B-VITAMIN AND AMINO ACID CONJUGATES OFNICOTINOYL RIBOSIDES AND REDUCED NICOTINOYL RIBOSIDES, DERIVATIVES THEREOF, AND METHODS OF PREPARATION THEREOF

Abstract

The present disclosure provides nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein X.sup.−, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, n, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are described herein, reduced analogs thereof, and synthetic processes for the preparation thereof.

Claims

1. A nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof: ##STR00074## wherein X.sup.− as counterion is absent, or when X.sup.− is present, X.sup.− is selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, formate, acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, carbonate, citrate, carbamate, formate, gluconate, lactate, methyl bromide, methyl sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, diphosphate, succinate, sulfate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, trichloromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, and trifluoroacetate; Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen; n is 0 or 1; R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.6-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3; R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl; each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.)CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)allylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium; provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S; further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is NH, and R.sup.1 is hydrogen, then R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are not all simultaneously hydrogen; further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is NH, and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each hydrogen, then R.sup.6 is not —C(O)R′ or —C(O)OR′ where R′ is alkyl, and each of R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are not independently hydrogen, —C(O)R′, or —C(O)OR′, where R′ is alkyl; further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is NH, R.sup.1 is (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl or (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each hydrogen, then each of R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are not independently hydrogen or —C(O)R′; further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is oxygen, R.sup.1 is (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, aryl, or substituted aryl, and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each hydrogen, then R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are not all simultaneously —C(O)R′.

2. A reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof: ##STR00075## Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen; n is 0 or 1; R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3; R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl; each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; wherein C* has an absolute configuration of R or S, or a mixture of R and S; R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.6-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and **H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.5)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium; provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S; further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is NH, and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each hydrogen, then R.sup.6 is not —C(O)R′ or —C(O)OR′ where R′ is alkyl, and each of R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are not independently hydrogen, —C(O)R′, or —C(O)OR′, where R′ is alkyl; further provided that when n is 0 and Z.sup.2 is oxygen, then R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are not all simultaneously hydrogen; further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is oxygen, R.sup.1 is hydrogen or (C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each hydrogen, then each of R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 is not —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, or —C(O)NHR′, where R′ is hydrogen, unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl.

3. A method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof: ##STR00076## wherein X.sup.− as counterion is absent, or when X.sup.− is present, X.sup.− is selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, formate, acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, carbonate, citrate, carbamate, formate, gluconate, lactate, methyl bromide, methyl sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, diphosphate, succinate, sulfate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, trichloromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, and trifluoroacetate; Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen; n is 0 or 1; R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3; R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl; each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8), substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.56)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.5)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium; provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S; comprising the steps of: (a) providing a riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or a salt thereof; ##STR00077## wherein X′ is selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, HCO.sub.2, acetoxy, propionoxy, butyroxy, glutamyloxy, aspartyloxy, ascorbyloxy, benzoxy, HOCO.sub.2, citryloxy, carbamyloxy, gluconyloxy, lactyloxy, succinyloxy, sulfoxy, trifluoromethanesulfoxy, trichloromethanesulfoxy, tribromomethanesulfoxy, and trifluoroacetoxy; R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3; R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl; each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.8; R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene OR.sup.C; R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)HR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.5)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium; provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S; (b) treating the compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, with about one molar equivalent amount of a Lewis acid; (c) treating the compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, and the Lewis acid with about one molar equivalent of a nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or a salt thereof; ##STR00078## wherein Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen; n is 0 or 1; R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3; R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl; each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S; (d) reacting the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, and the Lewis acid with the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof; (e) adding water to the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, the Lewis acid, the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, and the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof; (f) extracting the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, the Lewis acid, the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, and the water, with organic solvent; and (g) isolating the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the Lewis acid is selected from the group consisting of BF.sub.3, TMSOTf, and SnCl.sub.4.

5. A method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof; ##STR00079## wherein X.sup.− as counterion is absent, or when X.sup.− is present, X.sup.− is selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, formate, acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, carbonate, citrate, carbamate, formate, gluconate, lactate, methyl bromide, methyl sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, diphosphate, succinate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, trichloromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, and trifluoroacetate; Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen; n is 0 or 1; R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene OR.sup.C; R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3; R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl; each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sub.2, —OR, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.3-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected form the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C.sub.1—NC.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium; provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S; comprising the steps of: (a) providing a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or a salt thereof; ##STR00080## wherein X.sup.− as counterion is absent, or when X.sup.− is present, X.sup.− is selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, formate, acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, carbonate, citrate, carbamate, gluconate, lactate, methyl bromide, methyl sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, diphosphate, succinate, sulfate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, trichloromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, and trifluoroacetate; Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen; n is 0 or 1; R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3; R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl; each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.CNR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substitutents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)allylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C, or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium; provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S; (b) treating the compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, with at least about one molar equivalent amount of one or more reagent(s); (c) reacting the nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, with the one or more reagent(s) so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof; (d) adding water to the nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, the one or more reagent(s), and the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof; (e) extracting the nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, the one or more reagent(s), the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, and the water, with organic solvent; and (f) isolating the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

6. A method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof: ##STR00081## wherein X.sup.− as counterion is absent, or when X.sup.− is present, X.sup.− is selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, formate, acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, carbonate, citrate, carbamate, gluconate, lactate, methyl bromide, methyl sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, diphosphate, succinate, sulfate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, trichloromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, and trifluoroacetate; Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen; n is 0 or 1; R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, -phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3; R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl; each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)allylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-s)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium; provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S; (a) providing a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof; ##STR00082## Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen; n is 0 or 1; R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3; R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl; each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; wherein C* has an absolute configuration of R or S, or a mixture of R and S; R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium; provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S; (b) oxidizing a compound or derivative of formula (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, with at least about one molar equivalent amount of an oxidizing agent so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof; and (c) isolating the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the steps of: (a1) providing a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula 4), or a salt thereof: ##STR00083## wherein Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen; n is 0 or 1; R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3; R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl; each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; wherein C* has an absolute configuration of R or S, or a mixture of R and S; R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R.sup.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene OR.sup.C; Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium; provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S; (a2) treating the compound or derivative having formula (4), or salt thereof, with at least about 0.5 molar equivalent amount of one or more activated reagent(s); (a3) reacting the reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (4), or salt thereof, with the one or more activated reagent(s) so as to produce a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof; (a4) adding water to the reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (4), or salt thereof, the one or more activated reagent(s), and a compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof; (a5) extracting the reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (4), or salt thereof, the one or more activated reagent(s), a compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, and the water with organic solvent; and (a6) isolating a compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof; wherein steps (a1) through (a6) are performed sequentially before providing step (a).

8. A nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt thereof of claim 1, selected from the group consisting of: pterostilbene nicotinate riboside triflate, wherein R.sup.1 is pterostilbenyl (4-[(E)-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenyl), n=0, Z.sup.2=oxygen, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5 hydrogen, X.sup.−=triflate (trifluoromethanesulfonate), R.sup.6=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=acetyl, or a salt thereof; pterostilbene nicotinate riboside bromide, wherein R.sup.1 is pterostilbenyl (4-[(E)-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenyl), n=0, Z.sup.2=oxygen, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=hydrogen, X.sup.−=bromide, R.sup.6=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=acetyl, or a salt thereof; resveratrol trinicotinate riboside triflate, wherein R.sup.1 is resveratryl (trans-3,5,4-trihydroxystilbenyl), n=0, Z.sup.2=oxygen, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=hydrogen, X.sup.−=triflate (trifluoromethanesulfonate), R.sup.6=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=acetyl, or a salt thereof; nicotinamide N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-tryptophan riboside chloride, wherein X.sup.−=chloride, R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-tryptophan, or a salt thereof; nicotinamide tryptophan riboside chloride, wherein X.sup.−=chloride, R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=tryptophan, or a salt thereof; nicotinamide N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-isoleucine riboside chloride, wherein X.sup.−=chloride, R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-isoleucine, or a salt thereof; nicotinamide isoleucine riboside chloride, wherein X.sup.−=chloride, R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=isoleucine, or a salt thereof; nicotinamide N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-alanine riboside chloride, wherein X.sup.−=chloride, R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-alanine, or a salt thereof; nicotinamide alanine riboside chloride, wherein X.sup.−=chloride, R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=alanine, or a salt thereof; nicotinamide N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine riboside chloride, wherein X.sup.−=chloride, R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine, or a salt thereof; nicotinamide phenylalanine riboside chloride, wherein X.sup.−=chloride, R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=phenylalanine, or a salt thereof; nicotinamide N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-valine riboside chloride, wherein X.sup.−=chloride, R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-valine, or a salt thereof; nicotinamide valine riboside chloride, wherein X.sup.−=chloride, R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=valine, or a salt thereof; nicotinamide N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-methionine riboside chloride, wherein X.sup.−=chloride, R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.1=hydrogen, R.sup.6=N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-methionine, or a salt thereof; nicotinamide methionine riboside chloride, wherein X.sup.−=chloride, R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=methionine, or a salt thereof; 2-bromoethyl nicotinate riboside triacetate triflate, wherein X.sup.−=triflate (trifluoromethanesulfonate), R.sup.1=2-bromoethyl, n=0, Z.sup.2=oxygen, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=hydrogen, R.sup.6=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=acetyl, or a salt thereof; and choline nicotinate riboside triflate, wherein X.sup.−=triflate (trifluoromethanesulfonate), R.sup.1=choline, n=0, Z.sup.2=oxygen, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.6=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen.

9. A reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (II), or a salt thereof of claim 2, selected from the group consisting of: reduced nicotinamide N-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-tryptophan riboside, wherein R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=N-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-tryptophan, or a salt thereof; reduced nicotinamide N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-tryptophan riboside, wherein R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-tryptophan, or a salt thereof; reduced nicotinamide N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-isoleucine riboside, wherein R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-isoleucine, or a salt thereof; reduced nicotinamide N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-alanine riboside, wherein R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-alanine, or a salt thereof; reduced nicotinamide N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine riboside, wherein R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine, or a salt thereof, reduced nicotinamide N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-valine riboside, wherein R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-valine, or a salt thereof; reduced nicotinamide N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-methionine riboside, wherein R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-methionine, or a salt thereof; and reduced nicotinamide N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-leucine riboside, wherein R.sup.1=hydrogen, n=0, Z.sup.2=NH, R.sup.2=R.sup.3=R.sup.4=R.sup.5=R.sup.7=R.sup.8=hydrogen, R.sup.6=N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-leucine, or a salt thereof.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0221] In one aspect, the present invention surprisingly demonstrates novel modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinamide riboside (“NR”), nicotinic acid riboside (“NAR”), reduced or modified forms thereof (“NRH” and “NARH,” respectively), and processes to prepare said novel conjugates or derivatives and reduced forms thereof. In an embodiment, novel modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinamide riboside (NR) and/or reduced or modified forms thereof (NRH) are described. In another embodiment, novel modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinic acid riboside (NAR) and/or reduced or modified forms thereof (NARH) are described. In yet another embodiment, the preparation of nicotinamide riboside (NR) and/or reduced or modified forms thereof (NRH) are described, employing solvent-based chemical laboratory techniques. In yet another embodiment, the preparation of nicotinamide riboside (NR) and/or reduced or modified forms thereof (NRH) are described. Solvent-free conditions are employed in combination with appropriate mechano-chemical techniques. This combination yields a process that is atom-efficient in terms of reagent equivalency, that bypasses the need for polar solvents, and that is versatile in terms of limitations associated with reagents' solubility and reagents' mixing. In yet another embodiment, the preparation of nicotinic acid riboside (NAR) and/or reduced or modified forms thereof (NARH) are described, employing solvent-based chemical laboratory techniques. In yet another embodiment, the preparation of nicotinic acid riboside (NAR) and/or reduced or modified forms thereof (NARH) are described. Solvent-free conditions are employed in combination with appropriate mechano-chemical techniques. This combination yields a process that is atom-efficient in terms of reagent equivalency, that bypasses the need for polar solvents, and that is versatile in terms of limitations associated with reagents' solubility and reagents' mixing.

[0222] In certain embodiments, the processes for preparation of the novel modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinic acid riboside (NAR), and/or reduced or modified forms thereof (NRH and NARH, respectively), of the present disclosure, include solvent-based chemical laboratory techniques, and enable efficient production of many different compounds to produce conjugates or derivatives.

[0223] In certain embodiments, the processes for preparation of the novel modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinic acid riboside (NAR), and/or reduced or modified forms thereof (NRH and NARH, respectively), of the present disclosure, include milling, grinding, and all related continuous processes including extrusion, and enable efficient production of many different compounds to produce conjugates or derivatives under a solvent-free production protocol.

[0224] In certain embodiments, the processes for preparation of the novel modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinic acid riboside (NAR), and/or reduced or modified forms thereof (NRH and NARH, respectively), of the present disclosure, include solvent-based chemical laboratory techniques.

[0225] In certain embodiments, the processes for preparation of the novel modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinic acid riboside (NAR), and/or reduced or modified forms thereof (NRH and NARH, respectively), of the present disclosure, include grinding the respective components together in a mechano-chemical fashion utilizing mills such as ball mills, planetary mills, extruders, etc.

[0226] The embodiments of the processes for preparation of the novel modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinic acid riboside (NAR), and/or reduced or modified forms thereof (NRH and NARH, respectively), of the present disclosure, using solvent-based chemical laboratory techniques, have not been demonstrated before, particularly for producing biologically relevant nucleosides, such as nicotinamide mononucleotide (“NMN”), nicotinic acid mononucleotide (“NaMN”), the reduced analogs thereof (“NMNH” and “NaMNH,” respectively), and the like. The preparation technology has the ability to produce several other modified conjugates or derivatives efficiently including isotopically labeled derivatives.

[0227] The embodiments of the processes for preparation of the novel modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinic acid riboside (NAR), and/or reduced or modified forms thereof (NRH and NARH, respectively), of the present-disclosure, using mechano-chemical principles have not been demonstrated before, particularly for producing biologically relevant nucleosides, such as NMN, NaMN, NMNH, and NaMNII, and the like. The preparation technology has the ability to produce several other modified conjugates or derivatives efficiently including isotopically labeled derivatives.

[0228] Additionally, the embodiments of the processes for preparation of the novel modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinic acid riboside (NAR), and/or reduced or modified forms thereof (NRH and NARH, respectively), address limitations of existing technologies.

[0229] In accordance with an embodiment, prototype product nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NR or NAR, respectively) include nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof:

##STR00010##

[0230] wherein X.sup.− is selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, formate, acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, carbonate, citrate, carbamate, formate, gluconate, lactate, methyl bromide, methyl sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, diphosphate, succinate, sulfate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, trichloromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, and trifluoroacetate;

[0231] optionally wherein when X.sup.− as counterion is absent optionally the counterion is an internal salt;

[0232] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid selected from a monocarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, or a polycarboxylic acid; and,

[0233] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted monocarboxylic acid, further optionally an anion of a substituted propanoic acid (propanoate or propionate), or an anion of a substituted acetic acid (acetate), or an anion of a hydroxyl-propanoic acid, or an anion of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (being lactic acid; the anion of lactic acid being lactate), or a trihaloacetate selected from trichloroacetate, tribromoacetate, and trifluoroacetate; and,

[0234] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of an unsubstituted monocarboxylic acid selected from formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, or butyric acid, being formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, respectively; and,

[0235] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted amino acid, i.e., amino-monocarboxylic acid or an amino-dicarboxylic acid, optionally selected from glutamic acid and aspartic acid, being glutamate and aspartate, respectively; and,

[0236] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of ascorbic acid, being ascorbate; and,

[0237] optionally X.sup.− is a halide selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide; and,

[0238] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonate, further optionally a trihalomethanesulfonate selected from trifluoromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, or trichloromethanesulfonate; and,

[0239] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carbonate, further optionally hydrogen carbonate;

[0240] wherein the substituted carboxylic acid, substituted monocarboxylic acid, substituted propanoic acid, the substituted acetic acid, substituted amino acid, substituted sulfonate, and substituted carbonate are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0241] Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen;

[0242] n is 0 or 1;

[0243] R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0244] R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3;

[0245] R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl;

[0246] each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B;

[0247] R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0248] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0249] R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0250] R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.7)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.7)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0251] R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)allyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0252] Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium;

[0253] provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S;

[0254] further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is NH, and R.sup.1 is hydrogen, then R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are not all simultaneously hydrogen;

[0255] further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is oxygen, and R.sup.1 is hydrogen, then R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are not all simultaneously hydrogen, acetyl, or benzoyl; and

[0256] further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is oxygen, and R.sup.1 is —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, then R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are not all simultaneously acetyl or benzoyl.

