ELECTRODE WIRE FOR ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING ELECTRODE WIRE FOR ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING
20170320153 · 2017-11-09
Assignee
Inventors
- YOICHIRO KIMOTO (KANAGAWA-KEN, JP)
- YUJI MIURA (KANAGAWA-KEN, JP)
- Yuki Hashimoto (Kanagawa-ken, JP)
- HENGBO SU (KANAGAWA-KEN, JP)
- Takayuki NAKAGAWA (Tokyo, JP)
- Yoshikazu UKAI (Tokyo, JP)
Cpc classification
B21C1/003
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
International classification
Abstract
To provide an electrode wire for electrical discharge machining including β-brass and γ-brass arranged on an outer peripheral surface of a core and a method of manufacturing the electrode wire, capable of enhancing wire connection performance and cutting down manufacturing cost while trying to increase a processing speed.
The electrode wire for electrical discharge machining according to this invention comprises: an external layer including β-brass and γ-brass; and a core having an undulating shape formed at a boundary surface with the external layer. The β-brass and the γ-brass are arranged densely and sparsely at the boundary surface of the undulating shape. The method of manufacturing an electrode wire for electrical discharge machining according to this invention comprises: a thermal processing step of executing thermal process on a base material under a predetermined thermal processing condition, the base material having a core with a zinc-coated surface; and a wire drawing step of drawing a base wire under a predetermined wire drawing condition provided with β-brass and γ-brass formed at the surface of the core by the thermal process to make the γ-brass reach the core, thereby forming a boundary surface of the core with an external layer into an undulating shape.
Claims
1. An electrode wire for wire electrical discharge machining comprising: an external layer including β-brass and γ-brass; and a core having an undulating shape formed at a boundary surface with the external layer, the β-brass and the γ-brass being arranged densely and sparsely at the boundary surface of the undulating shape.
2. The electrode wire for wire electrical discharge machining according to claim 1, wherein the core has a cross-sectional peripheral length that is 1.2 times greater or more than a circumferential length of a perfect circle calculated based on an average outer diameter of the core.
3. A method of manufacturing an electrode wire for electrical discharge machining comprising: a thermal processing step of executing thermal process on a base material under a predetermined thermal processing condition, the base material having a core with a zinc-coated surface; and a wire drawing step of drawing a base wire under a predetermined wire drawing condition provided with β-brass and γ-brass formed at the surface of the core by the thermal process to make the γ-brass reach the core, thereby forming a boundary surface of the core with an external layer into an undulating shape.
4. The method of manufacturing an electrode wire for electrical discharge machining according to claim 3, wherein the thermal processing condition is determined in such a manner that a layer thickness of the β-brass has a ratio from 1.6 to 6.2% relative to the outer diameter of the base wire and a layer thickness of the γ-brass has a ratio from 0.4 to 4.7% relative to the outer diameter of the base wire.
5. The method of manufacturing an electrode wire for electrical discharge machining according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the wire drawing condition is determined in such a manner that a cross-sectional decreasing rate is 80% or more.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
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EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
[0038] An embodiment of an electrode wire for electrical discharge machining and a method of manufacturing the electrode wire for electrical discharge machining according to this invention will be described below in detail by referring to the drawings.
[0039] According to the embodiment described in detail below, this invention is applied to an electrode wire for electrical discharge machining to be used for wire electrical discharge machining of processing a workpiece (processing target) by means of electrical discharge, and a method of manufacturing the electrode wire. A method of electrical discharge machining using the electrode wire for electrical discharge machining according to this invention will also be described.
[0040]
[0041] For example, the core 4 of the electrode wire 1 can be formed by using copper, brass, etc. In the electrode wire 1, an external layer formed of the β-brass 3 and the γ-brass 2 are arranged on a brass core surface having an undulating shape fainted at a boundary surface of the core 4 with the external layer. The γ-brass 2 in the external layer is buried in the β-brass 3 and the γ-brass 2 is further buried in the core 4. In this way, the β-brass 3 and the γ-brass 2 are arranged densely and sparsely at a surface of the electrode wire 1. This structure maintains or increases a speed of process using the electrode wire 1. Further, the external layer can be formed into a small thickness to achieve enhancement of wire connection performance. Additionally, the electrode wire 1 can be provided at low cost.
