink on untreated PET film of the prior art;

[0042] FIG. 10B shows the superior image quality of a halftone dot pattern of 75% nominal coverage printed with conventional water-based flexographic packaging ink on PET film coated with a blend of CNC with PVOH, according to one embodiment of the present invention, showing an improvement in halftone dot quality when printing with water-based flexographic ink on a thin CNC coating.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0043] The present invention is aimed at improving the print quality and the adhesion of printing inks and digital inks to plastic films. Print quality is defined in terms of improved colour reproduction, greater print density (i.e., a “blacker” black print), more uniform printed areas, better definition (less raggedness) of lines and printed characters, and improved ink adhesion. The fundamental concept of a polymer recording medium 100 for digital printing including a thin coating 1 of CNC on a flexible plastic film 2 is shown in FIG. 1.

[0044] As already stated, digital printing processes are the fastest growing processes today. However, while traditional “conventional” printing processes such as offset, rotogravure (gravure), and flexo are growing very slowly (if at all), they still dominate both publication and package printing.

[0045] In general, flexo is the process of choice for low/medium quality package printing, offset is the process for medium/high quality package printing, and gravure is the process of choice for high quality package printing, especially when a long production run is required. Since water-based rotogravure inks are chemically similar to water-based flexo inks, we will use only water-based flexo inks as examples of this class of water-based printing inks.

[0046] Problems with water-based inkjet inks in general include

[0047] Poor resolution of lines and printed characters due to the spreading of the ink beyond its nominal size and position (known as ‘line spreading”.)

[0048] Colour-to-colour bleeding, in which one wet ink colour “bleeds” or mixes into another wet ink printed in close proximity (known as “bleeding”)

[0049] Poor ink adhesion

[0050] The present invention has been evaluated on three different types of polymer films. The three polymers were chosen as they cover a wide range in both cost and (of importance for this invention) a wide range of surface free energy. The surface free energy of a material is a measure of its ability to be wet by water and other fluids. A higher surface free energy is more easily wet by water. An example of this is a clean glass surface. A lower surface free energy is more difficult to wet by water. An example of this is a wax paper or other water-repellent material.

[0051] The three polymers and their surface free energies are:

[0052] PET (polyethylene terephthalate), sold under many trade names such as Mylar™—surface free energy of approximately 45 mN/m

[0053] Polystyrene—surface free energy of approximately 41 mN/m

[0054] Polyethylene—surface free energy of approximately 35 mN/m

[0055] Water based inks have the advantages of being cheaper and more environmentally friendly than solvent-based inks. Although water-based flexo inks have supplanted solvent-based inks on paper-based packaging, solvent-based inks are still important in the printing of plastic films. The reason is that for many applications, water-based inks on plastic films cannot match the print quality or the drying rate of solvent-based inks, particularly for multi-colour process printing.

[0056] Plastic films (with and without thin CNC coatings) were printed with water-based and solvent-based black flexo inks specifically formulated for use on plastic films.

[0057] Plastic films (with and without thin CNC coatings) were printed with water-based inkjet inks on desktop printers made by different equipment manufacturers.

[0058] Print density or print optical density is a measure of the darkness of an ink film. For a black ink film, a higher print density indicates a “blacker” film. For commercial printing, print densities of at least 1.2 and as high as 1.7 are desirable, depending on the requirements of the particular print job. Printed ink films must also be resistant to removal, for example, by rubbing, by peeling, and by other actions.

[0059] Print quality was determined in terms of the optical print density of the black inks.

[0060] The resistance of the printed ink films to rub was measured using a Sutherland ink rub tester, U.S. Pat. No. 2,734,375, Canadian Pat. 532,864, manufactured by the Brown Company, Kalamazoo, Mich.

[0061] The resistance of the printed ink films to rub in the presence of water (“wet rub Resistance”) as measured as above, after the addition of 0.07 mL of water to the surface of the print.

[0062] The resistance of the printed ink films to peel (i.e., ink removal by forces perpendicular to the printed surface) was determined by the technique described by Skowronski and Bichard, using the Instron 5867 Tester. The basic illustration of a peel test measurement schematic is presented in FIG. 2.