[0257] In accordance with an alternative embodiment, prototype product nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NR or NAR, respectively) include nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof:

##STR00011##

[0258] wherein X.sup.− is selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, formate, acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, carbonate, citrate, carbamate, formate, gluconate, lactate, methyl bromide, methyl sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, diphosphate, succinate, sulfate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, trichloromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, and trifluoroacetate;

[0259] optionally wherein when X.sup.− is absent optionally the counterion is an internal salt;

[0260] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid selected from a monocarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, or a polycarboxylic acid; and,

[0261] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted monocarboxylic acid, further optionally an anion of a substituted propanoic acid (propanoate or propionate), or an anion of a substituted acetic acid (acetate), or an anion of a hydroxyl-propanoic acid, or an anion of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (being lactic acid; the anion of lactic acid being lactate), or a trihaloacetate selected from trichloroacetate, tribromoacetate, and trifluoroacetate; and,

[0262] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of an unsubstituted monocarboxylic acid selected from formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, or butyric acid, being formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, respectively; and,

[0263] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted amino acid, i.e., amino-monocarboxylic acid or an amino-dicarboxylic acid, optionally selected from glutamic acid and aspartic acid, being glutamate and aspartate, respectively; and,

[0264] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of ascorbic acid, being ascorbate; and,

[0265] optionally X.sup.− is a halide selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide; and,

[0266] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonate, further optionally a trihalomethanesulfonate selected from trifluoromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, or trichloromethanesulfonate; and,

[0267] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carbonate, further optionally hydrogen carbonate;

[0268] wherein the substituted carboxylic acid, substituted monocarboxylic acid, substituted propanoic acid, substituted acetic acid, substituted amino acid, substituted sulfonate, and substituted carbonate are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0269] Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen;

[0270] n is 0 or 1;

[0271] R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0272] R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3;

[0273] R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl;

[0274] each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B;

[0275] R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0276] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0277] R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0278] R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0279] R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0280] Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium;

[0281] provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S;

[0282] further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is NH, and R.sup.1 is hydrogen, then R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are not all simultaneously hydrogen;

[0283] further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is NH, and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each hydrogen, then R.sup.6 is not —C(O)R′ or —C(O)OR′ where R′ is alkyl, and each of R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are not independently hydrogen, —C(O)R′, or —C(O)OR′, where R′ is alkyl;

[0284] further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is NH, R.sup.1 is (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl or (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each hydrogen, then each of R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are not independently hydrogen or —C(O)R′;

[0285] further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is oxygen, R.sup.1 is (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, aryl, or substituted aryl, and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each hydrogen, then R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are not all simultaneously —C(O)R′.

[0286] In accordance with an embodiment, prototype product reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NRH or NARH, respectively) include reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof:

##STR00012##

[0287] Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen;

[0288] n is 0 or 1;

[0289] R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0290] R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3;

[0291] R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl;

[0292] each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(—NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B;

[0293] R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0294] R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene OR.sup.C;

[0295] provided that C* has an absolute configuration of R or S, or a mixture of R and S;

[0296] R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(NRc)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0297] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0298] R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0299] R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0300] R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0301] Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium;

[0302] provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S.

[0303] In accordance with an alternative embodiment, prototype product reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NRH or NARH, respectively) include reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof:

##STR00013##

[0304] Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen;

[0305] n is 0 or 1;

[0306] R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0307] R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3;

[0308] R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl;

[0309] each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B;

[0310] R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0311] R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0312] provided that C* has an absolute configuration of R or S, or a mixture of R and S;

[0313] R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0314] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0315] R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0316] R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene—NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0317] R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0318] Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium;

[0319] provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S;

[0320] further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is NH, and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each hydrogen, then R.sup.6 is not —C(O)R′ or —C(O)OR′ where R′ is alkyl, and each of R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are not independently hydrogen, —C(O)R′, or —C(O)OR′, where R′ is alkyl;

[0321] further provided that when n is 0 and Z.sup.2 is oxygen, then R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are not all simultaneously hydrogen;

[0322] further provided that when n is 0, Z.sup.2 is oxygen, R.sup.1 is hydrogen or (C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each hydrogen, then each of R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 is not —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, or —C(O)NHR′, where R′ is hydrogen, unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl.

[0323] In accordance with an embodiment of a method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, there is described a nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof:

##STR00014##

[0324] wherein Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen;

[0325] n is 0 or 1;

[0326] R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0327] R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3;

[0328] R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl;

[0329] each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O), —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B;

[0330] R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0331] provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S.

[0332] In accordance with an embodiment of a method of making a riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, there is described a riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof:

##STR00015##

[0333] wherein X′ is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, HCO.sub.2, acetoxy, propionoxy, butyroxy, glutamyloxy, aspartyloxy, ascorbyloxy, benzoxy, HOCO.sub.2, citryloxy, carbamyloxy, gluconyloxy, lactyloxy, succinyloxy, sulfoxy, trifluoromethanesulfoxy, trichloromethanesulfoxy, tribromomethanesulfoxy, and trifluoroacetoxy;

[0334] optionally wherein X.sup.− as counterion is absent, or when X.sup.− is present is selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, formate, acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, carbonate, citrate, carbamate, formate, gluconate, lactate, methyl bromide, methyl sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, diphosphate, succinate, sulfate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, trichloromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, and trifluoroacetate;

[0335] optionally wherein when X.sup.− is absent optionally the counterion is an internal salt;

[0336] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid selected from a monocarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, or a polycarboxylic acid; and,

[0337] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted monocarboxylic acid, further optionally an anion of a substituted propanoic acid (propanoate or propionate), or an anion of a substituted acetic acid (acetate), or an anion of a hydroxy-propanoic acid, or an anion of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (being lactic acid; the anion of lactic acid being lactate), or a trihaloacetate selected from trichloroacetate, tribromoacetate, and trifluoroacetate; and,

[0338] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of an unsubstituted monocarboxylic acid selected from formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, or butyric acid, being formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, respectively; and,

[0339] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted amino acid, i.e., amino-monocarboxylic acid or an amino-dicarboxylic acid, optionally selected from glutamic acid and aspartic acid, being glutamate and aspartate, respectively; and,

[0340] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of ascorbic acid, being ascorbate; and,

[0341] optionally X.sup.− is a halide selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide; and,

[0342] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonate, further optionally a trihalomethanesulfonate selected from trifluoromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, or trichloromethanesulfonate; and,

[0343] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carbonate, further optionally hydrogen carbonate;

[0344] wherein the substituted carboxylic acid, substituted monocarboxylic acid, substituted propanoic acid, the substituted acetic acid, substituted amino acid, substituted sulfonate, and substituted carbonate are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0345] Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen;

[0346] n is 0 or 1;

[0347] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0348] R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —C—H.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3;

[0349] R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl;

[0350] each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B;

[0351] R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0352] R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A) CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0353] R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0354] Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium;

[0355] provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S.

[0356] In accordance with an embodiment of a method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, there is described a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or a salt

##STR00016##

[0357] wherein X.sup.− is selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, formate, acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, carbonate, citrate, carbamate, formate, gluconate, lactate, methyl bromide, methyl sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, diphosphate, succinate, sulfate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, trichloromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, and trifluoroacetate;

[0358] optionally wherein when X.sup.− is absent optionally the counterion is an internal salt;

[0359] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid selected from a monocarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, or a polycarboxylic acid; and,

[0360] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted monocarboxylic acid, further optionally an anion of a substituted propanoic acid (propanoate or propionate), or an anion of a substituted acetic acid (acetate), or an anion of a hydroxyl-propanoic acid, or an anion of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (being lactic acid; the anion of lactic acid being lactate), or a trihaloacetate selected from trichloroacetate, tribromoacetate, and trifluoroacetate; and,

[0361] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of an unsubstituted monocarboxylic acid selected from formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, or butyric acid, being formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, respectively; and,

[0362] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted amino acid, i.e., amino-monocarboxylic acid or an amino-dicarboxylic acid, optionally selected from glutamic acid and aspartic acid, being glutamate and aspartate, respectively; and,

[0363] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of ascorbic acid, being ascorbate; and,

[0364] optionally X.sup.− is a halide selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide; and,

[0365] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonate, further optionally a trihalomethanesulfonate selected from trifluoromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, or trichloromethanesulfonate; and,

[0366] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carbonate, further optionally hydrogen carbonate;

[0367] wherein the substituted carboxylic acid, substituted monocarboxylic acid, substituted propanoic acid, substituted acetic acid, substituted amino acid, substituted sulfonate, and substituted carbonate are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0368] Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen;

[0369] n is 0 or 1;

[0370] R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0371] R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O) NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(O)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3;

[0372] R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl;

[0373] each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B;

[0374] R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0375] R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0376] R′ is selected form the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0377] R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0378] R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0379] Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium;

[0380] provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S.

[0381] In accordance with an embodiment of a method of making a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, there is described a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (4), or salt thereof:

##STR00017##

[0382] wherein Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen;

[0383] n is 0 or 1;

[0384] R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0385] R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH—C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3;

[0386] R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl;

[0387] each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B;

[0388] R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0389] R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0390] provided that C* has an absolute configuration of R or S, or a mixture of R and S;

[0391] R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0392] R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0393] R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0394] R.sup.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0395] R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0396] Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium;

[0397] provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S.

Definitions

[0398] Vitamin B1, which is also known as thiamine, is a compound having the formula (III):

##STR00018##

[0399] Vitamin B2, which is also known as riboflavin, is a compound having the formula (IV):

##STR00019##

[0400] Vitamin B3, which is also known as nicotinic acid, or niacin, is a pyridine compound having the formula (V):

##STR00020##

[0401] Vitamin B6, which is also known as pyridoxine in the form most commonly given as a supplement, is a compound having the formula (VI):

##STR00021##

[0402] Pterostilbene is a compound having the formula (VII):

##STR00022##

[0403] Resveratrol is a compound having the formula (VIII):

##STR00023##

[0404] Tryptophan is an amino acid having the formula (IX):

##STR00024##

[0405] Isoleucine is an amino acid having the formula (X):

##STR00025##

[0406] Alanine is an amino acid having the formula (XI):

##STR00026##

[0407] Phenylalanine is an amino acid having the formula (XII):

##STR00027##

[0408] Valine is an amino acid having the formula (XIII):

##STR00028##

[0409] Methionine is an amino acid having the formula (XIV):

##STR00029##

[0410] Valine is an amino acid having the formula (XV):

##STR00030##

[0411] As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms of “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents and vice versa, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0412] As used herein, the term “Lewis acid” refers to any chemical species that can accept a pair of nonbonding valence electrons, i.e., an electron-pair acceptor. Without limitation, non-limiting examples of Lewis acids include BF.sub.3, TMSOTf, and SnCl.sub.4.

[0413] As used herein, the term “solvent-based chemical laboratory techniques” refer to reactions that change the empirical, molecular, and/or structural formula of a compound, which are performed in laboratory apparatuses subsequent to the mixture of chemical starting materials and/or reagents with aqueous and/or organic solvent phases, and after which treatment and removal of solvent provides molecularly transformed products.

[0414] As used herein, the term “solvent” refers to a compound or mixture of compounds including, but not limited to, water, water in which an ionic compound has been dissolved, acetic acid, acetone, acetonitrile, benzene, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, t-butyl alcohol (“TBA”), 2-butanone, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, chloroform, cyclohexane, 1,2-dichloroethane (“DCE”), diethylene glycol, diethyl eter (“Et.sub.2O”), diglyme (diethylene glycol dimethyl ether), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (“DME”), N,N-dimethylformamide (“DMF”), dimethylsulfoxide (“DMSO”), 1,4-dioxane, ethanol, ethyl acetate (“EtOAc”), ethylene glycol, glycerin, heptanes, hexamethylphosphoramide (“HMPA”), hexamethylphosphorus triamide (“HMPT”), hexane, methanol (“MeOH”), methyl t-butyl ether (“MTBE”), methylene chloride (“DCM,” “CH.sub.2C.sub.12”), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (“NMP”), nitromethane, pentane, petroleum ether, 1-propanol (“n-propanol,” “n-PrOH”), 2-propanol (“isopropanol,” “iPrOH”), pyridine, tetrahydrofuran (“THF”), toluene, triethylamine (“TEA,” “Et.sub.3N”), o-xylene, m-xylene, and/or p-xylene, and the like. Solvent classes may include hydrocarbon, aromatic, aprotic, polar, alcoholic, and mixtures thereof.

[0415] As used herein, the terms “mechano-chemical mixing,” “mechanochemistry,” and “mechanical processing” refer to standard techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art, in which chemical starting materials and/or reagents with disparate solubility properties are reacted, for example, by direct milling, liquid-assisted milling, triturating, mixing, or grinding, generally in the absence of solvents. Interchangeable terms may include “mechano-chemcial,” or the like. See F. Ravalico et al., Rapid synthesis of nucleotide pyrophosphate linkages in a ball mill, 9 ORG. BIOMOL. CHEM. 6496 (2011); Dritan Hasa et al., Cocrystal Formation through Mechanochemistry: From Neat and Liquid-Assisted Grinding to Polymer-Assisted Grinding, 127 ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE 7371 (2015); and references cited therein, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

[0416] Without limitation, non-limiting examples of Brønsted acids include HI, HCl, HBr, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, H.sub.3O.sup.+, HNO.sub.3, H.sub.3PO.sub.4, —CH.sub.3CO.sub.2H.

[0417] The term “alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight, branched, or cyclic chain hydrocarbon (“cycloalkyl”) having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e., C.sub.1-C.sub.6 means one to six carbons). Examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, and cyclopropyl. Most preferred are —(C.sub.1-C.sub.3)alkyl, particularly ethyl, methyl, and isopropyl.

[0418] The term “alkenyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable mono-unsaturated or di-unsaturated straight chain, the unsaturation meaning a carbon-carbon double bond (—CH═CH—), branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbon group having the stated number of carbon atoms. Examples include vinyl, propenyl, allyl, crotyl, isopentenyl, butadienyl, 1,3-pentadienyl, 1,4-pentadienyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, and the higher homologs and isomers. Functional groups representing an alkene are exemplified by —CH═CH—CH.sub.2— and CH.sub.2═CH—CH.sub.2—.

[0419] “Substituted alkyl” or “substituted alkenyl” means alkyl or alkenyl, respectively, as defined above, substituted by one, two, or three substituents. The substituents may, for example, be selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH.sub.2, —N(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethyl, —C(═O)NH.sub.2, —SO.sub.2NH.sub.2, —C(═NH)NH.sub.2, —C≡N, and —NO.sub.2, preferably selected from halogen and —OH. Examples of substituted alkyls, include, but are not limited to, 2,2-difluoromethyl, 2-carboxycyclopentyl, and 3-chloropropyl.

[0420] The term “alkynyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable carbon-carbon triple bond-containing radical (—C≡C—), branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon group having the stated number of carbon atoms. Examples include ethynyl and propargyl.

[0421] The term “alkoxy,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, an alkyl group having the designated number of carbon atoms, as defined above, connected to the rest of the molecule via an oxygen atom, such as, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, 1-propoxy, 2-propoxy (“isopropoxy”), and the higher homologs and isomers. Preferred are —(C.sub.1-C.sub.3)alkoxy, particularly ethoxy and methoxy.

[0422] The terms “carbamyl” or “carbamoyl” mean the group —C(═O)NRR′, wherein R and R′ are independently selected from hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl functional group, or wherein R and R′ combined form a heterocycle. Examples of carbamyl groups include: —C(═O)NH.sub.2 and —C(═O)N(CH.sub.3).sub.2.

[0423] The term “cyano” refers to a —C≡N group.

[0424] The term “heteroalkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain alkyl group consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and one or two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may be optionally oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may be optionally quaternized. The heteroatom(s) may be placed at any position of the heteroalkyl group, including between the rest of the heteroalkyl group and the fragment to which it is attached, as well as attached to the most distal carbon atom in the heteroalkyl group. Examples include: —O—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—OH, —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—NH—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2—S—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—S(═O)—CH.sub.3. Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, —CH.sub.2—NH—OCH.sub.3, or —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—S—S—CH.sub.3.

[0425] The terms “halo” or “halogen,” by themselves or as part of other substituents, mean, unless otherwise stated, a monovalent fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom.

[0426] The term “nitro” refers to a —NO.sub.2 group.

[0427] The term “(C.sub.x-C.sub.y)perfluoroalkyl,” wherein x<y, means an alkyl group with a minimum of x carbons and a maximum of y carbons, wherein all hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine atoms. Preferred is —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, more preferred is —(C.sub.1-C.sub.3)perfluoroalkyl, most preferred is —CF.sub.3.

