MICRONEEDLE DEVICE WITH MECHANICAL GUIDE

Abstract

A device for delivering a fluid into a biological tissue includes hollow microneedles (10) projecting from a surface (12) of a substrate (14), and a guide element (18) spaced from the substrate. The guide element provides a tissue-contact surface (20) that defines a tissue contact plane oblique to the surface (12) of the substrate (14).

Claims

1. A device for delivering a fluid into a biological tissue, the device comprising: (a) a hollow microneedle integrally formed with, and projecting from a surface of, a substrate; and (b) a guide element spaced from said substrate, said guide element providing at least one tissue-contact surface defining a tissue contact plane oblique to said surface of said substrate.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein said at least one tissue-contact surface substantially circumscribes said substrate.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein said hollow microneedle is one of a plurality of hollow microneedles deployed in a linear array of microneedles.

4. The device of claim 3, wherein said microneedles project to a microneedle height above said substrate, and wherein said substrate has an edge, said linear array extending parallel to said edge, and located at a distance no more than twice said microneedle height from said edge.

5. The device of claim 4, wherein said guide element is deployed with said oblique plane oriented such that, when said tissue-contact surface is brought into contact with the biological tissue, said edge of said substrate is also brought into contact with the biological tissue.

6. The device of claim 4, wherein said microneedles are asymmetric microneedles having a tip offset vector defined as a vector from a centroid of a base of each microneedle at the surface of said substrate to a perpendicular projection of a tip of the microneedle onto the surface of said substrate, wherein said microneedles are orientated such that said tip offset vectors are directed away from said edge.

7. The device of claim 1, further comprising aseptic packaging enclosing said guide element and said substrate.

8. The device of claim 1, wherein said guide element and said substrate are inseparable components of the device.

9. The device of claim 1, wherein said guide element is rigidly mounted in fixed spatial relation to said substrate, said substrate projecting outwards from said tissue contact plane.

10. The device of claim 1, wherein said guide element is retractably mounted relative to said substrate, said guide element being resiliently biased to an advanced position in which said substrate lies behind said tissue contact plane, and being retractable to expose said substrate.

11. The device of claim 10, further comprising a supplementary tissue tensioning element coupled to said guide element such that linear retraction of said guide element generates rotation of said tensioning element so as to apply tension to a surface of the biological tissue.

12. The device of claim 10, further comprising a linkage associated with said substrate and said guide element and configured such that linear retraction of said guide element generates a motion of said substrate in a direction with a component perpendicular to said linear retraction.

13. The device of claim 1, wherein said substrate is retractably mounted relative to said guide element, said substrate being resiliently biased to an advanced position in which said substrate projects in front of said tissue contact plane.

14. The device of claim 1, wherein the device further comprises a female luer connector, said female luer connector being in fluid flow connection for delivering a fluid through said hollow microneedle.

15. The device of claim 14, further comprising a syringe configured to mate with said female luer connector for delivering a fluid via said hollow microneedle.

16. The device of claim 1, wherein the device further comprises a septum needle, said septum needle being in fluid flow connection for delivering a fluid through said hollow microneedle.

17. The device of claim 16, further comprising a pen injector having a septum configured to be pierced by said septum needle for delivering a fluid via said hollow microneedle.

18. A device for delivering a fluid into a biological tissue, the device comprising: (a) a hollow microneedle integrally formed with, and projecting from a surface of, a substrate; and (b) a guide element spaced from said substrate, said guide element providing at least one edge defining a tissue guide plane oblique to said surface of said substrate.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] The invention is herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0027] FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a microneedle array for use in devices according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0028] FIG. 2 is an isometric view of a system including a device according to an embodiment of the present invention and a syringe for delivering fluid through the device into a biological barrier;

[0029] FIG. 3 is an isometric view of a system including a device according to an embodiment of the present invention and a pen injector for delivering fluid through the device into a biological barrier;

[0030] FIG. 4A is an isometric view of the device of FIG. 2;

[0031] FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view taken along a central plane symmetry of the device of FIG. 4A;

[0032] FIGS. 5A-5C are isometric views of three variant implementations of the device of FIG. 4A, showing differing implementations of a guide element;

[0033] FIG. 6A is an isometric view showing a Luer connector interface for connection of the device of FIG. 2 to the syringe;

[0034] FIGS. 6B and 6C are axial cross-sectional views showing the device of FIG. 2 before and after connection to the syringe;