[0063] The drying of freshly-printed flexo ink was measured as the setoff of the wet ink film onto a reference paper. The schematic of the setoff test 200 is shown in FIG. 3 in which ink is applied to the CNC-coated plastic film, followed by transfer of the remaining wet ink to a reference paper. The greater the amount of ink set off onto the reference paper, the slower the ink drying.

[0064] The setoff includes an engraved anilox roll 10 that prints ink directly onto the CNC-coated film. At position 20, CNC-coated plastic film receives ink, and wet ink may remain on the CNC-coated plastic film. As the roll 10 rotates it transfers this remaining wet ink from the CNC-coating to the reference paper as a measure of ink drying at position 30. In a preferred embodiment, the setoff test 200 apparatus also includes a corona discharge 40, adjacent the engraved anilox roll 10, where the CNC plastic film can be treated.

[0065] The rate of transmission of oxygen gas through the coated and uncoated plastic films was measured on the OpTech O2 Platinum instrument, made by Mocon Inc., Minneapolis, Minn., USA. Measurements were made at a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50%.

Typical Procedure to Prepare CNC-Based Coatings

[0066] Typically, one starts with an aqueous stock suspension of approximately 4% (by weight) of CNC. A concentrated (approximately 30% by weight) solution of polyvinyl alcohol) is added dropwise until the final proportion of 9 parts (by weight) of CNC and 1 part (by weight) of PVOH is reached. Sodium sulfate is added to achieve a concentration of 0.005 molar Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. The mixture is then dispersed for several hours until uniform. The addition of a small amount of sodium sulfate is useful for viscosity control, but is not an essential part of the invention.

[0067] Both CNC in its acidic form (suspension pH of approximately 2.5) and its neutralized form (pH approximately 6.5) were used. Unless otherwise noted, in this document, the neutralized form is referred to.

Typical Procedure to Apply a Thin Coating of CNC Onto a Polymer Film Surface

[0068] Immediately before coating, a sheet of PET or other polymer film is treated under a commercial corona discharge, typically (although not exclusively) within the range 5 to 25W.min/m.sup.2. In this document, “corona”, “corona treatment” or “corona power” are always understood as being given in units of W.min/m.sup.2.

[0069] The corona-treated polymer sheet is immediately taped to a uniform glass sheet. The CNC/PVOH mixture was is distributed on the Mylar™ film using a drawdown “bird” or blade suitable to give a dry coat weight of approximately 3 g/m.sup.2.

[0070] CNC coatings were made containing PVOH in the ratio of 0.1% to 95% by weight of PVOH in the coating. CNC coatings were also made in the ratio of 20 parts by weight of CNC with 80 parts of ethylene acrylic acid copolymer or 80 parts of latex polymer; in the ratio of 20 parts by weight of CNC with 40 parts of ethylene acrylic acid copolymer and 40 parts of PVOH; and in the ratio of 20 parts by weight of CNC with 40 parts of latex polymer and 40 parts of PVOH.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Improved Inkjet Print Quality by Means of a Thin Coating of CNC

[0071] A coating containing 90% by weight of CNC and 10% by weight of polyvinyl alcohol) (PVOH) was applied to a sheet of PET film. FIG. 4A shows that the image quality is very poor when an inkjet test image is printed on the untreated PET film. In particular, on the uncoated PET surface, lines have spread to an unacceptable extent, and the text resolution is extremely poor. FIG. 4B shows the large improvement in image quality when the same test image is printed by inkjet on the PET film coated with a thin film of CNC.

[0072] FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 show the reduction in the amount of ink bleeding in multi-colour inkjet printing after applying the thin CNC coating. Specifically, FIG. 5A illustrates the poor quality of water-based inkjet printing of untreated PET film. FIG. 5B illustrates the far superior quality of printing of the same inkjet printer on a PET film coated with CNC and PVOH. Similarly, FIG. 6A illustrates printing by a second type of inkjet printer on untreated PET which also results in poor quality. FIG. 6B illustrates the dramatic improvement with the second inkjet printer when a film of PET coated with CNC and PVOH is used. We note that the original images are multi-coloured, and have been converted to monochrome images in this document. Thus, inkjet printers from different manufacturers give different—and still poor—image quality on the plain untreated plastic films, but in all cases, the image quality is greatly improved with all printers that were used in printing on a thin coating of CNC.