[0042] The electrode wire 1 has an undulating shape at the boundary surface of the core 4 with the external layer. This makes it possible to avoid concentrated electrical discharge and to increase a processing speed, thereby achieving stable electrical discharge. The following describes principles of such electrical discharge by making comparison to a conventional electrode wire having a core surface coated with γ-brass.
[0043]
[0044] Referring to
[0045] In terms of an actual electrical discharge phenomenon, as a result of a high zinc concentration, the conventional electrode wire 50 of
[0046] By contrast, if the external layer including the γ-brass 2 and the β-brass 3 is formed while the boundary surface of the core 4 with the external layer is formed into an undulating shape as illustrated in
[0047] To confirm the aforementioned idea, the inventors of this application checked a processing speed using electrode wires 1 in each of which the surface of the brass core 4 is coated with the γ-brass 2 and in which the condition of the boundary surface between the core 4 and the external layer differs between the electrode wires 1.
[0048] To check the condition of the boundary surface between the core 4 and the external layer (specifically, an undulating shape), the cross section of the electrode wire 1 was measured by measuring a boundary line length (hereinafter also called an undulating peripheral length) Lw of the core 4 and the cross-sectional area of the core 4 using “Digital microscope VHX-900, available from KEYENCE”. A circumferential length Lc of a perfect circle (hereinafter also called an average circumferential length) was calculated by determining an average outer diameter of the core 4 using the cross-sectional area. Then, the condition of the boundary surface was expressed in terms of a ratio between Lw and Lc. Specifically, a larger value of Lw/Lc shows that the boundary surface between the core 4 and the external layer undulates to a greater degree.
[0049] A processing speed was evaluated using a wire electrical discharge machine SX10, available from Mitsubishi Electric Corporation. A workpiece used for the evaluation was made of a material SKD-11 of a thickness 50 mm. Table 1 shows a result of the evaluation.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Working Example Lw/Lc Processing Speed Ratio Working Example 11 1.00 100% Working Example 12 1.14 101% Working Example 13 1.27 104% Working Example 14 1.33 107%
[0050] Table 1 shows processing speeds relative to a processing speed according to Working Example 11 set at 100%. Referring to Table 1, increase in Lw/Lc, specifically, increase in the boundary line length Lw of the core 4 relative to the average circumferential length Lc of the perfect circle of the core 4 increase a processing speed. This shows that a processing speed is increased as the boundary line length of the core 4 increases as a result of an undulating shape of the boundary surface of the core 4 with the external layer. As understood from Table 1, the boundary line length of the core 4 being about 1.2 times greater or more than the average circumferential length Lc of the perfect circle of the core 4 (Lw/Lc being about 1.2 or more) is confirmed to increase a processing speed ratio remarkably. Thus, Lw/Lc is preferably about 1.2 or more.
[0051] A method of manufacturing the electrode wire 1 according to the embodiment will be described next. The method of manufacturing the electrode wire includes a zinc-plating step (first step), a thermal processing step (second step), and a wire drawing step (third step).
[0052] In the first step, the outside of a core made of a brass alloy is electroplated with zinc. As long as a surface of the core can be plated with zinc, a technique of the plating is not limited to electroplating but a different plating technique (hot-dip plating, for example) is applicable.
[0053] In the second step, the core plated with zinc is subjected to thermal process by being passed through a high-temperature electric furnace under a predetermined condition for the thermal process (temperature and time of the thermal process). In the high-temperature electric furnace, a β-brass layer is formed on a surface of α-brass. Next, a γ-brass layer is formed in an external layer of the β-brass layer (see
[0054] In the third step, under cold wire drawing conditions a base wire (also called a base material) ejected from the high-temperature electric furnace is passed through a plurality of wire drawing dices sequentially each having an exit-side hole diameter smaller than an entrance-side hole diameter. In this way, a wire material is drawn to reduce the diameter of the wire material.
[0055] The aforementioned manufacturing method is not the only method of manufacturing the electrode wire but various manufacturing methods including at least the aforementioned first to third steps are applicable.
[0056] Principles of forming the boundary surface between the core 4 and the external layer into an undulating shape will be described next. Resistance to deformation of alloy metal resulting from plastic deformation of the metal during wire drawing process differs between phases. For example, α-brass having a face-centered cubic lattice has low resistance to deformation, whereas β-brass having a body-centered cubic lattice has large resistance to deformation. In the case of brass, resistance to deformation increases in the following order: α-phase, β-phase, and γ-phase. Gamma-brass is hardly deformed by wire drawing process.