[0035] FIGS. 7A and 7B are front and rear isometric views, respectively, of the device of FIG. 3;

[0036] FIG. 8A is a side view of a further embodiment of a device of the present invention having a retractable guide element;

[0037] FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view taken along a central plane of symmetry of the device of FIG. 8A;

[0038] FIG. 8C is a front isometric view device of FIG. 8A with the guide element retracted;

[0039] FIG. 8D is a rear isometric view of the device of FIG. 8A;

[0040] FIG. 9A is a side view of a further embodiment of a device of the present invention having a retractable guide element and a supplementary tissue-tensioning flap;

[0041] FIG. 9B is a front isometric view of the device of FIG. 9A with the guide element retracted and the supplementary tissue-tensioning flap open;

[0042] FIG. 10A is an isometric view of a further embodiment of a device of the present invention having a retractable guide element and a linkage for generating transverse motion of the microneedles;

[0043] FIGS. 10B and 10C are cross-sectional views taken along a central plane of symmetry of the device of FIG. 10A showing the guide element in a non-retracted state and a retracted state, respectively;

[0044] FIG. 11A is an isometric view of a further embodiment of a device of the present invention having a retractable microneedle adapter;

[0045] FIGS. 11B and 11C are cross-sectional views taken along a central plane of symmetry of the device of FIG. 11A showing the microneedle adapter in a non-retracted state and a retracted state, respectively;

[0046] FIGS. 12A and 12B are front and rear isometric views, respectively, of a further embodiment of a. device of the present invention having both a retractable guide element and a retractable microneedle adapter; and

[0047] FIGS. 12C and 12D are cross-sectional views taken along a central plane of symmetry of the device of FIG. 12A showing the guide element and the microneedle adapter in non-retracted states and retracted states, respectively.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0048] The present invention is a microneedle device with a mechanical guide, for delivering a fluid into a biological barrier.

[0049] The principles and operation of devices according to the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and the accompanying description.

[0050] By way of introduction, microneedle devices of the present invention may be used in a range of different applications. By way of non-limiting examples, the invention will be illustrated with reference to a first set of applications as a syringe adapter for use with a syringe or other fluid delivery system, typically having a leer connector (FIGS. 2 and 4A-6C), and with reference to a second set of applications as an adapter for delivery of fluid from a pen injector device having a septum (FIGS. 3 and 7A-12D). A number of variant embodiments with differing features will be described in the context of each of these applications. It should be noted that, except where clearly stated or self-evident to the contrary, all features described in the context of one application may be used also to advantage, possibly with minor adaptations that will be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art, in the context of other applications.

[0051] Referring now in generic terms to multiple embodiments of the present invention, and using reference numerals which will be used throughout the description to designate similar features, a device 110, 210, 310, 410, 510, 610, 710 according to certain embodiments of the present invention for delivering a fluid into a biological tissue employs a hollow microneedle 10 integrally formed with, and projecting from a surface 12 of, a substrate 14, as shown in an a magnified view in FIG. 1.

[0052] The term “microneedle” is used herein to refer to a projecting feature having a projecting height above surface 12 of no more than about 1 mm, typically between 300 and 1000 microns, and most preferably refers here to microneedles having a height of between about 500 and about 950 microns. In the particularly preferred implementation as illustrated here, hollow microneedle 10 is one of a plurality of hollow microneedles, preferably at least three, deployed as a linear array of microneedles. The linear array of microneedles are preferably arrayed along and adjacent to an edge 16 of substrate 14, edge 16 defining a boundary of surface 12. “Adjacent” in this context preferably refers to proximity of microneedles 10 to edge 16 such that a distance from the base of the microneedles to edge 16 is no more than twice the height to which the microneedles project from surface 12, and more preferably no more than once the height. In the particularly preferred but non-limiting example illustrated here, edge 16 is cut so as to substantially intersect, or even slightly truncate, a sloping surface of the microneedles.

[0053] Certain particularly preferred implementations of the present invention employ an asymmetric hollow microneedle structure in which the microneedle tip is offset from the geometric center of the base of the microneedle. In more precise terms, such asymmetric microneedles are referred to as having a “tip offset vector” defined as a vector from a centroid of the geometric outline of the base of the microneedle in a plane corresponding to surface 12 to a perpendicular projection of the tip of the microneedle onto surface 12. A particularly preferred but non-limiting manufacturing technique for hollow microneedles with an asymmetric form as defined here, and corresponding microneedle structures, may be found in the aforementioned in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,648,484 and 7,850,657. According to such examples, the resulting microneedles are formed by subtractive MEMS techniques from a single crystal wafer of silicon, resulting in projecting microneedles integrally formed with the substrate. As a result of the process, the needles may be surrounded by a channel. In such cases, “surface 12” is taken to be the predominant surface level of the remaining thickness of the substrate disregarding such localized channels or other surface irregularities.