Example 2

Improvement of Inkjet Line Quality on PET Film by Means of a Thin CNC Coating

[0073] Vertical and horizontal lines of nominal 0.4 mm thickness were printed on a commercial inkjet transparency film, on pure PET film, and on pure PET film that had been treated with corona power of 10 immediately before printing. The same lines were also printed onto PET that had been coated by a mixture of CNC/PVOH immediately after corona treatment.

[0074] Visual examples have already been provided in FIGS. 4, 5, and 6.

[0075] As shown in Table 1, the line width on the commercial inkjet transparency film was close to the nominal width of 0.4 mm, and the raggedness of the line was minimal. The line width on the control untreated PET films was nearly triple the nominal value, and the line raggedness was severe. In contrast, the line width on the PET films that had received a thin coating of CNC/PVOH were all close to the nominal value, and the line raggedness was minimal. We note that the degree of line broadening may depend upon the chemistry of the inkjet ink that is used.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Improvement in the quality of solid lines printed by inkjet on PET films Nominal 0.4 mm Nominal horizontal 0.4 mm Nominal line Nominal vertical line 0.4 mm rag- 0.4 mm raggedness horizontal gedness vertical Lower is line Lower is line width better width better Control samples Commercial 0.42 ± 0.01 0.007 0.39 ± 0.01 0.007 ink jet transparency film (control) PET film as 1.09 ± 0.22 0.130 1.18 ± 0.24 0.143 received (control) PET film, after 10 1.04 ± 0.17 0.092 1.29 ± 0.20 0.133 power corona treatment PET sheets treated by corona discharge and coated with NCC/PVOH mixture 25% PVOH 10 0.38 ± 0.01 0.010 0.40 ± 0.02 0.009 power corona treatment

Example 3

Reduction of Colour-To-Colour Bleeding in Inkjet Printing on PET Sheets By Means of a Thin Coating of CNC

[0076] The degree of undesirable colour-to-colour bleeding was greatly reduced on a thin coating of CNC/PVOH on PET sheets compared to untreated PET alone, as shown quantitatively in Table 2. Visual examples have already been presented in FIGS. 5 and 6.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Reduction in liquid ink to ink bleeding in inkjet printing on PET sheets Ink jet black Inkjet bleeding of line width in black ink on mm, printed on a yellow yellow ink. Lower background. Lower is is better better. Control samples PET film as received 1.97 ± 0.42 2.65 ± 0.45 PET film, after 10 power 2.20 ± 0.10 2.87 ± 0.26 corona with corona treatment PET sheets treated by corona discharge and coated with CNC/PVOH mixture with the amount of PVOH as shown below PET film coated with 0.037 ± 0.001 0.872 ± 0.008 25% PVOH/75% CNC, 10 power corona pre- treatment

Example 4

Reduction of Colour-To-Colour Bleeding in Inkjet Printing on Polyethylene and Polystyrene Sheets By Means of a Thin Coating of CNC

[0077] As shown in Table 3, undesirable colour to colour bleeding in inkjet printing on polyethylene and polystyrene films is greatly reduced by the presence of a thin coating of CNC. Visual examples have already been provided in FIGS. 5 and 6. The improvement is somewhat better on coatings made from acidic CNC compared to sodium CNC.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Reduction in liquid ink to ink bleeding in inkjet printing on polyethylene and polystyrene films Inkjet bleeding of Standard deviation of black ink on yellow width of black line on ink. Lower is better yellow. Lower is better Polyethylene Polyethylene film after 3.13 ± 1.4  0.32 10 power treatment with corona Polyethylene film coated 1.38 ± 0.50 0.04 with 20% PVOH/80% neutral-form CNC after 10 power pre-treatment with corona Polystyrene Polystyrene film after 10 3.84 ± .26  0.31 power treatment with corona Polystyrene film coated 0.846 ± 0.011 0.09 with 20% PVOH/80% neutral-form CNC after 10 power pre-treatment with corona

Example 5

Reduction in the Amount of Inkjet Ink Removed by Dry Rubbing

[0078] Ink removal by rubbing action on inkjet prints depends on the type of plastic, on the level of corona pre-treatment of the plastic before coating with CNC, and on the amount of PVOH in the CNC mixture.