[0057] As illustrated in
[0058] Force acting on the wire material in the wire drawing process will be considered next.
[0059] As illustrated in
[0060] As illustrated in
[0061] By repeating the wire drawing step to apply the contact pressure acting in the vertical direction on the wire material restrained by the wire drawing dice 20, the broken γ-brass 2 is buried into the β-brass layer. This occurs for the reason that the γ-brass has higher hardness than the β-brass (specifically, the γ-brass is harder). At this time, the γ-brass is broken further to form a portion where the γ-brass is buried densely. Meanwhile, the superficial area of the wire material is given a portion where the γ-brass does not exist or a portion without the γ-brass resulting from falling out of the γ-brass from the β-brass. In this way, the γ-brass 2 is formed sparsely in the surface of the wire material.
[0062] If the wire material is drawn further, a portion with the densely arranged γ-brass 2 is made to protrude into the β-brass layer (see
[0063] Finally, the β-brass 3 and the γ-brass 2 in the external layer of the core 4 are arranged densely and sparsely to form a brass core where the boundary surface of the core 4 with the external layer is formed into an undulating shape (see
[0064] To support the principles of generating an undulating shape at the boundary surface with the external layer of the electrode wire 1, the inventors of this application conducted the following examination. First, zinc plating was applied to a thickness of 14 μm to an α-brass wire as a wire material having a base wire diameter of 0.9 mm. Then, using a common base wire left for 20 seconds in a high-temperature electric furnace at 800° C., wire materials were drawn under cold wire drawing conditions resulting in different cross-sectional decrease rates. Resultant cross sections of the wire materials were observed.
[0065] The thickness of the β-brass layer and that of the γ-brass layer in the base wire used in the wire drawing step were 35 μm and 15 μm respectively.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Drawn Wire Cross-Sectional Average Undulating Working Diameter Decrease Rate Circumferential Peripheral Example (mm) (%) Length Lc (μm) Length Lw (μm) Lw/Lc Working Example 21 0.821 22% 2087.49 2229.47 1.07 Working Example 22 0.749 35% 1879.08 2014.46 1.07 Working Example 23 0.684 46% 1732.43 1893.82 1.09 Working Example 24 0.624 55% 1554.70 1718.01 1.11 Working Example 25 0.569 62% 1450.76 1640.68 1.13 Working Example 26 0.519 69% 1314.35 1501.77 1.14 Working Example 27 0.474 74% 1205.95 1405.55 1.17 Working Example 28 0.434 78% 1114.43 1351.74 1.21 Working Example 29 0.395 82% 1019.96 1256.31 1.23 Working Example 30 0.362 85% 946.39 1121.37 1.18 Working Example 31 0.333 87% 860.74 1048.62 1.22 Working Example 32 0.308 89% 803.02 979.41 1.22 Working Example 33 0.287 90% 756.53 952.38 1.26 Working Example 34 0.267 92% 703.98 882.60 1.25 Working Example 35 0.248 93% 650.46 894.08 1.37 Working Example 36 0.231 94% 603.55 798.00 1.32 Working Example 37 0.200 95% 548.33 763.89 1.39
[0066] Referring to Table 2, “drawn wire diameter (mm)” means the diameter of a wire material after execution of the wire drawing process. “Cross-sectional decrease rate” was obtained as follows: cross-sectional decrease rate=(cross-sectional area before wire drawing−cross-sectional area after wire drawing)/(cross-sectional area before wire drawing)×100%. “Average circumferential length Lc (μm)” shows a circumferential length of a perfect circle calculated by measuring the cross-sectional area of the core 4 and obtaining an average outer diameter of the core 4 based on the cross-sectional area. “Undulating peripheral length Lw” is the boundary line length of the core 4.
[0067] Table 2 shows that Lw/Lc increases with increase in the cross-sectional decrease rate of a wire material. Specifically, Table 1 shows that a processing speed ratio of about 104% or more is obtained if Lw/Lc is about 1.2 or more. Table 2 shows that a result indicating Lw/Lc of about 1.2 or more is obtained with a cross-sectional decrease rate of 80% or more. This shows that a cross-sectional decrease rate is preferably 80% or more.