[0054] Where asymmetric microneedles with a tip offset vector are used, they are most preferably orientated such that the tip offset vectors are directed away from edge 16. This combination of an array of asymmetric microneedles adjacent to an edge, and with their tip offset vectors directed away from the edge, is uniquely optimized for implementing an angled insertion modality in which the microneedle interface is brought into contact with a biological barrier, such as the skin, with edge 16 pressed against the skin and surface 12 at an oblique angle (typically between about 30 degrees and about 60 degrees) to the undeformed skin surface.

[0055] According to certain particularly preferred implementations of the present invention, the device of the present invention further includes a guide element 18, spaced from substrate 1.4, that provides at least one tissue-contact surface 20 defining a tissue contact plane 22 oblique to surface 12 of the substrate, and preferably at an angle of between about 30 degrees and about 60 degrees thereto. Guide element 18 is preferably deployed with oblique plane 22 oriented such that, when tissue-contact surface 20 is brought into contact with the biological tissue, edge 16 of the substrate is also brought into contact with the biological tissue.

[0056] According to the various embodiments of the present invention as described herein, guide element 18 preferably performs one or more of a number of functions. One such function is to provide the user with a visual indication of the orientation at which the device is to be brought into contact with the biological barrier. Specifically, since the tissue-contact surface 20 preferably provides the prevailing visual contour of the device, the user will tend intuitively to orient the device with tissue contact plane 22 generally parallel to the skin surface, thereby ensuring a desired orientation of the device relative to the skin, both in terms of angle relative to the skin surface and in terms of rotation of the delivery device about its own central axis. (In an alternative wording, this orientation may be considered as an orientation on two orthogonal planes relative to the skin, both the angle between the syringe axis and the skin and the angle orthogonal to the first plane between the syringe axis and the skin.) For this purpose, it is typically not critical that the tissue-contact surface 20 actually contact the skin during use, although it clearly may do so. Thus, the tissue-contact surface may be an edge of the guide element, not necessarily deployed to come into contact with the tissue, and the tissue contact plane may in fact be a tissue “guide” plane, visually indicative of a plane parallel to the tissue surface to guide orientation of the device, but not necessarily coming into contact with the tissue. Most preferably, the at least one tissue-contact surface 20 substantially circumscribes substrate 14, meaning that it extends around at least about 210 degrees, and more preferably at least about 270 degrees, around substrate 14. In many particularly preferred cases, tissue-contact surface 20 completely circumscribes substrate 14. Tissue-contact surface 20 may be a continuous surface extending around (substantially circumscribing) substrate 14, or it may be subdivided into two or more separate sections which may have spaces between them.

[0057] The devices of the present invention are particularly effective for performing reliable and repeatable intradermal delivery of fluids. Depending on the rate of delivery, effective intradermal delivery typically results in formation of a visible “bleb” which can be viewed as confirmation of successful delivery to the desired intradermal target location. In order to avoid interfering with formation of such a bleb, tissue-contact surface 20 is preferably spaced away from substrate 14, particularly in the distal direction, i.e., in the region adjacent to the skin beyond the microneedles, by a spacing of at least about 3 mm, and more preferably at least about 5 mm.

[0058] In order to facilitate visual monitoring of the drug delivery site, penetration of the microneedles and/or formation of a bleb, guide element 18 may advantageously be made from transparent material. Additionally, or alternatively, various implementations of the device of the present invention provide various openings in guide element 18. A number of such examples are illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5C. Specifically, FIG. 5A shows a device 110a in which the most distal region of guide element 18 is formed with an opening 24a which interrupts continuity of tissue-contact surface 20 so that it encompasses more than 270 degrees around substrate 14. FIG. 5B shows a device 110b in which an opening 24b forms an enclosed window in the upward-facing portion of guide element 18, without interrupting continuity of tissue-contact surface 20 around substrate 14. In device 110c (FIG. 5C), a plurality of smaller openings/windows 24c are deployed around guide element 18.