[0079] For all three plastic films (PET, polyethylene, and polystyrene) the lowest amount of ink removed by dry rubbing is achieved by corona pre-treatment of 25 watts power, before coating with 20% of PVOH by weight in the CNC blend. We note in Table 4 that on the polyethylene film, corona pre-treatment alone gives a certain amount of resistance to rubbing, but without the superior print quality of the CNC coating.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Ink ruboff on inkjet prints - % of ink removed by rubbing on Sutherland ink rub tester. Lower is better. PET film Polyethylene film Polystyrene film Control: Film as 64.1 ± 9.7 — — received Control: Film after 10 58.2 ± 6.6 15.3 ± 2.7 25.8 ± 4.7 power pre-treatment with corona Film coated with 5% 34.4 ± 1.9 41.6 ± 6.1 18.1 ± 1.2 PVOH/95% CNC after 10 power pre- treatment with corona Film coated with 20%  6.9 ± 5.3 13.4 ± 4.4  7.8 ± 4.6 PVOH/80% CNC after 25 power pre- treatment with corona

Example 6

Increased Ink Peel Strength Using a Coating of CNC

[0080] The ink peel strength (i.e., removal of ink by forces perpendicular to the printed surface) is greatly increased by the presence of a thin coating of CNC. As shown in Table 5, the peel strength of inkjet ink on unmodified PET plastic is poor. A small amount (0.3% by weight) of PVOH in an CNC coating increases the peel strength somewhat. A PVOH content of more than 2.5% or more by weight increases the peel strength to a maximum, beyond which there is no statistically significant benefit to additional PVOH addition.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Peel strength (in J/m.sup.2) of inkjet film printed onto thin CNC coatings on PET plastic film films Peel strength (J/m.sup.2) Higher is better Control: film as received 13 ± 7 Control: Film after 10 power pre-treatment  5.5 ± 1.1 with corona Film coated with 0.3% PVOH/99.7% CNC 38 ± 4 after 10 power pre-treatment with corona Film coated with 25% PVOH/75% CNC 138 ± 48 after 10 power pre-treatment with corona

Example 7

Improved Line Quality in Monochrome Laser Xerographic Printing

[0081] As shown in Table 6, line quality in laser xerographic printing of PET film is improved with a thin coating of CNC film compared to the uncoated PET film.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Improved line quality in laser xerographic printing on PET films with a thin coating of CNC Nominal 0.4 mm Nominal 0.4 mm Nominal 0.4 mm Nominal 0.4 mm vertical line vertical line horizontal horizontal line width. Lower is raggedness. line width. raggedness. better Lower is better Lower is better Lower is better Control samples PET film as 0.78 ± 0.17 0.092 0.78 ± 0.16 0.104 received PET film after pre- 0.49 ± 0.12 0.101 0.48 ± 0.10 0.064 treatment with 10 power corona Commercial film 0.41 ± 0.02 0.009 0.42 ± 0.02 0.009 supplied for laser xerographic printing PET sheets treated by corona discharge and coated with CNC/PVOH mixture with the amount of PVOH as shown below PET film coated 0.39 ± 0.01 0.016 0.43 ± 0.02 0.016 with 25% PVOH/75% CNC, 10 power corona pre-treatment

Example 8

Improved Flexographic Print Quality by Means of a Thin Coating of CNC

[0082] FIG. 7 shows the improvement in image quality and the reduction in ink removal by dry rubbing. FIG. 7A shows untreated PET film printed with a water-based ink formulated for plastics, before and after a dry rub test. We note that the initial image 7A is less dark (lower print density) and less uniform (more mottle) before the rub test, and that after the rub test, the image 7A shows severe abrasion/ink removal. FIG. 7B shows the PET film coated with CNC/PVOH. We note that the initial image 7B on the coated PET film before the rub test is much darker and more uniform, and that there is little sign of damage caused by the dry rub test in image 7B. Table 7 clearly sets forth the increased print density of black flexo inks printed onto thin CNC coatings on plastic films.