[0428] The term “aromatic” generally refers to a carbocycle or heterocycle having one or more polyunsaturated rings having aromatic character (i.e., having (4n+2) delocalized z (pi) electrons where n is an integer).

[0429] The term “aryl,” by itself or in combination with another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one or more rings (typically one, two, or three rings) wherein such rings may be attached together in a pendant manner, such as a biphenyl, or may be fused, such as naphthalene. Examples include phenyl; anthracyl; and naphthyl. Preferred are phenyl and naphthyl, most preferred is phenyl.

[0430] The terms “heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic,” by themselves or as part of other substituents, mean, unless otherwise stated, an unsubstituted or substituted, stable, mono- or multi-cyclic heterocyclic ring system that consists of carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may be optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. The heterocyclic system may be attached, unless otherwise stated, at any heteroatom or carbon atom that affords a stable structure.

[0431] The terms “heteroaryl” or “heteroaromatic,” by themselves or as part of other substituents, refer, unless otherwise stated, to a heterocyclic having aromatic character. Similarly, the term “heteroaryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.3)alkyl” means a functional group wherein a one to three carbon alkylene chain is attached to a heteroaryl group, e.g., —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2-pyridyl. The term “substituted heteroaryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.3)alkyl” means a heteroaryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.3)alkyl functional group in which the heteroaryl group is substituted. A polycyclic heteroaryl may include fused rings. Examples include indole, 1H-indazole, 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, and the like. A polycyclic heteroaryl may include one or more rings that are partially saturated. Examples include indoline, tetrahydroquinoline, and 2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl.

[0432] Non-limiting examples of non-aromatic heterocycles include monocyclic groups such as: aziridine, oxirane, thiirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, imidazoline, pyrazolidine, dioxolane, sulfolane, 2,3-dihydrofuran, 2,5-dihydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran, thiophane, piperidine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, piperazine, N-methylpiperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyran, 2,3-dihydropyran, tetrahydropyran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, homopiperazine, homopiperidine, 1,3-dioxepane, 4,7-dihydro-1,3-dioxepin, and hexamethyleneoxidine.

[0433] Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl groups include: pyridyl; pyrazinyl; pyrimidinyl, particularly 2- and 4-pyrimidinyl; pyridazinyl; thienyl; furyl; pyrrolyl, particularly 2-pyrrolyl; imidazolyl; thiazolyl; oxazolyl; pyrazolyl, particularly 3- and 5-pyrazolyl; isothiazolyl; 1,2,3-triazolyl; 1,2,4-triazolyl; 1,3,4-triazolyl; tetrazolyl; 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl; 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl; 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl; and 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl.

[0434] Polycyclic heterocycles include both aromatic and non-aromatic polycyclic heterocycles. Non-limiting examples of polycyclic heterocycles include: indolyl, particularly 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-indolyl; indolinyl; indazolyl, particularly 1H-indazol-5-yl; quinolyl; tetrahydroquinolyl; isoquinolyl, particularly 1- and 5-isoquinolyl; 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl; cinnolyl; quinoxalinyl, particularly 2- and 5-quinoxalinyl; quinazolinyl; phthalazinyl; naphthyridinyl, particularly 1,5- and 1,8-naphthyridinyl; 1,4-benzodioxanyl; coumaryl; dihydrocoumaryl; benzofuryl, particularly 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-benzofuryl; 2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl; 1,2-benzisoxazoyl; benzothienyl, particularly 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-benzothienyl; benzoxazolyl; benzothiazolyl, particularly 2- and 5-benzothiazolyl; purinyl; benzimidazolyl, particularly 2-benzimidazolyl; benztriazolyl; thioxanthinyl; carbazolyl; carbolinyl; acridinyl; pyrrolizidinyl; pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, particularly 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-yl; and quinolizidinyl. Particularly preferred are 4-indolyl, 5-indolyl, 6-indolyl, 1H-indazol-5-yl, and 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl.

[0435] The aforementioned listing of heterocyclic and heteroaryl moieties is intended to be representative and not limiting.

[0436] The term “substituted” means that an atom or group of atoms has replaced hydrogen as the substituent attached to another group. For aryl and heteroaryl groups, the term “substituted” refers to any level of substitution, namely mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, or penta-substitution, where such substitution is permitted. The substituents are independently selected, and substitution may be at any chemically accessible position.

[0437] The term “unsubstituted” means that no atom or group of atoms has replaced hydrogen as the substituent attached to another group. For aryl and heteroaryl groups, the term “unsubstituted” refers to no level of substitution where such substitution is permitted.

[0438] D-Ribose stereochemistry has been indicated in compounds or derivatives having formulae (I), (Ia), (II), (IIa), (3), and (4) or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof. It is understood that the configuration at the anomeric carbon can be reversed (i.e., L-), or can be a mixture of D- and L-.

[0439] Synthetic Preparation of Compounds and Derivatives Having Formulae (I) or (II), or Salts, Hydrates, or Solvates Thereof.

[0440] In certain embodiments, generally solvent-based chemical laboratory techniques may be employed in the processes to prepare the compounds or derivatives of formulae (I) or (II), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof.

[0441] In other embodiments, generally solvent-free conditions may be employed in the processes to prepare the compounds or derivatives of formulae (I) or (II), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof, using appropriate mechano-chemical techniques as described.

[0442] In an embodiment, a method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof is provided. The nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (I) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0443] (a) providing a nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or a salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s);

[0444] (b) treating the compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, with at least about one molar equivalent amount of a riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s);

[0445] optionally, (b)(1) adding a catalyst;

[0446] (c) reacting the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), with the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), and, optionally, the catalyst, according to solvent-based chemical laboratory techniques so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0447] (d) adding water to the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, and optionally, the catalyst;

[0448] (e) extracting the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), optionally, the catalyst, the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, and the water with organic solvent;

[0449] optionally, (e)(1) adjusting the pH of the combined organic extracts with an aqueous solution of acid or base, if necessary;

[0450] (f) precipitating or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or removing the organic solvent used for extraction; and

[0451] optionally, (g) purifying the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, solvate, or solvate thereof.

[0452] The process described herein effects a chemical, solvent-based synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NR or NAR, respectively) of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0453] In another embodiment, an alternative method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof is provided. The nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (I) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0454] (a) providing a riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or a salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s);

[0455] (b) treating the compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, with at least about one molar equivalent amount of a Lewis acid, optionally, in one or more solvent(s);

[0456] (c) treating the mixture of the compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, and Lewis acid, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), with at least about one molar equivalent amount of a nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or a salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s);

[0457] (d) reacting the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, and Lewis acid, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), with the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), according to solvent-based chemical laboratory techniques so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0458] (e) adding water to the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the Lewis acid, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), and the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0459] (f) extracting the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the Lewic acid, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, and the water, with organic solvent;

[0460] optionally, (f)(1) adjusting the pH of the combined organic extracts with an aqueous solution of acid or base, if necessary;

[0461] (g) precipitating or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or removing the organic solvent used for extraction; and

[0462] optionally, (h) purifying the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0463] The process described herein effects a chemical, solvent-based synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NR or NAR, respectively) of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0464] In yet another embodiment, a method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof is provided. The nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (I) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0465] (a) providing a nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or a salt thereof;

[0466] (b) treating the compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, with at least about one molar equivalent amount of a riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or a salt thereof;

[0467] optionally, (b)(1) adding a catalyst;

[0468] (c) mechanically grinding and/or milling the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, and, optionally, the catalyst, so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0469] (d) adding water to the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, and, optionally, the catalyst;

[0470] (e) extracting the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, the compound or derivative of formula (1), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, optionally, the catalyst, and the water with organic solvent;

[0471] optionally, (e)(1) adjusting the pH of the combined organic extracts with an aqueous solution of acid or base, if necessary;

[0472] (f) precipitating or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or removing the organic solvent used for extraction; and

[0473] optionally, (g) purifying the compound of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0474] Grinding may be performed between about 50 RPM and about 200 RPM, preferably between about 75 RPM and about 150 RPM, and most preferably between about 100 RPM and about 130 RPM.

[0475] The process described herein effects a chemical, mechano-chemical, and/or solvent-free synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NR or NAR, respectively) of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0476] In yet another embodiment, an alternative method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof is provided. The nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (I) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0477] (a) providing a riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or a salt thereof;

[0478] (b) treating the compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, with at least about one molar equivalent amount of a Lewis acid;

[0479] (c) mechanically grinding and/or milling the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, and the Lewis acid;

[0480] (d) treating the mixture of the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, and the Lewis acid with at least about one molar equivalent amount of a nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or a salt thereof;

[0481] (e) mechanically grinding and/or milling the mixture of the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, the Lewis acid, and the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0482] (f) adding water to the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, the Lewis acid, the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, and the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0483] (g) extracting the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, the Lewis acid, the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, and the water with organic solvent;

[0484] optionally, (g)(1) adjusting the pH of the combined organic extracts with an aqueous solution of acid or base, if necessary;

[0485] (h) precipitating or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or removing the organic solvent used for extraction; and

[0486] optionally, (i) purifying the compound of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0487] Grinding may be performed between about 50 RPM and about 200 RPM, preferably between about 75 RPM and about 150 RPM, and most preferably between about 100 RPM and about 130 RPM.

[0488] The process described herein effects a chemical, mechano-chemical, and/or solvent-free synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NR or NAR, respectively) of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0489] In yet another embodiment, a method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, is provided. The nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (I) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0490] (a) providing a riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or a salt thereof;

[0491] (b) treating the compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, with molar equivalents (3<x<100) of an alcohol (e.g., methanol, or ethanol) and molar equivalents (3≦x<20) of a Brønsted inorganic acid; [0492] (c) treating the mixture of the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, the alcohol, and the Brønsted inorganic acid with at least about one molar equivalent amount of a nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof;

[0493] (d) reacting the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, the alcohol, the Brønsted inorganic acid, and the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0494] (e) filtering the precipitated compound or derivative having formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0495] optionally, (e1) washing the compound or derivative having formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof with cold alcohol (e.g., methanol, or ethanol);

[0496] (f) precipitating or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof; and

[0497] optionally, (g) purifying the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0498] This process effects a chemical, solvent-based synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NR or NAR, respectively) of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0499] In yet another embodiment, a method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, is provided. The nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (I) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0500] (a) providing a riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or a salt thereof;

[0501] (b) treating the compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, with molar equivalents (3<x<100) of an alcohol (e.g., methanol, or ethanol) and molar equivalents (3≦x<20) of acetyl chloride;

[0502] (c) treating the mixture of the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, the alcohol, and the acetyl chloride with at least about one molar equivalent amount of a nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof;

[0503] (d) reacting the riboside compound or derivative having formula (2), or salt thereof, the alcohol, the acetyl chloride, and the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (1), or salt thereof, so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0504] (e) filtering the precipitated compound or derivative having formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0505] optionally, (e1) washing the compound or derivative having formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof with cold alcohol (e.g., methanol, or ethanol);

[0506] (f) precipitating or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof; and

[0507] optionally, (g) purifying the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0508] This process effects a chemical, solvent-based synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NR or NAR, respectively) of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0509] In yet another embodiment, a method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof is provided. The nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (I) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0510] (a) providing a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or a salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s);

[0511] (b) treating the compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, with at least about one molar equivalent amount of one or more reagent(s), optionally, in one or more solvent(s);

[0512] optionally, (b)(l) adding a catalyst;

[0513] (c) reacting the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), with the one or more reagent(s), optionally, in one or more solvent(s), and, optionally, the catalyst, according to solvent-based chemical laboratory techniques so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0514] (d) adding water to the nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the one or more reagent(s), optionally, in one or more solvent(s), optionally, the catalyst, and the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0515] (e) extracting the nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the one or more reagent(s), optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, optionally, the catalyst, and the water, with organic solvent;

[0516] optionally, (e)(1) adjusting the pH of the combined organic extracts with an aqueous solution of acid or base, if necessary;

[0517] (f) precipitating or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate-thereof, or removing the organic solvent used for extraction; and

[0518] optionally, (g) purifying the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0519] The process described herein effects a chemical, solvent-based synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NR or NAR, respectively) of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0520] In yet another embodiment, an alternative method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof is provided. The nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (I) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0521] (a) providing a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or a salt thereof;

[0522] (b) treating the compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, with at least about one molar equivalent amount of one or more activated reagent(s);

[0523] optionally, (b)(1) adding a catalyst;

[0524] (c) mechanically grinding and/or milling the nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, the one or more activated reagent(s), and, optionally, the catalyst, so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0525] (d) adding water to the nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, the one or more activated reagent(s), the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, and, optionally, the catalyst;

[0526] (e) extracting the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, the one or more activated reagent(s), optionally, the catalyst, the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, and the water with organic solvent;

[0527] optionally, (e)(1) adjusting the pH of the combined organic extracts with an aqueous solution of acid or base, if necessary;

[0528] (f) precipitating or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or removing the organic solvent used for extraction; and

[0529] optionally, (g) purifying the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0530] Grinding may be performed between about 50 RPM and about 200 RPM, preferably between about 75 RPM and about 150 RPM, and most preferably between about 100 RPM and about 130 RPM.

[0531] The process described herein effects a chemical, mechano-chemical, and/or solvent-free synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NR or NAR, respectively) of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0532] In yet another embodiment, a method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof is provided. The nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (I) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0533] (a) providing a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0534] (b) oxidizing the reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, with at least about one molar equivalent amount of an oxidizing agent, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0535] (c) precipitating or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or removing the one or more solvent(s); and

[0536] optionally, (d) purifying the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0537] The process described herein effects a chemical, solvent-based synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds (NR or NAR, respectively) of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0538] In yet another embodiment, an alternative method of making a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof is provided.

[0539] The nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (I) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0540] (a) providing a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0541] (b) oxidizing the reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, with at least about one molar equivalent amount of an oxidizing agent, so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof; and

[0542] optionally, (c) purifying and/or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0543] Grinding may be performed between about 50 RPM and about 200 RPM, preferably between about 75 RPM and about 150 RPM, and most preferably between about 100 RPM and about 130 RPM.

[0544] The process described herein effects a chemical, mechano-chemical, and/or solvent-free synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds (NR or NAR, respectively) of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0545] In an embodiment, a method of making a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof is provided. The reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (II) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0546] (a) providing a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (4), or a salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s);

[0547] (b) treating the compound or derivative having formula (4), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s) with at least about 0.5 molar equivalent amount of one or more activated reagent(s), optionally, in one or more solvent(s);

[0548] optionally, (b)(l) adding a catalyst;

[0549] (c) reacting the reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (4), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), with the one or more activated reagent(s), optionally, in one or more solvent(s), and, optionally, the catalyst, according to solvent-based chemical laboratory techniques so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0550] (d) adding water to the reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (4), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the one or more activated reagent(s), optionally, in one or more solvent(s), optionally, the catalyst, and the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0551] (e) extracting the reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (4), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the one or more activated reagent(s), optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, optionally, the catalyst, and the water with organic solvent;

[0552] optionally, (e)(1) adjusting the pH of the combined organic extracts with an aqueous solution of acid or base, if necessary;

[0553] (f) precipitating or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or removing the organic solvent used for extraction; and

[0554] optionally, (g) purifying the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0555] The process described herein effects a chemical, solvent-based synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NRH or NARH, respectively) of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0556] In another embodiment, an alternative method of making a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof is provided. The reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (II) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0557] (a) providing a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (4), or a salt thereof;

[0558] (b) treating the compound or derivative having formula (4), or salt thereof, with at least about 0.5 molar equivalent amount of one or more activated reagent(s);

[0559] optionally, (b)(1) adding a catalyst;

[0560] (c) mechanically grinding and/or milling the compound or derivative having formula (4), or salt thereof, the one or more activated reagent(s), and, optionally, the catalyst, so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0561] (d) adding water to the compound or derivative having formula (4), or salt thereof, the one or more activated reagent(s), optionally, the catalyst, and the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0562] (e) extracting the compound or derivative having formula (4), or salt thereof, the one or more activated reagent(s), optionally, the catalyst, and the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, with organic solvent;

[0563] optionally, (e)(1) adjusting the pH of the combined organic extracts with an aqueous solution of acid or base, if necessary;

[0564] (f) precipitating or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or removing the organic solvent used for extraction; and

[0565] optionally, (g) purifying the compound of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0566] Grinding may be performed between about 50 RPM and about 200 RPM, preferably between about 75 RPM and about 150 RPM, and most preferably between about 100 RPM and about 130 RPM.

[0567] The process described herein effects a chemical, mechano-chemical, and/or solvent-free synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NRH or NARH, respectively) of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0568] In yet another embodiment, a method of making a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof is provided.