[0059] In the examples of device 110, 110a, 110b and 110c, guide element 18 is rigidly mounted in fixed spatial relation to substrate 14 such that no relative motion occurs between skin-contact surface 20 and microneedles 10 during normal use. In order to ensure that the microneedles can be brought effectively into engagement with the skin, substrate 14 may project outwards beyond tissue contact plane 22, as seen clearly in FIGS. 4A-6C. The projection may be between 1 mm and 6 mm, and in certain cases, about 3 min may be preferred, as measured perpendicular to tissue contact plane 22. In alternative implementations, substrate 14 may be deployed substantially on the tissue contact plane 22 or even recessed by up to about 1 mm behind the plane. In this case, the microneedles still penetrate the biological harrier when guide element is pressed against the barrier due to flexibility and resilience of the biological barrier that causes it to bulge slightly within the area pressed-upon by the tissue-contact surface 20. The presence of a tissue contact surface at least partially circumscribing the substrate also serves to limit the depth to which the microneedles can be made to sink into the tissue in the event of application of excess pressure by the user, since the excess pressure is distributed across a relatively large area of the tissue through contact of surface 20.

[0060] In order to complete the structure of a device for delivering liquid into a biological barrier, hollow microneedles 10 are in fluid flow connection with a flow path which connects to a source of the fluid to be delivered. Structurally, this is advantageously achieved by attachment of substrate 14, such as by adhesive, to an adapter structure 26 which is formed with at least one internal flow channel 28 which supplies fluid to through-bores at the rear of the substrate which pass through the hollow microneedles. The adapter structure is typically a solid block of material which may be formed from any suitable material, and is typically formed from a molded polymer material. Where a multiple needle microneedle substrate is used, a recess extending behind the microneedles preferably serves as a manifold for delivering the fluid to the bores of all of the needles. Further structural details of the adapter structure, and particularly the “rear” end of the adapter, will depend upon the particular intended application, as will be discussed below.

[0061] In the particular examples of FIGS. 2 and 4A-6C, the devices are configured for use with a syringe or other fluid delivery device. One particularly convenient and widely-used connection standard as illustrated here is a Luer or Luer-lock connector 112, allowing use of the device with a wide range of standard syringes 114 (FIG. 2) and connectors of other fluid delivery devices (not shown).

[0062] Device 110, and the other embodiments of the devices of the present invention, are preferably implemented as part of a subassembly which further includes a protective cover (not shown) for mechanically protecting the microneedles prior to use, and is typically provided as a sterile subassembly packaged in a blister-pack or other packaging for maintaining sterility, as is known in the art. The device may be manufactured color coded as per the height, diameter or number of microneedles in the microneedle array, in a manner analogous to the color coding system of hypodermic needles that define needle gauge.

[0063] Turning now to FIGS. 3 and 7A-12D, there are shown a further set of implementations of the present invention in which adapter 26 includes a septum needle 212 in fluid flow connection with internal fluid flow channel 28, making the device suited for use with a device such as a pen injector 214 (FIG. 3) having a septum configured to be pierced by the septum needle for delivering a fluid via the hollow microneedle. The pen injector may be any type of pen injector, and is typically an otherwise conventional pen injector such as is commercially available from a range of manufacturers. According to a first subset of these implementations, a rigidly mounted guide element 18 similar to that of any of FIGS. 4A-5C may be integrated with a back-end septum needle 212 as illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B. Septum needle 212 can be integrated during a molding process so as to be in sealed interconnection with internal channel 28, and to be surrounded by a suitable attachment configuration, such as a threaded collar 216.

[0064] The remaining implementations of FIGS. 8A-12D illustrate further exemplary embodiments of the present invention in which mechanisms are provided for defining various types of relative motion between the microneedle adapter and the guide element and/or one or more additional features of the device in order to provide certain additional functionality and properties. These embodiments are illustrated in a non-limiting manner in relation to a pen-injector adapter, but the corresponding features may also be implemented to advantage in the context of a syringe adapter or other fluid delivery device, with minor modifications as will be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art.