Example 9

Flexo Print Density is Improved by a Thin Coating of CNC

[0083] A thin coating of CNC on PET, polyethylene, and polystyrene films was printed with water-based and solvent-based flexographic inks formulated specifically for use on plastic films. The optical print density (blackness) of the printed ink film is a common measure of the print quality, and is a common quality target that printers are required to meet. Table 7 shows that on plain plastic films without CNC coatings, the optical print density of the water-based ink is inferior to the optical print density obtained with solvent-based inks. Table 7 also shows that with a thin CNC coating on the plastic surfaces, print density is greatly improved and is equivalent to the print density obtained with solvent-based ink. We further note that not only are water-based inks more environmentally friendly than solvent-based inks, but water-based are less expensive, providing

[0084] another potential benefit to printers.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Improvement in optical print density of black flexo inks printed onto thin CNC coatings on plastic films. Print density Print density of water- of solvent- based black based black ink designed ink designed for for use on plastic. use on plastic. Higher is better. Higher is better. PET film PET film after 10 power treatment 0.88 ± 0.04 1.27 ± 0.02 with corona PET film coated with 20% 1.40 ± 0.03 1.34 ± 0.03 PVOH/acid form CNC after 10 power pre-treatment with corona Polyethylene film Polyethylene film after 10 power 1.03 ± 0.02 1.45 ± 0.05 treatment with corona Polyethylene film coated with 20% 1.38 ± 0.09 1.36 ± 0.05 PVOH/acid form CNC after 10 power pre-treatment with corona Polystyrene film Polystyrene film after 10 power 0.89 ± 0.03 1.21 ± 0.05 treatment with corona Polystyrene film coated with 20% 1.35 ± 0.03 1.27 ± 0.04 PVOH80% acid form CNC after 10 power pre-treatment with corona

Example 10

Lower Concentrations of CNC in the CNC/PVOH Blends

[0085] The improved dry adhesion and the improved print quality of the prints is maintained with a proportion of as little as 20 parts of CNC to 80 parts of PVOH. Other proportions may be optimal depending on the ink chemistry.

Example 11

Influence of Acid Form vs. Neutral Form of CNC

[0086] As shown in Table 8, the acid form of the CNC imparts better rub resistance to printed ink films than does the neutral form. The inks themselves are alkaline, and it is known that an acidic substrate can more easily set or immobilize an alkaline ink.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Dry ink rub resistance: Acidic NCC vs neutral NCC Mylar polymer film % Black inkjet ink removed % Black flexo ink removed Dry rub - Lower is better Dry rub - Lower is better Acidic NCC  0.5 ± 0.2 2.5 ± 0.2 Neutral NCC 23.9 ± 3.7  14 ± 1.1

Example 12

Dry Adhesion of Flexographic Ink as Measured in a Standard Dry Rubbing Test is Greatly Improved by the Presence of a Thin Film of CNC

[0087] A thin coating of CNC on PET, polyethylene, and polystyrene films was printed with water-based and solvent-based flexographic inks formulated specifically for use on plastic films. The printed samples were rubbed in a standard dry ink rub test. The results in Table 9 show that on plain plastic films without CNC coatings, a very large percentage of the ink is removed. However, the resistance to removal of ink by rub is greatly improved when the ink is printed onto a thin coating of CNC rather than onto the plastic surface. This reduction in dry ink rub has also been illustrated in FIG. 7.

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Reduction in removal of flexo ink by dry rubbing action % of ink removed by dry % of ink removed by dry rubbing: water-based black rubbing: solvent-based black ink designed for use on ink designed for use on plastic. Lower is better. plastic. Lower is better. PET film PET film after 10 power treatment 58.9 ± 7.3  34.2 ± 9.9  with corona PET film coated with 20% 0.4 ± 0.3 6.9 ± 2.4 PVOH/acid form CNC after 10 power pre-treatment with corona Polyethylene film Polyethylene film after 10 power 12.1 ± 3.5  25.9 ± 5.0  treatment with corona Polyethylene film coated with 20% 0.1 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 PVOH/acid form CNC after 10 power pre-treatment with corona Polystyrene film Polystyrene film after 10 power 42.4 ± 4.8  14.0 ± 6.1  treatment with corona Polystyrene film coated with 20% 0.4 ± 0.3 1.6 ± 0.4 PVOH80% acid form CNC after 10 power pre-treatment with corona

Example 13

Using a Latex Polymer to Improve Wet Rub Resistance of Printed Ink Films

[0088] As shown in Table 10, the wet rub resistance of a film of 20 parts CNC and 80 parts PVOH is poor. In this Example, the substitution of 80 parts of ethylene acrylic acid copolymer in place of 80 parts of PVOH or the substitution of 80 parts of styrene-acrylonitrile latex in place of 80 parts of PVOH maintained the print density improvement and the dry rub resistance, but at the same time gave a greatly improved wet rub resistance.