[0569] The reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (II) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0570] (a) providing a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0571] (b) reducing the nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, with at least about one molar equivalent amount of a reducing agent, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0572] (c) precipitating or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or removing the one or more solvent(s); and

[0573] optionally, (d) precipitating an the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0574] The process described herein effects a chemical, solvent-based synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds (NRH or NARH, respectively) of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0575] In yet another embodiment, an alternative method of making a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof is provided. The reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (II) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0576] (a) providing a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (I), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0577] (b) reducing the compound or derivative of formula (I), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, with at least about one molar equivalent amount of a reducing agent so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof; and

[0578] optionally, (c) purifying and/or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0579] The process described herein effects a chemical, mechano-chemical, and/or solvent-free synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide ribonucleoside compounds (NRH or NARH, respectively) of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0580] In yet another embodiment, a method of making a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative of formula (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof is provided. The reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (II) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0581] (a) providing a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or a salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s);

[0582] (b) treating the compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), with at least about one molar equivalent amount of one or more activated reducing reagent(s), optionally, in one or more solvent(s);

[0583] optionally, (b)(1) adding a catalyst;

[0584] (c) reacting the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), with the one or more activated reducing reagent(s), optionally, in one or more solvent(s), and, optionally, the catalyst, so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0585] (d) adding water to the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the one or more activated reducing reagent(s), optionally, in one or more solvent(s), optionally, the catalyst, and the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0586] (e) extracting the nicotinate/nicotinamide compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the one or more activated reducing reagent(s), optionally, in one or more solvent(s), the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, optionally, the catalyst, and the water with organic solvent;

[0587] optionally, (e)(1) adjusting the pH of the combined organic extracts with an aqueous solution of acid or base, if necessary;

[0588] (f) precipitating or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or removing the organic solvent used for extraction; and

[0589] optionally, (g) purifying the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0590] The process described herein effects a chemical, solvent-based synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds (NRH or NARH, respectively) of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0591] Without limitation, and for illustrative purposes, one of ordinary skill in the art may refer to WO2015014722 A1, filed on Jul. 24, 2014, and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, for further details on performing the above method(s).

[0592] In yet another embodiment, an alternative method of making a reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative or derivative of formula (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof is provided. The reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds or derivatives of formula (II) may be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0593] (a) providing a nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or a salt thereof;

[0594] (b) treating the compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, with at least about one molar equivalent amount of one or more activated reducing reagent(s);

[0595] optionally, (b)(1) adding a catalyst;

[0596] (c) mechanically grinding and/or milling the nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, the one or more activated reducing reagent(s), and, optionally, the catalyst, so as to produce the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0597] (d) adding water to the nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, the one or more activated reducing reagent(s), optionally, the catalyst, and the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof;

[0598] (e) extracting the nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compound or derivative having formula (3), or salt thereof, the one or more activated reducing reagent(s), the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, optionally, the catalyst, and the water with organic solvent;

[0599] optionally, (e)(1) adjusting the pH of the combined organic extracts with an aqueous solution of acid or base, if necessary;

[0600] (f) precipitating or isolating the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or removing the organic solvent used for extraction; and

[0601] optionally, (g) purifying the compound or derivative of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0602] Grinding may be performed between about 50 RPM and about 200 RPM, preferably between about 75 RPM and about 150 RPM, and most preferably between about 100 RPM and about 130 RPM.

[0603] The process described herein effects a chemical, mechano-chemical, and/or solvent-free synthesis of modified conjugates or derivatives of reduced nicotinate/nicotinamide riboside compounds (NRH or NARH, respectively) of formula (II), or salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0604] It is understood that the pH can be adjusted to the isoelectric point of the product compound(s), or near neutral pH. Precipitation of the product compound(s) can be carried out using an appropriate water-miscible or other generally non-toxic solvent.

##STR00031##

[0605] In one embodiment, the chemoselective synthesis of the compounds or derivatives of formula (I), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof, is shown above in Scheme A.

##STR00032##

[0606] In another embodiment, the alternative chemoselective synthesis of the compounds or derivatives of formula (I), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof, is shown above in Scheme B.

##STR00033##

[0607] In yet another embodiment, the synthesis of the compounds or derivatives of formula (I), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof, is shown above in Scheme C.

##STR00034##

[0608] In yet another embodiment, the alternative chemoselective synthesis of the compounds or derivatives of formula (II), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof, is shown above in Scheme D.

##STR00035##

[0609] In yet another embodiment, the alternative chemoselective synthesis of the compounds or derivatives of formula (II), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof, is shown above in Scheme E.

[0610] In the embodiments shown above in Schemes A-E:

[0611] X.sup.− is selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, formate, acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, carbonate, citrate, carbamate, formate, gluconate, lactate, methyl bromide, methyl sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, diphosphate, succinate, sulfate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, trichloromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, and trifluoroacetate;

[0612] optionally X.sup.− as counterion is absent optionally the counterion is an internal salt;

[0613] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid selected from a monocarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, or a polycarboxylic acid; and,

[0614] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted monocarboxylic acid, further optionally an anion of a substituted propanoic acid (propanoate or propionate), or an anion of a substituted acetic acid (acetate), or an anion of a hydroxyl-propanoic acid, or an anion of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (being lactic acid; the anion of lactic acid being lactate), or a trihaloacetate selected from trichloroacetate, tribromoacetate, and trifluoroacetate; and,

[0615] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of an unsubstituted monocarboxylic acid selected from formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, or butyric acid, being formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, respectively; and,

[0616] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted amino acid, i.e., amino-monocarboxylic acid or an amino-dicarboxylic acid, optionally selected from glutamic acid and aspartic acid, being glutamate and aspartate, respectively; and,

[0617] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of ascorbic acid, being ascorbate; and,

[0618] optionally X.sup.− is a halide selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide; and,

[0619] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonate, further optionally a trihalomethanesulfonate selected from trifluoromethanesulfonate, tribromomethanesulfonate, or trichloromethanesulfonate; and,

[0620] optionally X.sup.− is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carbonate, further optionally hydrogen carbonate;

[0621] wherein the substituted carboxylic acid, substituted monocarboxylic acid, substituted propanoic acid, substituted acetic acid, substituted amino acid, substituted sulfonate, and substituted carbonate are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0622] X′ is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, HCO.sub.2, acetoxy, propionoxy, butyroxy, glutamyloxy, aspartyloxy, ascorbyloxy, benzoxy, HOCO.sub.2, citryloxy, carbamyloxy, gluconyloxy, lactyloxy, succinyloxy, sulfoxy, trifluoromethanesulfoxy, trichloromethanesulfoxy, tribromomethanesulfoxy, and trifluoroacetoxy;

[0623] Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently NH or oxygen;

[0624] n is 0 or 1;

[0625] R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0626] R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(CH.sub.2).sub.3—NH C(NH.sub.2)(═NH), —CH.sub.2C(═O)NH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2SH, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2C(═O)—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, —CH.sub.2-(2-imidazolyl), —CH(CH.sub.3)—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—NH.sub.2, —(CH.sub.2).sub.2—S—CH.sub.3, phenyl, —CH.sub.2-phenyl, —CH.sub.2—OH, —CH(OH)—CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2-(3-indolyl), —CH.sub.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl), —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.3;

[0627] R.sup.B is hydrogen or —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl;

[0628] each R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl, a radical of the compound of formula (I), and vitamin B7 ester (biotinyl); wherein the substituted pyridyl and substituted 1,4-dihydropyridyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.B, —C(O)OR.sup.B, —C(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.B)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —OR.sup.B, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sub.2, —NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BC(O)R.sup.B, —NR.sup.BC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.BC(O)NR.sup.B.sub.2, —NR.sup.BSO.sub.2NR.sup.B, —SR.sup.B, —S(O)R.sup.B, —SO.sub.2R.sup.B, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.B.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.B;

[0629] R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently selected form the group consisting of hydrogen, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0630] R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1(C)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0631] provided that C* has an absolute configuration of R or S, or a mixture of R and S;

[0632] R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0633] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B11 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0634] R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0635] R″ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, choline ester, biotin ester, vitamin A ester, resveratrol ester, aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0636] R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, substituted aryl(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and substituted heterocycle(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0637] R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0638] R.sup.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NHR′, —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(OY.sup.2), —P(O)(OY.sup.1)(NHR″), substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, vitamin B1 ester, vitamin B2 ester, vitamin B6 ester, and —C**H—(R.sup.A)—CO.sub.2R.sup.B; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C;

[0639] Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; wherein the substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterocycle are substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, —(C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —C(O)R.sup.C, —C(O)OR.sup.C, —C(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —C(═NR.sup.C)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —OR.sup.C, —OC(O)(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —OC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CC(O)R.sup.C, —NR.sup.CC(O)O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —NR.sup.CC(O)NR.sup.C.sub.2, —NR.sup.CSO.sub.2NR.sup.C, —SR.sup.C, —S(O)R.sup.C, —SO.sub.2R.sup.C, —OSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.C.sub.2, —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)perfluoroalkyl, and —(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkylene-OR.sup.C; or, alternatively, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 taken together are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium;

[0640] provided that when Z.sup.2 is NH, the absolute configuration of C** is R or S, or a mixture of R and S.

[0641] As discussed above, the existing prior art approaches, for the most part, utilize enzymatic and solvent-mediated approaches to prepare the compounds or derivatives of formulae (I) and (II), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof. Such processes may be cumbersome, inefficient, and not scalable. One reference describes synthesizing nucleotide linkages in a ball mill. See Ravalico et al. (2011), as cited above, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0642] One suitable phosphorylating agent is phosphorus oxychloride (POCl.sub.3). One suitable phosphorylating agents (or phosphorus reagent systems) include, but are not to, compounds having formula P(O)Cl(OR.sup.X)(OR.sup.Y) that include CAS Numbers 2524-64-3, 6609-64-9, 814-49-3, 14254-41-2, 2574-25-6, 813-77-4, 1499-17-8, 2510-89-6, 819-43-2, 5381-98-6, 538-37-4, 57188-46-2, 81639-99-8, 17672-53-6, 4090-55-5, 17776-78-2, 6630-13-3, 56119-60-9, 77075-54-8, 89104-48-3, 6546-97-0, 6630-15-5, 16383-57-6, 381-44-2, 124648-60-8, 17788-08-8, 58377-73-4, 6630-14-4, 17158-87-1, 17677-92-8, 51103-92-5, 52258-06-7, 56623-07-5, 58377-74-5, 85363-77-5, 112966-13-9, 167907-25-7, 179695-78-4, 877458-32-7, 1424937-89-2, 1424939-04-7, 2035-83-8, 127164-51-6, 6719-79-5, 59819-52-2, 69919-18-2, 77181-80-7, 4040-23-7, 6533-33-1, 6719-82-0, 6719-84-2, 22939-24-8, 27315-40-8, 28888-24-6, 61550-37-6, 73992-66-2, 86531-53-5, 96357-53-8, 108249-87-2, 343863-91-2, 875893-99-5, 714-87-4, 6087-94-1, 13674-83-4, 56883-17-1, 88805-00-9, 92401-83-7, 93115-98-1, 120628-26-4, 130312-59-3, 315179-27-2, 1388636-60-9, 1388636-61-0; and compounds having formula P(O)Cl.sub.2(OR.sup.Z) that include CAS Numbers 770-12-7, 1498-51-7, 15074-54-1, 777-52-6, 677-24-7, 772-79-2, 4167-02-6, 1455-05-6, 31651-76-0, 53676-22-5, 18868-46-7, 53676-18-9, 940-18-1, 84681-46-9, 878-17-1, 105053-57-4, 149864-64-2, 6964-36-9, 18350-98-6, 53676-17-8, 60223-35-0, 25359-51-7, 2035-84-9, 2196-02-3, 382608-79-9, 775-08-6, 30333-08-5, 1479-10-3, 2213-71-0, 5305-82-8, 5995-77-7, 13674-82-3, 13825-97-3, 17788-07-7, 19430-76-3, 19430-77-4, 20056-41-1, 20464-68-0, 31735-82-7, 36196-79-9, 41998-90-7, 52198-45-5, 53121-39-4, 53121-41-8, 99884-77-2, 105053-58-5, 125440-36-0, 140468-02-6, 140468-03-7, 184528-42-5, 870673-87-3, 916893-01-1, 1498-52-8, 20464-67-9, 38135-34-1, 41240-73-7, 62485-00-1, 78840-91-2, 313946-12-2, 1242826-79-9. R.sup.X, R.sup.Y, and R.sup.Z may be the same or different, and include, but are not limited to, simple alkyl.

[0643] The present invention further embraces isolated compounds or derivatives according to formulae (I) and (II), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof. The expression “isolated compound(s) or derivative(s)” refers to a preparation of a compound or derivative of formulae (I) or (II), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof, or a mixture of compounds or derivatives according to formulae (I) and/or (II), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof, wherein the isolated compound or derivative has been separated from the reagents used, and/or byproducts formed, in the synthesis of the compound(s) or derivative(s). “Isolated” does not mean that the preparation is technically pure (homogeneous), but has sufficient purity to be used therapeutically.

[0644] The compounds or derivatives of the invention and intermediates may be isolated from their reaction mixtures and purified by standard techniques such as filtration, liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, distillation, recrystallization or chromatography, including flash column chromatography, preparative TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, or rp-HPLC. One preferred method for purification of the compounds according to formulae (I) or (II), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof, comprises crystallizing the compound or salt from a solvent to form, preferably, a crystalline form of the compounds or salts thereof. Following crystallization, the crystallization solvent is removed by a process other than evaporation, for example, filtration or decanting, and the crystals are then preferably washed using pure solvent (or a mixture of pure solvents). Preferred solvents for crystallization include, but are not limited to: water; alcohols, particularly alcohols containing up to four carbon atoms such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol; ethers, for example diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, t-butyl methyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, and 1,4-dioxane; carboxylic acids, for example formic acid and acetic acid; and hydrocarbon solvents, for example pentane, hexane, toluene; and mixtures thereof, particularly aqueous mixtures, such as aqueous ethanol. Pure solvents, preferably at least analytical grade, and more preferably pharmaceutical grade, are preferably used. In the compounds or derivatives of the invention according to formulae (I) or (II), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, the compounds or derivatives according to formulae (I) or (II), or salts, hydrates, solvates thereof, are preferably in or prepared from a crystalline form, preferably prepared according to such a process. Alternatively, the compounds according to formulae (I) or (II), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof, can be isolated using lyophilization or freeze-drying techniques, thus avoiding use of non-aqueous solvents.

[0645] The synthetic methods described above reflect a convergent synthesis strategy. Thus two components may be synthesized and elaborated separately prior to condensing or coupling the two compounds or derivatives to form the target compounds or derivatives. These convergent synthetic schemes allow for arrangement of the assembly steps of the backbone of the target compounds or derivatives and derivatization of derivatizable functionalities to accommodate functional group sensitivity and/or to allow for functional groups or elements to be introduced either before or after the assembly of the backbone of the target compounds or derivatives via the condensation or coupling reactions described.

[0646] It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that certain aromatic substituents in compounds or derivatives of the invention, intermediates used in the processes described above or precursors thereto, may be introduced by employing aromatic substitution reactions to introduce or replace a substituent, or by using functional group transformations to modify an existing substituent, or a combination thereof. Such reactions may be affected either prior to or immediately following the processes mentioned above, and are included as part of the process aspect of the invention. The reagents and reaction conditions for such procedures are known in the art. Specific examples of procedures which may be employed include, but are not limited to, electrophilic functionalization of an aromatic ring, for example via nitration, halogenation, or acylation; transformation of a nitro group to an amino group, for example via reduction, such as by catalytic hydrogenation; acylation, alkylation, or sulfonylation of an amino or hydroxyl group; replacement of an amino group by another functional group via conversion to an intermediate diazonium salt followed by nucleophilic or free radical substitution of the diazonium salt; or replacement of a halogen by another group, for example via nucleophilic or organometallically-catalyzed substitution reactions.