[0068] As illustrated in
[0069] The thickness of the β-brass layer and that of the γ-brass layer forming the electrode wire 1 according to the embodiment will be described next.
[0070] During formation of the boundary surface of the core 4 with the external layer into an undulating shape using the aforementioned mechanism, the thickness of the β-brass layer and that of the γ-brass layer should be considered. The reason for this is that, if the β-brass layer is thick and the γ-brass layer is thin, the broken γ-brass buried in the β-brass layer may not reach the core 4, failing to form the boundary surface of the core 4 with the external layer into an undulating shape.
[0071] To form the boundary surface of the core 4 with the external layer into an undulating shape, a base wire is desirably formed so as to have a thin β-brass layer and a thick γ-brass layer by adjusting a thermal processing condition for the thermal processing step executed before the wire drawing step. By forming the base wire in this way, the γ-brass is broken, and the broken γ-brass reaches the core 4 and is buried in the boundary surface of the core 4 with the external layer in the wire drawing step. As a result, the boundary surface can be formed into an undulating shape.
[0072] By doing so, the boundary surface of the core 4 with the external layer is formed into an undulating shape to achieve a large value of Lw/Lc. Further, a processing speed can be increased.
Examples
[0073] Working Examples according to the embodiment will be described below. Working Examples described below are intended to consider the aforementioned relationships between Lw/Lc and a processing speed, between the cross-sectional decrease rate of a wire material and Lw/Lc, and between the β-brass layer and the γ-brass layer before execution of the wire drawing step.
[0074] In the first step, a base wire of brass having a zinc concentration of 37 wt % was first prepared and a surface of the brass base wire was electroplated with zinc.
[0075] In the second step, a plurality of base wires was prepared. In each of these base wires, a β-brass layer was formed on a surface of the brass base wire and then a γ-brass layer was formed by means of interdiffusion action between copper and zinc under adjusted thermal processing conditions such as temperature and time. By adjusting the temperature and the time of the thermal process, a ratio between the β-brass layer and the γ-brass layer can be adjusted. The conditions such as the temperature and the time of the thermal process are not particularly limited. For example, the temperature can be set at about 800° C. and the time of the thermal process can be set to range from about 10 seconds to several tens of seconds.
[0076] Table 3 shows “base wire diameter,” “β-brass layer thickness,” “ratio” of a β-brass layer thickness to a base wire diameter, “γ-brass layer thickness,” and “ratio” of a γ-brass layer thickness to the base wire diameter about a wire material obtained by the second step.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Base Base Wire β-Brass Layer γ-Brass Layer Wire No. Diameter Thickness Ratio Thickness Ratio Base Wire 1 0.93 mm 15 μm 1.6% 44 μm 4.7% Base Wire 2 0.93 mm 30 μm 3.2% 30 μm 3.2% Base Wire 3 0.93 mm 47 μm 5.1% 14 μm 1.5% Base Wire 4 0.93 mm 58 μm 6.2% 4 μm 0.4% Base Wire 5 0.72 mm 23 μm 3.2% 15 μm 2.1% Base Wire 6 0.61 mm 19 μm 3.1% 12 μm 2.0%
[0077] In the third step, cold wire drawing was executed to obtain a wire material diameter of 0.25 mm using base wires including “base wire 1” to “base wire 6” shown in Table 3.
[0078] Then, processing speed performance and automatic wire connection performance were evaluated using the drawn electrode wires and an electrical discharge machine. The machine used for the evaluation was a wire electrical discharge machine “SX10,” available from Mitsubishi Electric Corporation. Electrode wires according to “Working Example 1” to “Working Example 6” were used to process a workpiece roughly. The workpiece was made of a material SKD-11 of a thickness 50 mm.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Cross- Automatic Sectional Wire Decrease Processing Connection Base Wire No. Rate Lw/Lc Speed Ratio Ratio Base Wire 1 93% 1.38 106% 100% Base Wire 2 93% 1.37 110% 100% Base Wire 3 93% 1.35 109% 100% Base Wire 4 93% 1.09 102% 100% Base Wire 5 88% 1.22 104% 100% Base Wire 6 83% 1.18 102% 100% Comparative Example β-brass layer 100% 95% 1 (Electrode Wire) thickness 8 μm γ-brass layer thickness 8 μm Comparative Example β-brass layer 101% 50% 2 (Electrode Wire) thickness 16 μm γ-brass layer thickness 8 μm
[0079] Table 4 shows a result of the evaluation. “Working Example 1” to “Working Example 6” shown in Table 4 correspond to “base wire 1” to “base wire 6,” and are covered by the electrode wire 1 according to this invention.