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Improvement in print density and in dry and wet ink rub resistance with blends of NCC on polyethylene film 20 parts NCC-80 parts 20 parts NCC-80 parts 20 parts NCC-80 parts poly(vinyl alcohol) ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer styrene-acrylonitrile latex Black print % Black flexo % Black flexo Black print % Black flexo % Black flexo Black print % Black flexo % Black flexo density- ink removed- ink removed- density- ink removed- ink removed- density- ink removed- ink removed- higher is dry rub-lower wet rub- higher is dry rub-lower wet rub- higher is dry rub-lower wet rub- better is better lower is better better is better lower is better better is better lower is better 1.03 ± 0.03 0.056 ± 0.048 44 ± 11 1.05 ± 0.03 0.030 ± 0.004 0.09 ± 0.07 1.01 ± 0.03 0.34 ± 0.08 0.12 ± 0.05

Example 14

Illustration That the Wet Rub Resistance of Flexographic Ink can be Controlled by Varying the Ratio of CNC to EAA Polymer

[0089] FIG. 8 shows images of the wet rub resistance as a function of the proportion of CNC to EAA in the coating. FIG. 8 illustrates that wet rub resistance can be controlled by varying the ratio of CNC to EAA in the coating. This is shown quantitatively in Table 11.

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Varying the resistance of the flexographic ink to wet rub, as a function of the ratio of CNC to EAA polymer. Extent of wet rub. Lower is better. Control plastic (uncoated) 0.24 Pure EAA (ethylene acrylic acid copolymer) coating 1.22 Coating with 50 parts CNC and 50 parts EAA 3.00 Coating with 80 parts CNC and 20 parts EAA 30.8

Example 15

Illustration of Faster Drying of Water-Based Flexographic Inks with Increasing Content of CNC in the Coating Layer

[0090] FIG. 9 shows images of improved ink drying rate with increasing content of CNC in the coating layer. Ink drying is very slow (high ink setoff) for the control uncoated polymer film and for a coating of pure EAA polymer and a blend of 20% CNC/80% EAA. Ink drying is improved at 80% CNC/20% EAA. This is shown quantitatively in Table 12.

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Improvement in flexographic ink drying (reduction in ink setoff) with increased CNC content in the coating layer on polyethylene film Blackness of the ink setoff print. Lower is better. Control plastic (uncoated) 84.0 Pure EAA (ethylene acrylic acid copolymer) coating 92.7 Coating with 60 parts CNC and 40 parts EAA 1.3

Example 16

Illustrations of Improved Flexographic Halftone Dot Print Quality by Means of a Thin Coating of CNC

[0091] FIG. 10 illustrates the improved print quality of halftone dots printed on PET film. The area printed is a nominal 75% halftone dot area; that is, an area that is meant to be 75% covered by ink, and 25% unprinted. We see in FIG. 10A that the dots on the untreated PET film are poorly formed. In FIG. 10B, we see that the individual dots are sharp and well-resolved when printed on a thin CNC coating on the PET film.

Example 17

Reduction in the Oxygen Transmission (OTR) Rate Using Thin Coatings of CNC

[0092] A thin coating of CNC plus EAA reduces the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of a polyethylene film. The benefits largely derive from the CNC content in the thin coating. As shown in Table 13, the OTR of the polyethylene film is somewhat reduced by a thin containing 20% CNC and 80% EAA. The OTR is much further reduced by a coating containing 80% CNC and 20% EAA. As also shown in Table 13, the normalized OTR is far lower with 80% CNC in the coating, compared to the coating containing 20% CNC or to the untreated polymer film.

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Reduction in OTR (Oxygen Transmission Rate) on LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene Film) with thin coatings of CNC. Lower value is better. OTR (cc-100 μm/m2/day); OTR, normalized to 100 μm film cc/day thickness Linear LDPE film; untreated 7.5 7.7 Coating with 20 parts CNC and 6.2 1.2 80 parts EAA (ethylene acrylic acid copolymer); 3.1 μm Coating with 80 parts CNC and 1.2 0.08 20 parts EAA, 5.3 μm

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