[0647] Additionally, in the aforementioned processes, certain functional groups which would be sensitive to the reaction conditions may be protected by protecting groups. A protecting group is a derivative of a chemical functional group which would otherwise be incompatible with the conditions required to perform a particular reaction which, after the reaction has been carried out, can be removed to re-generate the original functional group, which is thereby considered to have been “protected.” Any chemical functionality that is a structural component of any of the reagents used to synthesize compounds or derivatives of this invention may be optionally protected with a chemical protecting group if such a protecting group is useful in the synthesis of compounds or derivatives of this invention. The person skilled in the art knows whne protecting groups are indicated, how to select such groups, and processes that can be used for selectively introducing and selectively removing them, because methods of selecting and using protecting groups have been extensively documented in the chemical literature. Techniques for selecting, incorporating, and removing chemical protecting groups may be found, for example, in THEODORA W. GREENE & PETER G. M. WUTS, PROTECTIVE GROUPS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1999), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0648] In addition to use of a protecting group, sensitive functional groups may be introduced as synthetic precursors to the functional group desired in the intermediate or final product. An example of this is an aromatic nitro (—NO.sub.2) group. The aromatic nitro group does not undergo any of the nucleophilic reactions of an aromatic amino group. However, the nitro group can serve as the equivalent of a protected amino group because it is easily reduced to the amino group under mild conditions that are selected for the nitro group over most other functional groups.

[0649] It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the processes described are not the exclusive means by which compounds of the invention may be synthesized and that an extremely broad repertoire of synthetic organic reactions is available to be potentially employed in synthesizing compounds or derivatives of the invention. The person skilled in the art knows how to select and implement appropriate synthetic routes. Suitable synthetic methods may be identified by reference to the literature, including reference sources such as: COMPREHENSIVE ORGANIC SYNTHESIS (B. M. Trost & I. Fleming eds., Pergamon Press 1991); COMPREHENSIVE ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP TRANSFORMATIONS (A. R. Katritzky, O. Meth-Cohn, & C. W. Reese eds., Pergamon Press 1996); COMPREHENSIVE ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP TRANSFORMATIONS II (A. R. Katritzky & R. J. K. Taylor eds., 2d ed., Elsevier 2004); COMPREHENSIVE HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY (A. R. Katritzky & C. W. Rees eds., Pergamon Press 1984); COMPREHENSIVE HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY II (A. R. Katritzky, C. W. Rees, & E. F. V. Scriven eds., Pergamon Press 1996); and J. MARCH, ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (4th ed., John Wiley & Sons 1992).

[0650] Salts of Compounds or Derivatives According to the Invention

[0651] The compounds or derivatives of the present invention may take the form of salts. The term “salts” embraces addition salts of free acids or free bases which are compounds or derivatives of the invention. The term “pharmaceutically-accetable salt” refers to salts which possess toxicity profiles within a range that affords utility in pharmaceutical applications.

[0652] Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid. Examples of inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, nitro, carbonic, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids. Appropriate organic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic, and sulfonic classes of organic acids, examples of which include formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic, fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic, trifluoroacetic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, sulfanilic, cyclohexylaminosulfonic, stearic, alginic, β-hydroxybutyric, salicylic, galactaric, and galacturonic acid. In the present examples of compounds or derivatives of formulae (I) or (II), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof, i.e., compounds or derivatives containing amino groups, pyridine, or reduced pyridine, said compounds or derivatives can be isolated as salts of inorganic acids or strong organic acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid or trifluoroacetic acid.

[0653] Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of compounds of the invention include, for example, metallic salts including alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and transition metal salts such as, for example, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and zinc salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts also include organic salts made from basic amines such as, for example, N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine), tromethamine (tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane), and procaine.

[0654] All of these salts may be prepared by conventional means from the corresponding compounds or derivatives of formulae (I) or (II) by reacting, for example, the appropriate acid or base with the compounds or derivatives of formulae (I) or (II). Preferably, the salts are in crystalline form, or alternatively in dried or freeze-dried form. The person skilled in the art will know how to prepare and selected suitable salt forms, for example, as described in P. H. STAHL & C. G. WERMUTH, HANDBOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL SALTS: PROPERTIES, SELECTION, AND USE (Wiley-VCH 2002).

[0655] The nutraceutical or pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in combination with a nutraceutically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The active ingredients in such formulations may comprise from 1% by weight to 99% by weight, or alternatively, 0.1% by weight to 99.9% by weight. “Nutraceutically acceptable carrier” and “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” mean any carrier, diluent, or excipient that is compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the user. In accordance with one embodiment, suitable nutraceutically acceptable carriers can include ethanol, aqueous ethanol mixtures, water, fruit, and/or vegetable juices, and combinations thereof.

[0656] Delivery System

[0657] Suitable dosage forms include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, powders, gums, and confectionaries. Sublingual delivery systems include, but are not limited to, dissolvable tabs under and on the tongue, liquid drops, and beverages. Edible films, hydrophilic polymers, oral dissolvable films, or oral dissolvable strips can be used. Other useful delivery systems comprise oral or nasal sprays or inhalers, and the like.

[0658] For oral administration, a compound or derivative of formulae (I) or (II), or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, may be further combined with one or more solid inactive ingredients for the preparation of tablets, capsules, pills, powders, granules, or other suitable dosage forms. For example, the active agent may be combined with at least one excipient selected from the group consisting of fillers, binders, humectants, disintegrating agents, solution retarders, absorption accelerators, wetting agents, absorbents, or lubricating agents. Other useful excipients include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, mannitol, xylitol, sweeteners, starch, carboxymethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, silica, gelatin, silicon dioxide, and the like.

[0659] The components of the invention, together with a conventional adjuvant, carrier, or diluent, may thus be placed into the form of pharmaceutical compositions and unit dosages thereof. Such forms include solids, and in particular tablets, filled capsules, powder and pellet forms, and liquids, in particular aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, and capsules filled with the same, all for oral use, suppositories for rectal administration, and sterile injectable solutions for parenteral use. Such pharmaceutical compositions and unit dosage forms thereof may comprise conventional ingredients in conventional proportions, with or without additional active compounds or principles, and such unit dosage forms may contain any suitable effective amount of the active ingredient commensurate with the intended daily dosage range to be employed.

[0660] The components of the present invention can be administered in a wide variety of oral and parenteral dosage forms. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the following dosage forms may comprise, as the active component, either a chemical compound or derivative of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a chemical compound or derivative of the invention.

[0661] For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from a chemical compound or derivative of the present invention, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.

[0662] In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid, which is in a mixture with the finely divided active component. In tablets, the active component is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding capacity in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.

[0663] The powders and tablets preferably contain from five or ten to about seventy percent of the active compound(s) or derivative(s), or salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof. Suitable carriers are microcrystalline cellulose, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like, and other excipients may include magnesium stearate, stearic acid, talc, silicon dioxide, etc. The term “preparation” is intended to include the formulation of the active compound or derivative with encapsulating material as carrier providing a capsule in which the active component, with or without carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, sachets, and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, sachets, and lozenges can be used as solid forms suitable for oral administration.

[0664] Liquid preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, for example, water or water-propylene glycol solutions. For example, parenteral injection liquid preparations can be formulated as solutions in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution. The chemical compound or derivative according to the present invention may thus be formulated for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection, for example bolus injection or continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose or in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small-volume infusion, or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulation agents such as suspending, stabilizing, and/or by dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilization from solution, for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.

[0665] Aqueous solutions suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizing and thickening agents, as desired. Aqueous suspensions suitable for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, or other well known suspending agents.

[0666] Compositions suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active agent in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerine or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in suitable liquid carrier.

[0667] Solutions or suspensions are applied directly to the nasal cavity by conventional means, for example with a dropper, pipette, or spray. The compositions may be provided in single or multi-dose form. In compositions intended for administration to the respiratory tract, including intranasal compositions, the compound or derivative will generally have a small particle size, for example on the order of 5 microns or less. Such a particle size may be obtained by means known in the art, for example by micronization.

[0668] The pharmaceutical preparations are preferably in unit dosage forms. In such form, the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component. The unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packaged tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.

[0669] Tablets, capsules, and lozenges for oral administration and liquids for oral use are preferred compositions. Solutions or suspensions for application to the nasal cavity or to the respiratory tract are preferred compositions. Transdermal patches for topical administration to the epidermis are preferred compositions.

[0670] Further details on techniques for formulation and administration may be found in the latest edition of REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.).

[0671] Solid nutritional compositions for oral administration may optionally contain, in addition to the above-enumerated nutritional composition ingredients or compounds: carrier materials such as corn starch, gelatin, acacia, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, dicalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, alginic acid, and the like; disintegrators including microcrystalline cellulose, alginic acid, and the like; binders including acacia, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, and the like; and lubricants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, silicon fluid, talc, waxes, oils, colloidal silica, and the like. The usefulness of such excipients is well known in the art.

[0672] Liquid nutritional compositions for oral administration in connection with a method for preventing and/or treating inflammation, colds, and/or flu can be prepared in water or other aqueous vehicles. In addition to the above enumerated ingredients or compounds, liquid nutritional compositions can include suspending agents such as, for example methylcellulose, alginates, tragacanth, pectin, kelgin, carrageenan, acacia, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, and the like. The liquid nutritional compositions can be in the form of a solution, emulsion, syrup, gel, or elixir including or containing, together with the above enumerated ingredients or compounds, wetting agents, sweeteners, and coloring and flavoring agents. Various liquid and powder nutritional compositions can be prepared by conventional methods. Various ready-to-drink formulations (“RTDs”) are contemplated.

[0673] Routes of Administration

[0674] The compositions may be administered by any suitable route, including but not limited to oral, sublingual, buccal, ocular, pulmonary, rectal, and parenteral administration, or as an oral or nasal spray (e.g., inhalation of nebulized vapors, droplets, or solid particles). Parenteral administration includes, for example, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intranasal, intravaginal, intravesical (e.g., to the bladder), intradermal, transdermal, topical, or subcutaneous administration. Also contemplated within the scope of the invention is the installation of a pharmaceutical composition in the body of the patient in a controlled formulation, with systemic or local release of the drug to occur at a later time. For example, the drug may be localized in a depot for controlled release to the circulation, or for release to a local site.

[0675] Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be those suitable for oral, rectal, bronchial, nasal, pulmonal, topical (including buccal and sub-lingual), transdermal, vaginal, or parenteral (including cutaneous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intraarterial, intracerebral, intraocular injection, or infusion) administration, or those in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflations, including powders and liquid aerosol administration, or by sustained release systems. Suitable examples of sustained release systems include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the compound or derivative of the invention, which matrices may be in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films or microcapsules.

[0676] The methods described above may be further understood in connection with the following Examples. In addition, the following non-limiting examples are provided to illustrate the invention. The illustrated synthetic pathways are applicable to other embodiments of the invention. The synthetic procedures described as general methods describe what is believed will be typically effective to preform the synthesis indicated. However, the person skilled in the art will appreciate that it may be necessary to vary the procedures for any given embodiment of the invention, e.g., vary the order or steps and/or the chemical reagents used. Products may be purified by conventional techniques that will vary, for example, according to the amount of side products produced and the physical properties of the compounds.

Example 1

A. Synthetic Preparation of Thiamine Nicotinate (Compound 1): Compound Having Formula (1): R.SUP.1.=Vitamin B1, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=Oxygen, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=Hydrogen

[0677] ##STR00036##

[0678] Thiamine (0.5 g, 1.66 mmol, 1.0 eq) was suspended in dry pyridine (14 mL), followed by the addition of nicotinic acid chloride (0.3 g, 1.67 mmol, 1.0 eq) and DMAP (0.2 g, 1.66 mmol, 1.0 eq). The suspension was heated to 80° C. and left stirring overnight under an atmosphere of N.sub.2. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, filtered, and then washed with chloroform to yield 0.45 g (73%) of the desired product as an off-white powder.

[0679] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, D.sub.2O): δ ppm 8.68 (1H, dd, J=5.1, 1.6 Hz), 8.38 (111, dt, J=8.2, 1.8 Hz), 7.98 (1H, dd, J=2.0, 0.8 Hz), 7.57 (1H, s), 5.46 (2H, s), 4.59 (2H, t, J=5.8 Hz), 3.45 (2H, t, J=5.9 Hz), 2.51 (3H, s), 2.50 (3H, s). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, D.sub.2O): δ ppm 166.0, 163.9, 163.0, 152.3, 148.9, 145.8, 143.6, 139.1, 135.3, 126.1, 124.7, 105.9, 64.9, 50.2, 24.9, 11.3, 11.1. HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 370.1338 for C.sub.18H.sub.20N.sub.5O.sub.2S, found 370.1572.

B. Synthetic Preparation of α/β Bromo Triacetate Riboside (Compound 2): Compound Having Formula (2): X=Bromide, R.SUP.6.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Acetyl

[0680] ##STR00037##

[0681] To a solution of tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-ribofuranose (1.13 g, 3.54 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (20 mL) at 0° C. was added dropwise hydrogen bromide 33 wt % in acetic acid (1.12 mL, 5.31 mmol). After 20 minutes, the solvent was evaporated, and the residual acetic acid was co-evaporated with toluene (3×5 mL). The orange oily residue was dried under vacuum for an additional hour protected from light (aluminum foil), to yield the bromo sugar as a 1:1 α/β mix in near quantitative yield.

[0682] Alternatively, to a dry round-bottom flask was added tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-ribofuranose (1.18 g, 3.71 mmol, 1.0 eq) and bromotrimethylsilane (3.94 mL, 29.66 mmol, 8.0 eq), and left stirring overnight at room temperature under an atmosphere of N.sub.2. The solution was then concentrated under vacuum to give the desired bromosugar in near quantitative yield. 8:2 β/α isotopic mixture.

[0683] .sup.1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 400 MHz): δ ppm 6.25 (1H, s), 5.72-5.68 (1H, m), 5.65-5.59 (1H, m), 4.47-4.41 (2H, m), 4.20-4.13 (1H, m), 2.04-1.98 (9H, m).

Example 2

A. Synthetic Preparation of Pterostilbene Nicotinate (Compound 3): Compound Having Formula (1): R.SUP.1.=Pterostilbenyl (4-[(E)-2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)Etheny]Phenyl), n=0, Z.SUP.2.=Oxygen, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=Hydrogen

[0684] ##STR00038##

[0685] Pterostilbene (2.00 g, 7.8 mmol, 1.0 eq) was solubilized in acetone (10 mL), followed by the addition of nicotinoyl chloride hydrogen chloride (1.67 g, 9.36 mmol, 1.2 eq) and TEA (3.26 mL, 23.41 mmol, 3.0 eq) and then heated to reflux, under an atmosphere of N.sub.2 for 12 h. The mixture was then filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The solid was concentrated and purified using biotage silica column chromatography using an eluent of 50% EtOAc in pet ether, to yield the desired product as a white fluffy solid in 85% yield.

[0686] .sup.1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 400 MHz): δ ppm 9.41 (1H, s), 8.87 (1H, dd, J=4.8, 3.2 Hz), 8.46 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.48 (1H, dd, J=7.8, 5.0 Hz), 7.24 (2H, m), 7.02 (2H, m), 6.68 (2H, m), 6.42 (1H, s), 3.84 (6H, s). .sup.13C NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 125 MHz): δ ppm 163.9, 161.0, 154.0, 151.4, 149.9, 139.1, 137.6, 135.4, 129.2, 127.6, 125.6, 125.3, 121.8, 104.7, 100.1, 55.4. HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 362.1398 for C.sub.22H.sub.20NO.sub.4, found 362.1392.

B. Synthetic Preparation of Pterostilbene Nicotinate Riboside Triflate (Compound 4): Compound of Formula (I): R.SUP.1.=Pterostilbenyl (4-[(E)-2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)Ethenyl]Phenyl), n=0, Z.SUP.2.=Oxygen, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=Hydrogen, X.SUP.−.=Triflate (Trifluoromethanesulfonate), R.SUP.6.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Acetyl

[0687] ##STR00039##

[0688] To a dry round-bottomed flask was added Compound 3 (300 mg, 0.83 mmol, 1.0 eq) and tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-ribofuranose (270 mg, 0.83 mmol, 1.0 eq). The solids were then kept under high vacuum for 30 minutes, then solubilized in anhydrous DCE (15 mL) and kept under nitrogen. With an air condenser attached, TMSOTf (151.23 μL, 0.83 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added dropwise, the yellow solution was then heated to 45° C. and left stirring for 3 hours, after which the reaction appeared to progress no further by TLC. The mixture was poured into water and washed with brine (3×30 mL). The organic layer was then separated, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated. The crude was then purified using biotage column chromatography using an eluent of 10% methanol in EtOAc to give 90 mg, 18% yield of the desired product as a yellow hygroscopic solid. This preparation demonstrates one example of the method described above at paragraphs [0138]-[0139] and [0444]-[0454].