[0065] Turning now to FIGS. 8A-8D, these illustrate a device 310 which is structurally and functionally similar to device 210 of FIG. 7, with equivalent features labeled similarly. In this embodiment, guide element 18 is retractably mounted relative to substrate 14, i.e., so that it can slide rearwardly relative to the microneedles between an initial forward position, as shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, and a retracted position as shown in FIG. 8C. Guide element 18 is resiliently biased to the advanced (forward) position by a suitable biasing element, such as spring 312. In the forward position, substrate 14 lies behind tissue contact plane 22, thereby providing a degree of protection to the microneedles from accidental damage and/or to the user from needle pricks prior to use. In use, tissue-contact surface 20 is brought into contact with the tissue barrier and gentle forward pressure is applied by the user, causing guide element to retract, exposing substrate 14 so that microneedles 12 penetrate into the tissue. A fully advanced state of the microneedles, corresponding to the fully retracted state of guide element 18, preferably has a geometry functionally equivalent to the device of FIG. 7A.

[0066] In order to ensure linear retractability of guide element 18 while maintaining the required rotational orientation of the guide element relative to the microneedle array, the outer surface of adapter 26 and an inner parts of guide element 18 are preferably configured to provide a linear sliding bearing configuration. In the example illustrated here (see FIG. 8B), inward-projecting ridges 316 engage corresponding slots 318 formed along the body of adapter 26.

[0067] The retractable guide element 18 may contribute to effective penetration of the microneedles into the tissue barrier by applying enhanced tension to the tissue surface during insertion. Specifically, where tissue-contact surface 20 comes into contact with the tissue before contact of the microneedles, the contact surface effectively immobilizes a region of tissue. The subsequent motion of the substrate and microneedles at an angle against the tissue surface tends to stretch the tissue surface and enhance penetration of microneedles 10 into the tissue. In order to enhance friction between tissue-contact surface 20 and the tissue, surface 20 may advantageously be formed with a plurality of steps 314 as shown, and/or with other types of projections or other friction-enhancing mechanical features.

[0068] Here too, device 310 and the subsequent embodiments of the devices of the present invention are preferably implemented as part of a subassembly which further includes a protective cover (not shown) for mechanically protecting the microneedles prior to use. Despite the required relative motion, the retractable guide element is implemented as an inseparable component interconnected with the microneedle adapter and chip, provided as a sterile subassembly packaged in a blister-pack or other packaging for maintaining sterility. “Inseparable” in this context refers to interconnection such that the parts cannot readily be separated manually in a non-destructive manner.

[0069] Turning now to FIGS. 9A and 9B, there is shown a further variant implementation of a device 410, generally similar to device 310, in which a supplementary tissue tensioning element 412 is coupled to guide element 18 so that linear retraction of guide element 18 generates rotation of tensioning element 412, thereby applying tension to a surface of the biological tissue. In the example shown here, supplementary tissue tensioning element 412 is implemented as a flap which is hingedly mounted at a pair of coaxial fixed pins 414 mounted to threaded collar 216, and has bilateral inclined slots 416 which is engaged by a pair of coaxial pins 418 projecting from guide element 18. As a result of this structure, rearward motion of guide element 18 against spring bias (similar to that described above in the context of device 310) displaces pins 418 along inclined slots 416, thereby forcing tissue tensioning element 412 to rotate to that the flap opens rearwardly relative to the direction in which the microneedles are advancing. This coordinated motion applies rearward tensioning to the tissue surface, thereby enhancing penetration of the microneedles. Optionally, a distal edge of tissue tensioning element 412 may be textured or otherwise provided with ridges, teeth or the like (not shown) to increase frictional engagement with the biological barrier and thereby enhance the tensioning effect. In all other respects, device 412 is similar in structure and function to device 312 described above.

[0070] Turning now to FIGS. 10A-10C, there is shown a device 510 according to a further variant implementation of the present invention. Here too, the device is provided with a retractable guide element 18 essentially similar to devices 310 and 410. In this case, a linkage associated with substrate 14 and guide element 18 is configured such that linear retraction of guide element 18 generates a motion of substrate 14 in a direction with a component perpendicular to the linear retraction.

[0071] In the particular example illustrated here, adapter 26 is provided with pins 512 and 514 which engage oppositely inclined slots 516 and 518, respectively, formed in an elongated guide element 18. Angular mobility of adapter 26 is facilitated by a flexible fluid connection tube 520 which bridges between internal fluid flow path 28 and the channel associated with septum needle 218. As a result of this structure, on resilient retraction of retractable guide element 18, corresponding to the transition from FIG. 10B to FIG. 10C, motion of pin 514 along slot 518 displaces a rear portion of adapter 26 in a first direction while motion of pin 512 along slot 516 displaces the front portion of adapter 26 in a second direction, opposite to the first direction, thereby generating a rotation of adapter 26. This rotation combined with the retraction of the guide element causes a motion of substrate 14 and microneedles 10 in a direction which has a component perpendicular to the direction of retraction, thereby applying tension to the tissue which is held in place by tissue-contact surface 20 and thus enhancing penetration of the microneedles.