[0080] Table 4 includes a result of evaluation about an “electrode wire (Comparative Example 1) having a wire material diameter of 0.25 mm and having a stack with a β-brass layer of a thickness of 8 μm and a γ-brass layer of a thickness of 8 μm,” and a result of evaluation about an “electrode wire (Comparative Example 2) having a wire material diameter of 0.25 mm and having a stack with a β-brass layer of a thickness of 16 μm and a γ-brass layer of a thickness of 8 μm.”
[0081] Referring to Table 4, “processing speed ratio” means a processing speed ratio relative to a processing speed according to Comparative Example 1 set at 100%. “Automatic wire connection ratio” means the ratio of the number of times a wire can be inserted relative to 100 automatic cuttings and subsequent 10 automatic insertions.
[0082] A result of the evaluation about the electrode wire 1 according to each of “Working Example 1” to “Working Example 6” shows that a processing speed increases with increase in a cross-sectional decrease rate. Specifically, regarding the base wire according to each of “Working Example 1” to “Working Example 6,” a thermal processing condition is desirably adjusted in such a manner that β-brass has a layer thickness of a ratio from about 1.6 to about 6.2% relative to a base wire diameter. The thermal processing condition is also desirably adjusted in such a manner that γ-brass has a layer thickness of a ratio from about 0.4 to about 4.7% relative to the base wire diameter.
[0083] As understood from Table 4, the electrode wire 1 according to each of “Working Example 1” to “Working Example 6” achieves a higher processing speed and better automatic wire connection performance than Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2. This shows that a processing speed is increased if the boundary line length Lw of the core 4 is larger than the average circumferential length Lc of the core 4. Specifically, a cross-sectional decrease rate in the wire drawing step is preferably 80% or more.
[0084] In particular, if the boundary line length Lw of the core 4 is 1.2 times greater or more than the average circumferential length Lc of the core 4, a processing speed ratio is increased remarkably to 104% or more. Thus, the boundary line length Lw of the core 4 is preferably 1.2 times greater or more than the average circumferential length Le of the core 4.
[0085] Additionally, if the boundary line length Lw of the core 4 is 1.3 times greater or more than the average circumferential length Lc of the core 4, a processing speed ratio is increased remarkably to 109% or more. Thus, the boundary line length Lw of the core 4 is more preferably 1.3 times greater or more than the average circumferential length Lc of the core 4.
[0086] As illustrated in Table 3, regarding a relationship between the thickness of the β-brass layer and that of the γ-brass layer, “Working Example 1” corresponds to a case where the γ-brass layer is thicker than the β-brass layer (β-brass layer<γ-brass layer). Further, “Working Example 2” corresponds to a case where the γ-brass layer and the β-brass layer have the same thickness (β-brass layer=γ-brass layer), and “Working Example 3” corresponds to a case where the γ-brass layer is thinner than the β-brass layer (β-brass layer>γ-brass layer). As understood from Table 4, if the ratio of the thickness of the γ-brass layer relative to the thickness of the β-brass layer is about 0.3 or more and about less than 3.5, a processing speed ratio is increased.
[0087] Each of “Working Example 3” and “Working Example 4” corresponds to a case where the γ-brass layer is thinner than the β-brass layer (β-brass layer>γ-brass layer). Further, the ratio of the thickness of the γ-brass layer is lower in “Working Example 4” than in “Working Example 3.” In this case, according to “Working Example 3,” as a result of the higher ratio of the γ-brass layer, the γ-brass is buried more strongly into the core 4 to increase Lw/Lc. Thus, the result shows that a processing speed is higher in “Working Example 3” than in “Working Example 4.”
EXPLANATIONS OF REFERENCE NUMERALS
[0088] 1 Electrode wire (electrode wire for electrical discharge machining) [0089] 2 γ-brass (γ-brass diffused alloy) [0090] 3 β-brass (β-brass diffused alloy) [0091] 4 Core [0092] 12 Workpiece [0093] 20 Dice