[0689] .sup.1H NMR (MeOD, 400 MHz): δ ppm 9.84 (1H, s), 9.46 (2H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 9.39 (2H, dt, J=11.3, 8.2 Hz), 8.48 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 6.4 Hz), 7.72 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.37 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.20 (2H, m), 6.67 (2H, m), 6.69 (1H, d, J=3.8 Hz), 6.44 (11H, t, J=2.1 Hz), 5.65 (1H, dd, J=5.5, 3.8 Hz), 5.48 (1H, t, J=5.8 Hz), 4.86 (2H, dt, J=5.8 Hz), 4.59 (2H, m), 2.22 (3H, s), 2.17 (3H, s), 2.15 (3H, s). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz): δ ppm 170.5, 169.7, 161.0, 159.8, 149.6, 148.2, 145.8, 141.5, 139.1, 136.3, 131.0, 129.9, 129.5, 127.8, 121.6, 104.7, 100.3, 98.0, 82.9, 69.0, 61.9, 60.4, 55.4, 20.6, 20.4, 20.3, 14.2. HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 620.2132 for C.sub.33H.sub.34NO.sub.11, found 620.2132.

C. Synthetic Preparation of Pterostilbene Nicotinate Riboside Bromide (Compound 5): Compound of Formula (I): R.SUP.1.=Pterostilbenyl (4-[(E)-2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)Ethenyl]Phenyl), n=0, Z.SUP.2.=Oxygen, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=Hydrogen, X.SUP.−.=Bromide, R.SUP.6.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Acetyl

[0690] ##STR00040##

[0691] To a dry round-bottom flask was added Compound 2 (400 mg, 1.18 mmol, 2.0 eq), solubilized in freshly distilled acetonitrile. To this solution was added Compound 3 (213.13 mg, 0.59 mmol, 1.0 eq), and the mixture was left stirring at room temperature under an atmosphere of N.sub.2 for 3 hr. TLC analysis showed complete consumption of Compound 3. Biotage chromatography using an eluent of 10% methanol in EtOAc was used to afford the desired β isomer in 6% yield. This preparation demonstrates one example of the method described above at paragraphs [0138]-[0139] and [0444]-[0454].

[0692] .sup.1H NMR (MeOD, 400 MHz): δ ppm 9.81 (1H, s), 9.47-9.43 (2H, m), 9.38-9.32 (2H, m), 8.47-8.39 (1H, m), 7.72-7.65 (2H, m), 7.42-7.33 (2H, m), 7.26-7.23 (2H, m), 6.59 (1H, d, J=3.8 Hz), 6.66 (2H, m), 6.44-6.40 (1H, m), 5.63 (1H, s), 5.42 (1H, m), 4.82-4.80 (2H, m), 4.58 (2H, m), 2.22 (3H, s), 2.17 (3H, s), 2.15 (3H, s).

Example 3

A. Synthetic Preparation of Resveratrol Trinicotinate (Compound 6): Compound Having Formula (1): R.SUP.1.=Resveratrol (Trans-3,5,4′-Trihydroxystilbenyl)), n=0, Z.SUP.2.=Oxygen, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=Hydrogen

[0693] ##STR00041##

[0694] To a stirred suspension of nicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (4.17 g, 23.31 mmol, 5.8 eq) in 20 mL of acetone (fresh bottle) at 0° C., 14 mL dry trimethylamine was added, and then a solution of resveratrol (0.92 g, 4.10 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 15 mL of acetone was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h. Then the reaction mixture was filtered, extracted, washed, and concentrated to obtain a yellow solid. The crude products were purified by biotage column chromatography from 100% DCM up to 10% MeOH in DCM over 1 L. Recrystallization of the residue (˜1:1 CHCl.sub.3:EtOH) provided 1.10 g, 50% yield of light yellow crystals.

[0695] .sup.1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 400 MHz): δ ppm 9.44-9.40 (3H, m), 8.90-8.86 (3H, m), 8.50-8.45 (3H, m), 7.59 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz, Ar), 7.53-7.48 (31, m), 7.36 (1H, m), 7.37-7.36 (1H, m), 7.25 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.21-7.08 (3H, m). .sup.13C NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 125 MHz): δ ppm 163.7, 163.5, 154.2, 154.0, 151.3, 151.2, 150.3, 150.2, 139.9, 137.7, 137.6, 134.7, 130.0, 127.9, 127.1, 125.5, 125.3, 123.6, 123.5, 117.4, 114.5.

B. Synthetic Preparation of Resveratrol Trinicotinate Riboside Triflate (Compound 7): Compound of Formula (I): R.SUP.1.=Resveratryl (Trans-3,5,4′-Trihydroxystilbenyl), n=0, Z.SUP.2.=Oxygen, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=Hydrogen, X.SUP.−.=Trifluoromethanesulfonate, R.SUP.6.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Acetyl

[0696] ##STR00042##

[0697] To a dry round-bottom flask was added resveratrol nicotinate (Compound 6, 0.16 g, 0.29 mmol, 1.0 eq) and tetraacetate riboside (0.33 g, 1.03 mmol, 3.5 eq), and the mixture was solubilized in fresh acetonitrile (10 mL). TMSOTf (0.19 mL, 1.03 mmol, 3.5 eq) was added dropwise, and the mixture was left stirring overnight at 40° C. under an atmosphere of N.sub.2. The mixture was then allowed to cool to room temperature, excess TMSOTf was quenched by the addition of 1 MNaHCO.sub.3 (1 mL), and the mixture was left stirring for an additional 30 minutes. The acetonitrile was then removed under reduced pressure, and the sample was suspended in water and extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. This residual solid was then washed with cold EtOAc and then dried under high vacuum, and NMR analysis indicated it was the desired tri-resveratrol NAR conjugate, obtained in 18% yield, as a yellow-green solid. This preparation demonstrates one example of the method described above at paragraphs [0138]-[0139] and [0444-[0454].

[0698] Alternatively, to a dry round-bottom flask was added α/β bromo triacetate riboside (Compound 2, 249.58 mg, 0.74 mmol, 4.0 eq) solubilized in dry acetonitrile (10 mL). To this solution was added tresveratrol trinicotinate (Compound 7, 100 mg, 0.18 mmol, 1.0 eq) and the mixture was left stirring overnight under N.sub.2. .sup.1H NMR analysis showed partial conversion to the desired product (˜5%). Sample was not isolated; NMR of only crude was obtained. This preparation demonstrates one example of the method described above at paragraphs [0138]-[0139] and [0444]-[0454].

[0699] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 9.39-9.33 (3H, m), 8.81-8.72 (3H, m), 8.56-8.46 (3H, m), 8.46-8.33 (3H, m), 7.53 (1H), 7.51-7.45 (2H, m), 7.41 (1H, s), 7.16-7.13 (1H, m), 6.60-6.54 (3H, m), 5.59-5.48 (3H, m), 5.41-5.31 (3H, m), 4.78-4.70 (3H, m), 4.54-4.50 (3H, m), 4.43-4.40 (3H, m), (2.07-1.99) (27H, m).

Example 4

A. Synthetic Preparation of Choline Nicotinate Bromide (Compound 8): Compound Having Formula (1): R.SUP.1.=Cholinyl (2-N,N,N-Trimethylammonium)Ethyl), n=0, Z.SUP.2.=Oxygen, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=Hydrogen

[0700] ##STR00043##

[0701] Nicotinic acid (5.00 g, 40.61 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-bromoethanol (3.03 mL, 40.61 mmol, 1.0 eq), and DMAP (1.24 g, 10.15 mmol, 0.25 eq) were placed in a 250 mL round-bottom flask, and suspended in DCM (100 mL) under N.sub.2. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. followed by the portionwise addition of DCC (8.38 g, 40.61 mmol, 1.0 eq). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred for 24 h. After completion of the reaction, based on TLC, the mixture was filtered to remove dicyclohexylurea (and traces of nicotinic acid). The crude residue was purified using Biotage column chromatography using an eluent of 1:1 EtOAc:pet ether. 8.5 g, 90% yield of a clear oil was obtained. 2-bromoethyl pyridine-3-carboxylate (2 g, 8.93 mmol, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in toluene (15 mL) and trimethylamine (45% in H.sub.2O, 5.71 g, 43.47 mmol, 5.0 eq) was added and refluxed for 24 h in a sealed tube. The biphasic mixture was concentrated via rotary evaporation to provide the desired product as a yellow solid in quantitative yield.

[0702] .sup.1H NMR (D.sub.2O, 400 MHz): δ ppm 9.84 (1H, s), 8.66-8.61 (2H, m), 7.83 (1H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 3.95-3.89 (2H, m), 3.42-3.37 (2H, m), 3.07 (9H, s). .sup.13C NMR (D.sub.2O, 400 MHz): δ ppm 168.3, 145.7, 143.2, 142.6, 135.4, 126.9, 67.4 (t, J=3.7 Hz), 55.6, 53.7 (t, J=4.6 Hz, N(CH.sub.3).sub.3).

Example 5

A. Synthetic preparation of 3-tert-butildimethylsilyloxy-5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxmethyl)-2-methylpyridine-4-carbaldehyde (Compound 9)

[0703] ##STR00044##

[0704] To a stirred solution of pyridoxal hydrochloride (3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine-4-carbaldehyde hydrochloride) (1.00 g, 4.91 mmol, 1.0 eq) in anhydrous DMF was added imidazole (1.67 g, 24.56 mmol), DMAP (0.30 g, 24.56 mmol, 5.0 eq), and TBDMSCl (3.70 g, 24.56 mmol, 5.0 eq). The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight until disappearance of the starting material was observed by TLC (100% EtOAc). DMF was removed under high vacuum, water was added (20 mL), and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAC (3×15 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with aqueous saturated NaHCO.sub.3, aqueous saturated NH.sub.4Cl, and brine, dried over MgSO.sub.4, and concentrated. The crude material was purified using Biotage chromatography on silica, beginning with an eluent of 3:7 hexane:EtOAc, increasing to 100% EtOAc, to afford 1.30 g (76% yield) of Compound 9 as a colorless oil.

[0705] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 7.95 (1H, s), 6.50 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz), 5.0 (2H, AB.sub.q, Δδ.sub.AB=0.07, J.sub.AB=13.0 Hz), 2.43 (3H, s), 0.82 (9H, s), 0.81 (9H, s), 0.12 (3H, s), 0.03 (3H, s), −0.01 (3H, s), −0.10 (3H, s). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 145.7, 145.4, 134.3, 133.9, 133.4, 100.4, 70.8, 25.7, 18.0, 0.00, −3.56, −4.02, −4.72.

B. Synthetic Preparation of 3-Tert-Butldimethylsilyloxy-5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-Methylpyridine-4-Carbaldehyde (Compound 10)

[0706] ##STR00045##

[0707] Compound 9 (0.21 g, 0.54 mmol, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in anhydrous MeOH (5 mL) at 0° C. and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (0.14 g, 0.57 mmol, 1.05 eq) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm slowly to room temperature. The reaction was left to stir overnight. MeOH was removed under reduced pressure and the residue re-suspended in DCM (10 mL), and the drganic layer was washed with water, dried over MgSO.sub.4, and then concentrated. The crude mixture was purified using Biotage silica column chromatography using an eluent of 1:1 hexane:EtOAc, increasing to 100% EtOAc, to afford 110 mg (73% yield) of Compound 10 as a white powder.

[0708] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 7.91 (1H, s), 6.46 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz), 5.26 (2H, AB.sub.q, Δδ.sub.AB=0.07, J.sub.AB=12.9 Hz), 2.38 (3H, s), 0.79 (9H, s), 0.08 (3H, s), −0.14 (3H, s). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 145.6, 145.4, 134.3, 134.1, 133.3, 100.4, 70.8, 25.7, 17.9, 0.00, −4.01. HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 282.1525 for C.sub.14H.sub.24NO.sub.3Si, found 282.1512.

C. Synthetic Preparation of 5-Tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy-6-Carbaldehyde-4-Methyl-3-Pyridinylmethyl Nicotinate (Compound 11)

[0709] ##STR00046##

[0710] To a stirred solution of Compound 10 (0.20 g, 0.71 mmol, 1.0 eq) in dry pyridine (10 mL) was added trimethylamine (184 μL, 1.32 mmol, 1.9 eq) and nicotinoyl chloride (0.13 g, 0.71 mmol, 1.0 eq), and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. TLC (100% EtOAc) indicated completion of reaction, and pyridine was removed under high vacuum. Purification was achieved using Biotage silica column chromatography using an eluent of 100% EtOAc to afford 0.25 g (91% yield) of Compound 11 as a white solid.

[0711] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 9.35 (1H, s), 8.84 (1H, d, J=3.48 Hz), 8.40 (1H, m), 8.35 (1H, s), 7.59 (1H, m), 6.44 (1H, d, J=1.5 Hz), 5.20 (2H, AB.sub.q, Δβ.sub.AB=0.07, J.sub.AB=12.8 Hz), 2.45 (3H, s), 0.67 (9H, s), −0.04 (3H, s), −0.11 (3H, s). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 161.3, 153.5, 150.5, 149.5, 140.4, 139.2, 136.7, 134.5, 122.6, 99.7, 69.1, 24.4, 17.9, 0.00, −5.32.

D. Synthetic Preparation of Pyridoxal (3-Hydroxy-5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-Methylpyridine-4-Carbaldehyde) Nicotinate (Compound 12)

[0712] ##STR00047##

[0713] Pyridoxal (3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine-4-carbaldehyde) hydrochloride (500 mg, 2.46 mmol, 1.0 eq) was solubilized in 1:1 pyridine:DMF (10 mL) under an atmosphtere of N.sub.2. To this was added nicotinoyl chloride (437.13 mg, 2.46 mmol, 1.0 eq) followed by TEA (1.37 mL, 9.82 mmol, 4.0 eq). The reaction was left stirring for 1 hr, after which TLC analysis (9:1 EtOAc:MeOH) showed completion of the reaction. The solvents were removed under high vacuum and the residual solid was loaded onto a Biotage silica column and purified using a gradient of 100% EtOAc, increasing slowly to 9:1 EtOAc:MeOH over 300 mL to isolate the desired compound as an off-white solid in 86% yield.

[0714] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 10.54 (1H, s, aldehyde), 9.38 (1H, d, J=1.6 Hz, Nicotinate), 8.88 (1H, m, Nicotinate), 8.44 (1H, m, Nicotinate), 8.43 (1H, s, Nicotinate), 7.53 (1H, m, pyridoxal), 6.51 (1H, s, pyridoxal), 5.32 (2H, AB.sub.q, Δβ.sub.AB=0.07, J.sub.AB=13.0 Hz, —CH.sub.2O), 2.53 (3H, s, —CH.sub.3Ar). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 162.9 ((C═O)O), 154.5 (Ar), 151.4 (Nicotinate), 150.9 (HC═O), 140.9 (Ar), 140.1 (Ar), 137.9 (Ar), 135.5 (Ar), 123.7 (Nicotinate), 100.0 (Pyridoxal), 70.3 (CH.sub.2O), 18.9 (CH.sub.3Ar).

Example 6

A. Synthetic Preparation of 3-Hydroxy-5-(Tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxylmethyl-2-Methylpyridine-4-Carbaldehyde (Compound 13)

[0715] ##STR00048##

[0716] To a stirred solution of pyridoxal (3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine-4-carbaldehyde) hydrochloride (1.00 g, 4.91 mmol) in anhydrous DMF was added imidazole (0.50 g, 7.43 mmol), DMAP (0.30 g, 2.46 mmol), and TBDMSCl (0.89 g, 5.90 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight until disappearance of the starting material was observed by TLC (100% EtOAc). The DMF was removed under high vacuum, water was added (20 mL), and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×15 mL). The combined organics were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO.sub.3, saturated aqueous NH.sub.4Cl, and brine, dried over MgSO.sub.4, and concentrated. The crude material was purified by Biotage using a gradient of 3:7 hexane:EtOAc and increasing to 100% EtOAc to afford Compound 13 (1.01 g, 72% yield) as a fluffy white solid.

[0717] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 8.12 (1H, s), 6.52 (1H, d, J=1.76 Hz), 5.14 (2H, AB.sub.q, Δδ.sub.AB=0.07, J.sub.AB=12.8 Hz), 2.50 (3H, s), 1.05 (9H, s), 0.20 (3H, s), 0.06 (3H, s). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 150.5, 145.3, 134.9, 134.8, 99.7, 70.2, 25.7, 18.6, 0.00, −3.67; HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 282.1525 for C.sub.14H.sub.24NO.sub.3Si, found 282.1512.

B. Synthetic Preparation of 3-(4-Nitrophenoxycarbonyl)-5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-Methylpyridine-4-Carbaldehyde (Compound 14)

[0718] ##STR00049##

[0719] To a solution of Compound 13 (200 mg, 0.71 mmol) in dry DCM (10 mL) was added 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (214.87 mg, 1.07 mmol) and TEA (184 μL, 1.07 mmol). The reaction stirred at room temperature and was followed by TLC (8:2 EtOAc:hexane). After completion of the reaction, the reaction was concentrated and purified directly on the Biotage using an eluent of 20% EtOAc in hexane, increasing to 80% EtOAc in hexane, affording 0.26 g (81% yield) of Compound 14 as an off-white solid.