[0072] In this exemplary implementation, tissue contact plane 22 is shown as perpendicular to the axis of retraction of guide element 18. The oblique angle between surface 12 and tissue contact plane 22 is here ensured by an inclination of the surface of the adapter 26 to which substrate 14 is applied, as illustrated in FIG. 10B. This oblique angle is further increased during use of the device by the aforementioned rotation of adapter 26. In the non-limiting example illustrated here, the initial oblique angle is roughly 30 degrees, and increases to 50-60 degrees at full retraction of guide element 18.

[0073] In all other respects, the structure and operation of device 510 will be understood by reference to the other devices described above.

[0074] Turning now to FIGS. 11A-11C, there is shown a device 610 according to a further variant implementation of the present invention. In this case, it is substrate 14 and adapter 26 that are retractably mounted relative to guide element 18, while guide element 18 itself is rigidly mounted relative to threaded cap 216. Adapter 26 is resiliently biased to an advanced (forward) position (FIG, 11B), for example, by a spring 612, so that substrate 14 projects in front of tissue contact plane 22. Spring 612 serves to limit the contact force between the microneedles and the biological barrier as increased force applied by the user results in retraction of the microneedles rather than excess contact force. A fully retracted position (e.g., FIG. 11C) may correspond to a position in which the microneedles still project somewhat beyond tissue contact plane 22, or where the microneedles are flush with, or recessed behind, contact plane 22. At some point in the retraction, tissue contact surface 20 comes into contact with the tissue surface, and further force applied by the user tends to be distributed via guide element 18, thereby continuing to limit the contact force of the microneedles against the biological barrier to a desired range of contact force.

[0075] Sealed flow interconnection between internal flow channel 28 and septum needle 212 is preferably maintained. during motion of adapter 26 by a sliding seal 614 which slides along an extended shaft of septum needle 212. The seal may be made of PTFE, silicone or any other material that can maintain a sliding seal along a cannula

[0076] Turning finally to FIGS. 12A-12D, there is shown a device 710 according to a further variant implementation of the present invention. Device 710 may be regarded as a combination of the features of devices 310 and 610 in that it combines the retractable guide element 18 of device 310 together with the retractable adapter 26 of device 610. All components are numbered according to the corresponding features of the above embodiments, and will be understood by reference to the corresponding description above. This implementation combines the advantages of protection of the microneedles prior to use and tensioning of the biological barrier provided by resiliently retractable guide element 18 together with the contact force limiting functionality of the retractable adapter. Specifically, during use, tissue-contact surface 20 first comes into contact with the tissue, defining the orientation of the device relative to the tissue surface and gripping the underlying region of skin. As contact pressure is increased, spring 312 is compressed and guide element 18 retracts until microneedles 10 come into contact with the tissue. Additional contact pressure applied beyond that point then starts to compress spring 612, thereby limiting the pressure which is applied to microneedles 10 against the tissue so that it remains within a desired range of values.

[0077] It should be noted that all of the various retracting and tensioning features described above with reference to FIGS. 8A-12D may be implemented with alternative back-end interfaces, such as a Luer connector or other standard or proprietary interface, for use with a syringe, for connection directly or via tubing to a pump, or with any other desired fluid delivery device.

[0078] The term “biological barrier” or “tissue” as used herein refers to any tissue surface into which fluid is to be introduced, including but not limited to, intradermal delivery into the skin, intra-ocular delivery into or through selected layers of the conjunctiva, sclera, and/or choroid or other ocular tissue, and into the surface of any other body membrane or organ, whether normally exposed or temporarily rendered accessible during a surgical procedure.

[0079] To the extent that the appended claims have been drafted without multiple dependencies, this has been done only to accommodate formal requirements in jurisdictions which do not allow such multiple dependencies. It should he noted that all possible combinations of features which would be implied by rendering the claims multiply dependent are explicitly envisaged and should be considered part of the invention.

[0080] It will be appreciated that the above descriptions are intended only to serve as examples, and that many other embodiments are possible within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.