[0720] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 8.24 (2H, d, J=9.3 Hz), 8.21 (1H, s), 7.19 (2H, d, J=9.3 Hz), 6.87 (1H, d, J=1.8 Hz), 5.29 (2H, AB.sub.q, Δδ.sub.AB=0.07, J.sub.AB=12.8 Hz), 2.56 (3H, s), 0.93 (91, s), 0.17 (3H, s), 0.12 (3H, s).

Example 7

A. Synthetic Preparation of Reduced Nicotinamide N-Fluorenylmethloxycarbonyl-Tryptophan Riboside (Compound 15): Compound of Formula (II): R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=N-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyltryptophan

[0721] ##STR00050##

[0722] General NRL-Amino Acid Coupling Method 1:

[0723] To a dry round-bottom flask containing N-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyltryptophan (0.5 g, 1.17 mmol, 1.0 eq) solubilized in anhydrous THF (5 mL) was added CDI (0.19 g, 1.17 mmol, 1.0 eq), and the mixture was left stirring overnight under N.sub.2 with vigorous stirring. To the mixture was added dry NRH (0.6 g, 2.34 mmol, 2.0 eq) dissolved in anhydrous DMF (10 mL), and the mixture was left stirring at 40° C. for 3 hr and then DMF was removed under high vacuum. The solid was then resolubilized in EtOAc and washed with brine (3×10 mL), and the organic layers were combined and concentrated to give a pale yellow crystalline solid. The crude solid was solubilized in minimal EtOAc, then purified via biotage column purification using a gradient of 10% MeOH in EtOAc to give Compound 15 as a hygrosopic, yellow crystalline solid in 32% yield. This preparation demonstrates one example of the method described above at paragraphs [0193]-[0194] and [0546]-[0556].

[0724] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 7.68-7.56 (3H, m), 7.44-7.23 (5H, m), 7.17-7.10 (2H, m), 7.08-7.03 (1H, br), 6.06 (1H, d, J=9.0 Hz), 5.05-4.99 (1H, m), 4.84-4.79 (1H, m), 4.67 (1H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 4.38-4.34 (2H, m), 4.32-4.28 (1H, m), 4.24-4.19 (1H, m), 4.16-4.11 (1H, m), 3.56-3.42 (2H, m). HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 665.2611 for C.sub.37H.sub.37N.sub.4O.sub.8, found 665.2587.

[0725] Subsequent basic deprotection of Fmoc is expected to yield the reduced conjugate derivative.

Example 8

A. Synthetic Preparation of Reduced Nicotinamide N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Tryptophan Riboside (Compound 16): Compound of Formula (II): R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyltryptophan

[0726] ##STR00051##

[0727] To a dry round-bottom flask containing N-tert-butyloxycarbonyltrypopan (0.5 g, 1.64 mmol, 1.0 eq) solubilized in anhydrous THF (5 mL) was added CDI (0.27 g, 1.64 mmol, 1.0 eq), and the mixture was left stirring overnight under N.sub.2 with vigorous stirring. To the mixture was added NRH (0.84 g, 3.29 mmol, 2.0 eq), dissolved in anhydrous DMF (10 mL), and the mixture was left stirring at 40° C. for 5 h. DMF was then removed under high vacuum. The solid was then solubilized in EtOAc and washed with brine (3×10 mL), and the organic layer was concentrated to give a pale yellow crystalline solid. The solid was then resolubilized in the minimal amount of EtOAc and purified using biotage column chromatography using an eluent of 6% MeOH in EtOAc to give Compound 16 in 44% yield. Monitored at 320 nm. This preparation demonstrates one example of the method described above at paragraphs [0193]-[0194] and [0546]-[0556].

[0728] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 7.06 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 7.37 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 7.18-7.02 (3H, m), 7.09-7.04 (1H, m), 6.08 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 5.02-4.99 (1H, m), 4.85-4.81 (1H, m), 4.58 (1H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 4.37 (1H, d, J=7.8 Hz), 4.17-4.13 (1H, m), 3.56-3.42 (2H, m), 3.37 (1H, m), 3.24 (1H, d, J=7.8 Hz), 1.47-1.39 (9H, m). HRMS (ES, M+Na.sup.+) calculated 565.2274 for C.sub.27H.sub.34N.sub.4O.sub.8Na, found 565.2283.

[0729] General NRH-Amino Acid Coupling Method 2:

[0730] Alternatively, to a dry round-bottom flask was added N-tert-butyloxycarbonyltryptophan (500 mg, 1.67 mmol, 1.0 eq), HATU (760.46 mg, 2 mmol, 1.2 eq), and the mixture was left stirring in dry DMF (5 mL) and DIEA (1451.52 μL, 8.33 mmol, 5.0 eq) for 30 minutes. To the mixture was then added NRH (875 ing, 3.12 mmol, 1.9 eq) and the mixture was left stirring at room temperature overnight with monitoring by TLC (10% MeOH in EtOAc). The reaction mixture was concentrated and resolubilized in EtOAc and washed with brine (3×10 mL). The organic layer was then concentrated under reduced pressure to give a yellow crystalline solid. Biotage silica column purification using an eluent of 7.5% MeOH in EtOAc to give Compound 16 in 5% yield. This preparation demonstrates one example of the method described above at paragraphs [0193]-[0194] and [0546]-[0556].

B. Synthetic Preparation of Nicotinamide N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Tryptophan Riboside Chloride (Compound 17): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Chloride, R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.5.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=N-Tert-butyloxycarbonyltryptophan

[0731] ##STR00052##

[0732] General Oxidation Method 1:

[0733] To a round-bottom flask was added Compound 16 (300 mg, 0.55 mmol, 1.0 eq) and it was solubilized in 5 mL of distilled water and 5 mL MeOH, with 1 mass equivalent of activated charcoal and ammonium chloride (59.15 mg, 1.15 mmol, 2.0 eq). After 2 h, the re-oxidation appeared complete by the complete disappearance of the spot corresponding to Compound 16 both by the UV spot under 320 nm and staining with permanganate. The sample was then filtered under suction and the residue washed with distilled water followed by methanol. The sample was then concentrated to give a crude solid. This preparation demonstrates one example of the methods described above at paragraphs [0189]-[0190] and [0534]-[0539].

[0734] General Oxidation Method 2:

[0735] To Compound 16 (400 mg, 0.74 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added hexchloroacetone (1.63 mL, 8.85 mmol, 12.0 eq) and EtOAc (2 mL) then left stirring overnight at room temperature. This solution was then concentrated under high vacuum and the sample was purified using Biotage silica column chromatography with 30% methanol in EtOAc over 800 mL to give 284 mg (67% yield) of the desired conjugate as a yellow crystalline solid.

[0736] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 9.47 (1H, s), 9.19-9.15 (1H, m), 8.96-8.91 (1H, m), 8.19-8.13 (1H, m), 7.51 (1H, d, J=7.7 Hz), 7.25-7.22 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 7.10 (1H, s), 7.03-6.92 (2H, m), 5.63 (1H; d, J=6.5 Hz), 5.08 (1H, d, J=5.1 Hz), 4.51-4.46 (1H, m), 4.44-4.38 (1H, m), 4.34-4.28 (1H, m), 3.65-3.61 (2H, m), 3.16-3.13 (2H, m), 1.33 (9H, s).

C. Synthetic Preparation of Nicotinamide Tryptophan Riboside Chloride (Compound 18): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Chloride, R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=Tryptophan

[0737] ##STR00053##

[0738] General Boc Deprotection Method 1:

[0739] Addition of TFA to a solution of Compound 17, followed by stirring of the mixture, results in complete deprotection of the N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl protecting group. Progress of the deprotection can be monitored by either .sup.1H NMR or TLC analysis.

[0740] General Boc Deprotection Method 2:

[0741] To Compound 17 (200 mg, 0.35, 1.0 eq) was added 10 mL of a freshly made HCl/EtOAc solution and the flask was sealed, the desired product began to crash out of solution as a cloudy white precipitate and stirring was continued for 4 h. The mixture was concentrated to dryness then resuspended into EtOAc (10 mL), filtered, then washed with additional EtOAc. The solid was then solubilized in water and freeze-dried to isolate 43 mg (24% yield) of the desired NR conjugate as a yellow crystalline solid.

[0742] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 9.49 (1H, s), 9.21 (1H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 8.96 (1H, m), 8.23-8.16 (1H, m), 7.51 (1H, d, J=7.7 Hz), 7.30 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 7.19 (1H, s), 7.09-7.00 (2H, m), 5.80 (11H, d, J=6.5 Hz), 5.24 (1H, d, J=5.1 Hz), 4.51 (1H, t, J=11.6 Hz), 4.43-4.38 (1H, m), 3.83-3.78 (1H, m), 3.81 (1H, m), 3.75-3.69 (1H, m), 3.52-3.47 (1H, m), 3.40-3.38 (2H, m). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 168.6, 163.7, 145.3, 142.5, 141.0, 136.8, 134.4, 127.9, 126.9, 124.3, 121.6, 119.0, 117.6, 111.4, 106.4, 100.2, 86.7, 77.0, 76.0, 60.7, 53.5, 26.7. HRMS (ES, M-Cl.sup.−) calculated 441.1774 for C.sub.22H.sub.25N.sub.4O.sub.6, found 441. 1790.

Example 9

A. Synthetic Preparation of Reduced Nicotinamide N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Isoleucine Riboside (Compound 19): Compound of Formula (II): R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Isoleucine

[0743] ##STR00054##

[0744] Compound 19 was prepared by the reaction of NRH with N-tert-butyloxycarbonylisoleucine according to General NRH-amino acid Coupling Method 2 to yield 723 mg of the desired product as a yellow crystalline solid (63% yield).

[0745] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 7.19 (1H, s), 6.15 (1H, d, J=3.2 Hz), 5.15-5.13 (1H, m), 5.00 (1H, q, J=5.8 Hz), 4.76 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 4.26 (1H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 4.17-4.07 (1H, m), 3.92 (1H, q, J=2.7 Hz), 3.70-3.67 (2H, m), 3.08 (2H, br), 1.94-1.84 (1H, br), 1.46 (9H, s), 0.99-0.88 (8H, m). HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 468.2346 for C.sub.22H.sub.34N.sub.3O.sub.8, found 468.2336.

B. Synthetic Preparation of Nicotinamide N-Tert-butyloxycarbonyl-Isoleucine Riboside Chloride (Compound 20): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Chloride, R.SUP.1.=H, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Isoleucine

[0746] ##STR00055##

[0747] Compound 20 was prepared according to General Oxidation Method 2 to yield 0.46 g (72% yield) of the desired conjugate as a yellow crystalline solid.

[0748] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 9.61 (1H, s), 9.32 (1H, d, J=9.3 Hz), 8.96 (1H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 8.22-8.18 (1H, m), 6.12 (1H, d, J=5.7 Hz), 5.32-5.29 (1H, m), 4.59 (1H, t, J=5.4 Hz), 4.47-4.45 (1H, m), 4.11-4.07 (1H, m), 3.85 (2H, AB.sub.q, Δδ.sub.AB=0.06, J.sub.AB=11.6 Hz), 1.89-1.79 (1H, m), 1.36 (9H, s), 0.93-0.82 (8H, m). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 164.7, 145.2, 143.2, 140.9, 134.5, 127.8, 100.7, 87.0, 77.2, 74.0, 60.4, 58.3, 36.9, 27.6, 14.5, 13.6, 10.2. HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 468.2346 for C.sub.22H.sub.34N.sub.3O.sub.8, found 468.2364.

C. Synthetic Preparation of Nicotinamide Isoleucine Riboside Chloride (Compound 21): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Chloride, R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=Isoleucine

[0749] ##STR00056##

[0750] Compound 21 was prepared according to General Boc Deprotection Method 2 to yield 13 mg (14% yield) of the desired NR conjugate as an off-white crystalline solid.

[0751] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 9.62 (1H, s), 9.32 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 8.98 (1H, d, J=7.7 Hz), 8.22-8.18 (1H, m), 6.16 (1H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 5.55-5.44 (1H, m), 4.66 (1H, t, J=5.7 Hz), 4.59-4.55 (1H, m), 4.13-4.10 (1H, m), 3.88 (2H, AB.sub.q, Δδ.sub.AB=0.06, J.sub.AB=14.4 Hz, H−5), 2.08-1.98 (1H, m), 1.62-1.50 (1H, m), 0.93-0.86 (81H, m). HRMS (ES, M+H) calculated 368.1812 for C.sub.17H.sub.26N.sub.3O.sub.6, found 368.1790.

Example 10

A. Synthetic Preparation of Reduced Nicotinamide N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Alanine Riboside (Compound 22): Compound of Formula (II): R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Alanine

[0752] ##STR00057##

[0753] Compound 22 was prepared by the reaction of NRH with N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-alanine according to General NRH-amino acid Coupling Method 2 to yield the desired product as a brown solid (33% yield).

[0754] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 7.09 (1H, s), 6.06 (1H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 5.05 (1H, dd, J=2.1, 3.6 Hz), 4.89-4.88 (1H, m), 4.67 (1H, d, J=12.4 Hz), 4.19-4.08 (2H, m), 4.03-3.97 (2H, m, H−5), 3.84-3.81 (1H, m), 3.61-3.57 (1H, m), 3.01-2.89 (2H, m), 1.35 (9H, s), 1.28 (3H, d, J=7.8 Hz). HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 428.2033 for C.sub.19H.sub.30N.sub.3O.sub.8, found 428.2038.

B. Synthetic Preparation of Nicotinamide N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Alanine Riboside Chloride (Compound 23): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Chloride, R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Alanine

[0755] ##STR00058##

[0756] Compound 23 was prepared according to General Oxidation Method 2 to yield 78 mg (72% yield) of the desired conjugate as a brown solid.

[0757] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 9.61 (1H, s, Ar), 9.32 (1H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 8.95 (1H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 8.23-8.18 (1H, m), 6.12 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 5.30 (1H, dd, J=2.8, 2.3 Hz), 4.58-4.47 (1H, tm), 4.48-4.45 (1H, m), 4.20-4.13 (1H, m), 3.88 (2H, AB.sub.q, Δδ.sub.AB=0.04, J.sub.AB=12.2 Hz), 1.36 (9H, s), 1.34 (311, d, J=4.7 Hz). HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 426.1876 for C.sub.19H.sub.28N.sub.3O.sub.8, found 426.1868.

C. Synthetic Preparation of Nicotinamide Alanine Riboside Chloride (Compound 24): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Chloride, R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.8.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=Alanine

[0758] ##STR00059##

[0759] Compound 24 was prepared according to General Boc Deprotection Method 2 to yield 21 mg (40% yield) of the desired product as an off-white solid.

[0760] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 9.60 (1H, s), 9.33 (1H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 8.99 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 8.23 (1H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 6.22 (1H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 5.45-5.41 (1H, m), 4.59-4.56 (1H, m), 4.25-4.19 (1H, m), 4.44 (2H, AB.sub.q, Δδ.sub.AB=0.06, J.sub.AB=12.2 Hz), 1.57 (3H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 1.52-1.44 (1H, m). HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 326.1352 for C.sub.14H.sub.20N.sub.3O.sub.6, found 326.1349.

Example 11

A. Synthetic Preparation of Reduced Nicotinamide N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Phenylalanine Riboside (Compound 25): Compound of Formula (I): R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.5.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=N-Tert-butyloxycarbonyl-Phenylalanine

[0761] ##STR00060##

[0762] Compound 25 was prepared according to General NRH-amino acid Coupling Method 2 by the reaction of NRH with N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine to yield 430 mg (46% yield) of the desired intermediate as a yellow gum.

[0763] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 7.88 (1H, s), 7.24-7.12 (5H, m), 6.04 (1H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 4.99 (1H, dd, J=5.5, 1.7 Hz), 4.78-4.73 (1H, m), 4.50 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 4.35 (1H, t, J=7.7 Hz), 4.11 (1H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 3.01-2.96 (2H, m), 2.99 (1H, s), 1.31 (9H, s). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 171.9, 163.5, 137.1, 129.3, 128.4, 126.5, 125.9, 103.3, 101.1, 96.0, 95.1, 84.5, 82.0, 79.5, 70.8, 61.6, 60.2, 55.7, 37.8, 35.8, 27.4, 22.4, 19.6, 13.4. HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 543.2455 for C.sub.27H.sub.35N.sub.3O.sub.8, found 543.2458.

B. Synthetic Preparation of Nicotinamide N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Phenlalanine Riboside Chloride (Compound 26): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Chloride, R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=N-Tert-butyloxycarbonyl-Phenlalanine

[0764] ##STR00061##

[0765] Compound 26 was prepared according to General Oxidation Method 2 to yield the desired N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine conjugate in 64% yield as a fluffy white solid.

[0766] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 9.29 (1H, s), 9.28 (1H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 8.95 (1H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 8.19 (1H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 6.01 (1H, J=6.0 Hz), 5.23 (1H, d, J=3.6 Hz), 4.53 (1H, t, J=5.5 Hz), 4.40 (1H, t, J=7.8 Hz), 3.88-3.81 (1H, m), 3.69-3.64 (1H, m), 3.08-2.88 (3H, m), 1.32 (9H, s). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 171.5, 163.7, 145.2, 142.3, 140.9, 134.5, 129.0, 128.2, 127.8, 126.6, 100.5, 87.1, 79.5, 77.1, 74.1, 60.5, 55.4, 37.9, 27.3. HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 502.2189 for C.sub.25H.sub.32N.sub.3O.sub.8, found 502.2188.

C. Synthetic Preparation of Nicotinamide Phenylalanine Riboside Chloride (Compound 27): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Chloride, R.SUP.1.=n=0 Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=Phenylalanine

[0767] ##STR00062##

[0768] Compound 27 was prepared according to General Boc Deprotection Method 2 to yield 32 mg (40% yield) of the desired product as a white solid.

[0769] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): 3 ppm 9.56 (1H, s), 9.28 (1H, d, J=5.9 Hz), 9.00 (1H, d, J=7.8 Hz), 8.23-8.19 (1H, m), 7.29 (5H, m), 6.02 (1H, J=6.1 Hz), 5.37 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 4.59 (1H, t, J=5.5 hz), 4.44 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 4.24 (1H, s), 4.04-4.02 (1H, m), 3.88-3.81 (1H, m), 3.79-3.78 (1H, m), 3.72-3.68 (1H, m). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 168.3, 163.7, 145.3, 142.3, 141.0, 134.5, 129.2, 129.0, 128.9, 127.9, 127.6, 100.3, 86.8, 79.5, 77.1, 76.1, 60.7, 53.9, 36.5. HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 403.1696 for C.sub.20H.sub.24N.sub.3O.sub.6, found 403.1732.

Example 12

A. Synthetic Preparation of Reduced Nicotinamide N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Valine Riboside (Compound 28): Compound of Formula (II): R.SUP.1.=H, n=0. Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Valine

[0770] ##STR00063##

[0771] Compound 28 was prepared according to General NRH-amino acid Coupling Method 2 between NRH and N-tert-butyloxycarbonylvaline to yield 360 mg (34% yield) of the desired product as a yellow solid.

[0772] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 7.09 (1H, s), 6.07 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 5.07-5.04 (1H, m), 4.94-4.89 (1H, m), 4.79-4.72 (1H, m), 4.66 (1H, d, J=7.4 Hz), 4.14-4.13 (1H, m), 4.03-3.97 (1H, m), 3.85-3.81 (1H, m), 3.69-3.54 (2H, m), 3.01-2.95 (2H, m), 2.11-2.02 (1H, m), 1.36 (9H, s), 0.91-0.83 (6H, m). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 171.6, 164.1, 137.2, 125.9, 103.8, 101.0, 95.7, 82.2, 79.9, 73.9, 70.6, 61.8, 59.8, 35.9, 30.4, 27.6, 22.6, 18.6, 17.3. HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 454.2189 for C.sub.21H.sub.32N.sub.3O.sub.8, found 454.2163.

B. Synthetic Preparation of Nicotinamide N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Valine Riboside Chloride (Compound 29): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Chloride, R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Valine

[0773] ##STR00064##

[0774] Compound 29 was prepared according to General Oxidation Method 2 to yield 143 mg (44% yield) of the desired conjugate as a yellow solid.

[0775] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 9.61 (1H, s), 9.32 (1H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 8.98 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 8.22-8.18 (1H, m), 6.14 (1H, d, J=5.7 Hz), 5.31-5.29 (1H, m), 4.57-4.52 (1H, m), 4.48-4.45 (1H, m), 4.03 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 3.88 (2H, AB.sub.q, Δδ.sub.AB=0.06, J.sub.AB=12.4 Hz), 2.16-2.07 (1H, m), 1.62-1.50 (1H, m), 1.37 (9H, s), 0.96-0.88 (6H, m). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 172.8, 161.3, 145.6, 141.8, 140.3, 134.9, 128.3, 99.2, 83.1, 79.4, 76.4, 73.1, 68.1, 59.8, 30.3, 27.3, 18.6, 17.3. HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 454.2189 for C.sub.21H.sub.32N.sub.3O.sub.8, found 454.2200.

C. Synthetic Preparation of Nicotinamide Valine Riboside Chloride (Compound 30): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Chloride, R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=Valine

[0776] ##STR00065##

[0777] Compound 30 was prepared according to General Boc Deprotection Method 2 to yield 12 mg (13% yield) of the desired product as an off-white solid.

[0778] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 9.40 (1H, s, Ar), 9.20 (1H, m), 8.90 (1H, m), 8.22-8.06 (1H, m), 6.20-6.08 (1H, m), 5.43-5.33 (1H, m), 4.60-4.49 (2H, m), 4.39-4.29 (1H, m), 4.10-4.01 (1H, m, riboside), 3.93-3.70 (2H, m), 2.40-2.23 (1H, m), 0.97-0.87 (6H, m). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 168.4, 165.6, 146.0, 142.8, 140.4, 133.9, 128.6, 99.3, 85.9, 75.9, 74.8, 60.4, 58.3, 29.3, 17.3, 17.2. HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 354.1665 for C.sub.16H.sub.24N.sub.3O.sub.6, found 354.1666.

Example 13

A. Synthetic Preparation of Reduced Nicotinamide N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Methionine Riboside (Compound 31): Compound of Formula (II): R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Methionine

[0779] ##STR00066##

[0780] Compound 31 was prepared according to General NRH-amino acid Coupling Method 2 between NRH and N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-methionine to yield 0.240 g (25% yield) of the desired product as a yellow solid.

[0781] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 7.09 (1H, s), 6.06 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 5.07 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 4.90-4.85 (1H, m), 4.78-4.73 (1H, m), 4.65 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 4.28-4.22 (1H, m), 4.21-4.14 (1H, m), 3.84 (1H, s), 3.68-3.55 (3H, m), 3.24-3.19 (2H, m), 3.00-2.86 (2H, m), 2.57-2.42 (4H, m), 2.00 (3H, s, S—CH.sub.3), 1.35 (9H, s). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 172.3, 163.6, 137.4, 126.1, 103.5, 100.5, 96.0, 84.2, 72.1, 70.8, 62.3, 36.2, 27.6, 22.4, 14.1. HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 488.2067 for C.sub.21H.sub.34N.sub.3O.sub.8S, found 488.2061.

B. Synthetic Preparation of Nicotinamide N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Methionine Riboside Chloride (Compound 32): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Chloride, R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Methionine

[0782] ##STR00067##

[0783] Compound 32 was prepared according to General Oxidation Method 2 to yield 113 mg (53% yield) of the desired conjugate as a yellow solid.

[0784] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 9.62 (1H, s), 9.33 (1H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 8.98 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 8.22-8.18 (1H, m), 6.14 (1H, d, J=5.7, βH−1), 5.33 (1H, dd, J=3.0, 2.0 Hz), 4.58-4.53 (1H, m), 4.48-4.45 (1H, m), 4.36-4.26 (2H, m), 3.86 (2H, AB.sub.q, Δδ.sub.AB=0.06, J.sub.AB=12.3 Hz), 2.63-2.45 (2H, m), 2.16-2.00 (2H, m), 1.94 (3H, s), 1.36 (91H, s).

C. Synthetic Preparation of Nicotinamide Methionine Riboside Chloride (Compound 33): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Chloride, R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=Methionine

[0785] ##STR00068##

[0786] Compound 33 was prepared according to General Boc Deprotection Method 2 to yield 32 mg (24% yield) of the desired product as a yellow crystalline solid.

[0787] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, D.sub.2O): δ ppm 9.66 (1H, s), 9.20-9.15 (1H, m), 8.93-8.88 (1H, m), 8.22-8.17 (1H, m), 6.19 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 5.47-5.41 (1H, m), 4.66-4.62 (1H, m), 4.41-4.35 (1H, m), 3.97-3.91 (1H, m), 3.86-3.73 (1H, m), 2.67-2.61 (1H, m), 2.34-2.17 (2H, m), 2.03 (3H, s). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, D.sub.2O): δ ppm 168.7, 165.7, 146.1, 142.8, 140.5, 134.1, 128.6, 99.4, 86.0, 76.1, 60.5, 51.8, 28.8, 28.5, 14.0. HRMS (ES, M+H+) calculated 386.1386 for C.sub.16H.sub.24N.sub.3O.sub.6S, found 386.1360.

Example 14

A. Synthetic Preparation of Reduced Nicotinamide N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Leucine Riboside (Compound 34): Compound of Formula (II): R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=N-Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Leucine

[0788] ##STR00069##

[0789] Compound 34 was prepared according to General NRH-amino acid Coupling Method 2 between NRH and N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-leucine to yield 350 mg (34% yield) of the desired intermediate as a yellow crystalline solid.

[0790] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 7.09 (1H, s), 6.06 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 5.04 (1H, dd, J=3.6, 2.1 Hz), 4.90-4.88 (1H, m), 4.78-4.73 (1H, m), 4.67 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 4.35 (1H, t, J=7.7 Hz), 4.11 (1H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 3.70-3.55 (2H, m), 3.01-2.97 (2H, m), 2.99 (1H, s), 1.37 (9H, s), 1.71-1.58 (1H, m), 0.86 (6H, m). HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.) calculated 470.2502 for C.sub.22H.sub.33N.sub.3O.sub.8, found 470.2480).

B. Synthetic Preparation of Nicotinamide Leucine Riboside Chloride (Compound 35): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Chloride, R.SUP.1.=H, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=NH, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=Leucine

[0791] ##STR00070##

[0792] Compound 34 (300 mg, 0.64 mmol, 1.0 eq) was solubilized in EtOAc (5 mL) to which was added hexachloroacetone (1.17 mL, 0.01 mol, 10.0 eq), then the flask was sealed and left vigorously stirring overnight. EtOAc was removed under reduced pressure followed by the addition of a 1:1 mixture of petroleum ether:ether (15 mL). The orange precipitate was then isolated by decanting off the solvent. The solid was solubilized in water and then freeze-dried. HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 502.1956 for C.sub.22H.sub.33N.sub.3O.sub.8Cl, found 502.2073. To this solid was added a freshly prepared solution of HCl/EtOAc (10 mL) and the flask was left sealed overnight. The precipitated product was isolated by filtration and washed with additional EtOAc. The product was then solubilized in water and purified using C.sub.18 Biotage chromatography, and then freeze-dried to yield the desired product as a yellow crystalline solid in 17% yield.

[0793] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ ppm 9.60 (1H, s), 9.33 (1H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 8.98 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 8.22-8.18 (1H, m), 6.12 (1H, d, J=5.7 Hz), 5.48-5.45 (1H, m), 4.66-4.64 (1H, m), 4.58-4.55 (1H, m), 4.11 (1H, d, J=4.1 Hz), 3.98-3.92 (1H, m), 3.83-3.77 (1H, m), 2.07-1.97 (1H, m), 1.60-1.47 (1H, m), 1.37-1.34 (2H, m), 1.05-0.94 (6H, m). HRMS (ES, M+H.sup.+) calculated 368.1822 for C.sub.17H.sub.26N.sub.3O.sub.6, found 368.1809.

Example 15

A. Synthetic Preparation of 2-Bromoethyl Pyridine-3-Carboxylate (Compound 36): Compound Having Formula (1): R.SUP.1.=2-Bromoethyl, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=Oxygen, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=Hydrogen

[0794] ##STR00071##

[0795] To a dry round-bottom flask containing nicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (5.00 g, 0.030 mol, 1.0 eq) in anhydrous DCM (5 mL) was added 2-bromoethanol (2.15 mL, 0.03 mol, 1.0 eq), followed by DMAP (0.34 g, 0.003 mol, 0.1 eq) and TEA (4.31 mL, 0.03 mol, 1.0 eq) by syringe. This mixture was then left stirring overnight at room temperature under an atmosphere of N.sub.2. The solution was poured into water and mixed, the organic phase was separated and washed an additional two times, then dried over magnesium sulfate. The organic phase was then concentrated and used in the next step without any additional purification (83% yield).

[0796] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 9.27 (1H, s), 8.80 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 8.32 (1H, d, J=3.0 Hz), 7.44-7.40 (1H, m), 4.67 (2H, t, J=2.6 Hz), 3.67 (2H, t, J=4.0 Hz). .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 164.7, 153.7, 151.0, 137.1, 125.5, 123.4, 64.5, 43.5.

B. Synthetic Preparation of 2-Bromoethyl Nicotinate Riboside Triacetate Triflate (Compound 37): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Triflate (Trifluoromethanesulfonate), R.SUP.1.=2-Bromoethyl, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=Oxygen, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=Hydrogen, R.SUP.6.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Acetyl

[0797] ##STR00072##

[0798] To a dry round-bottom flask was added Compound 36 (500 mg, 2.17 mmol, 1.0 eq) and solubilized in anhydrous DCE (15 mL) followed by the addition of tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-ribofuranose (760.9 mg, 2.39 mmol, 1.1 eq). TMSOTf (0.43 mL, 2.39 mmol, 1.1 eq) was added dropwise by syringe and the solution was heated to 40° C. under an atmosphere of N.sub.2. After the reaction was deemed complete by TLC analysis, the mixture was poured into distilled water (10 mL) and the organic phase was separated and then concentrated. The crude was then purified Biotage silica column chromatography using an eluent of 7.5% MeOH in EtOAc, the product fractions were pooled and concentrated to yield the desired product in 43% yield as an orange solid.

[0799] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 9.69 (1H, s, Ar), 9.54-9.51 (1H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 9.24 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 8.45-8.40 (1H, m), 6.65 (1H, d, J=3.8 Hz), 5.60 (1H, m), 5.46 (1H, m), 4.85-4.79 (2H, m), 4.69 (1H, t, J=5.8 Hz), 4.57 (2H, AB.sub.q, Δδ.sub.AB=0.08, J.sub.AB=9.0 Hz), 4.58 (2H, t, J=5.7 Hz), 3.77 (1H, m), 2.21 (3H, s), 2.18 (3H, s), 2.17 (3H, s).

C. Synthetic Preparation of Choline Nicotinate Riboside Triflate (Compound 38): Compound of Formula (I): X.SUP.−.=Triflate (Trifluoromethanesulfonate R.SUP.1.=Choline, n=0, Z.SUP.2.=Oxygen, R.SUP.2.=R.SUP.3.=R.SUP.4.=R.SUP.5.=R.SUP.6.=R.SUP.7.=R.SUP.8.=Hydrogen

[0800] ##STR00073##

[0801] To a round-bottom flask was added Compound 37 (200 mg, 0.38 mmol, 1.0 eq) followed by the addition of an aqueous solution of trimethylamine (0.28 mL, 1.91 mmol, 5.0 eq). The flask was sealed using a glass stopper and was stirred overnight at room temperature, after which the sample was freeze-dried and purified using C18 Biotage chromatography using an eluent of 100% water to 10% MeOH over 1 L. The product fractions were pooled and concentrated to yield 53 mg (20% yield) of the desired product as a pale brown hygroscopic solid.

[0802] .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ ppm 9.27 (1H, s), 8.98 (1H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 8.85 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 8.13-8.07 (1H, m), 6.13 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 4.61-4.57 (1H, m), 4.67-4.39 (4H, m), 4.27-4.22 (1H, m), 3.97-3.93 (1H, m), 3.65-3.60 (1H, m), 2.79 (9H, s).

[0803] The use of the terms “a,” “an,” “the,” and similar referents in the context of describing the present invention (especially in the context of the claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. Use of the term “about” is intended to describe values either above or below the stated value in a range of approximately ±10%; in other embodiments, the values may range in value above or below the stated value in a range of approximately ±5%; in other embodiments, the values may range in value above or below the stated value in a range of approximately 12%; in other embodiments, the values may range in value above or below the stated value in a range of approximately ±1%. The preceding ranges are intended to be made clear by context, and no further limitation is implied. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise stated. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

[0804] While in the foregoing specification this invention has been described in relation to certain embodiments thereof, and many details have been put forth for the purpose of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is susceptible to additional embodiments and that certain of the details described herein can be varied considerably without departing from the basic principles of the invention.

[0805] All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties. The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof, and, accordingly, reference should be made to the appended claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.