Method and device for generating electrical energy

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and a device for generating electrical energy in a combined system consisting of a power plant and an air handling system. The power plant comprises a first gas expansion unit connected to a generator. The air handling system comprises an air compression unit, a heat exchange system, and a fluid tank. In a first operating mode, feed air is compressed in the air compression unit and cooled in the heat exchange system. A storage fluid is generated from the compressed and cooled feed air and is stored as cryogenic fluid in fluid tank. In a second operating mode, cryogenic fluid is removed from fluid tank and is vaporized, or pseudo-vaporized, at superatmospheric pressure. The gaseous high pressure storage fluid generated is expanded in the gas expansion unit. Gaseous natural gas is introduced into the heat exchange system (21) to be liquefied.

Claims

1. A method for generating electrical energy in a system comprising a power plant and an air treatment plant, wherein the power plant has a gas expansion unit, which is connected to a generator for generating the electrical energy, and the air treatment plant has an air compression unit, a heat exchanger system and a liquid tank, said method comprising: in a first operating mode in the air treatment plant compressing a feed air in the air compression unit to form a compressed feed air, and cooling the compressed feed air in the heat exchanger system, to form a compressed and cooled feed air, producing a storage fluid from the compressed and cooled feed air, and storing the storage fluid as a cryogenic liquid in the liquid tank, and in a second operating mode removing said cryogenic liquid from the liquid tank and vaporizing or pseudo-vaporizing said cryogenic liquid at superatmospheric pressure to generate a gaseous high-pressure storage fluid, and expanding said gaseous high-pressure storage fluid in the gas expansion unit, and wherein, in the second operating mode, said method further comprises: introducing a gaseous natural gas into the heat exchanger system, where said gaseous natural gas is liquefied or pseudo-liquefied, and wherein the vaporizing or pseudo-vaporizing of said cryogenic liquid is carried out in the heat exchanger system.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in said first operating mode, a stream of liquefied natural gas is introduced into said heat exchanger system, where said stream of liquefied natural gas is vaporized or pseudo-vaporized.

3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said feed air is also compressed in said air compression unit in said second operating mode.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said power plant further comprises a gas turbine system with a combustion chamber, a gas turbine expander, and a generator, and wherein in said second operating mode said gaseous high-pressure storage fluid is fed to said gas turbine system downstream of the vaporizing or pseudo-vaporizing of said cryogenic liquid in the heat exchanger system.

5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein said gas expansion unit comprises a hot-gas turbine system having at least one heater and a hot-gas turbine.

6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein said gaseous high-pressure storage fluid is expanded in a first step and a second step, said first step being carried out as a work-performing expansion in said hot-gas turbine system, and said second step being carried out in said gas turbine system, and wherein said gaseous high-pressure storage fluid is fed to said hot-gas turbine system where said gaseous high-pressure storage fluid is expanded to an intermediate pressure to produce a gaseous intermediate-pressure storage fluid, and said gaseous intermediate-pressure storage fluid is removed from said hot-gas turbine system and fed to said gas turbine system.

7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said air treatment plant is a cryogenic air separation plant or an air liquefaction plant.

8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said cryogenic liquid is liquefied air or liquid nitrogen.

9. An apparatus for generating electrical energy comprising a system comprising a power plant and an air treatment plant, wherein the power plant has a gas expansion unit, which is connected to a generator for generating the electrical energy, and wherein the air treatment plant has an air compression unit for compressing a feed air to form a compressed feed air, a heat exchanger system for cooling the compressed feed air to form a cooled and compressed feed air, means for introducing the compressed feed air into the heat exchanger system, means for producing a storage fluid from the cooled and compressed feed air from the heat exchanger system, a liquid tank for storing the storage fluid as a cryogenic liquid, means for removing said cryogenic liquid from the liquid tank, means for increasing the pressure of the cryogenic liquid removed from the liquid tank to form a cryogenic liquid at an elevated pressure, and means for generating a gaseous high-pressure storage fluid by vaporizing or pseudo-vaporizing the cryogenic liquid at an elevated pressure, said apparatus further comprising: means for introducing the gaseous high-pressure storage fluid into the gas expansion unit, and a control device and control elements for operating the system in a first and in a second operating mode, wherein in the first operating mode in the air treatment plant the feed air is compressed in the air compression unit and cooled in the heat exchanger system, the storage fluid produced from the cooled and compressed feed air contains less than 40 mol % of oxygen, and the storage fluid produced from the cooled and compressed feed air is stored as the cryogenic liquid in the liquid tank, and in the second operating mode the cryogenic liquid is removed from the liquid tank and the removed cryogenic liquid is vaporized or pseudo-vaporized at superatmospheric pressure to generate the gaseous high-pressure storage fluid, and the gaseous high-pressure storage fluid is expanded in the gas expansion unit, said apparatus further comprising: means for introducing gaseous natural gas into the heat exchanger system, and wherein in the second operating mode, the control device and the control elements operate to introduce the gaseous natural gas into the heat exchanger system, where the gaseous natural gas is liquefied or pseudo-liquefied, and the vaporizing or pseudo-vaporizing of the cryogenic liquid is carried out in the heat exchanger system.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) The invention and further details of the invention will be explained in more detail hereinbelow with reference to exemplary embodiments shown schematically in the drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1A—Shows the basic principle of a first variant of the invention, in the first operating mode.

(3) FIG. 1B—Shows the basic principle of a first variant of the invention, in the second operating mode.

(4) FIG. 2A—Shows a detailed illustration of the embodiment of an air treatment plant which can be used in this variant.

(5) FIG. 2B—Shows another detailed illustration of the embodiment of an air treatment plant which can be used in this variant.

(6) FIG. 3A—Shows a basic principle of a further variant of the invention.

(7) FIG. 3B—Shows another basic principle of a further variant of the invention.

(8) FIG. 4A—Shows a detailed illustration of the embodiment of an air treatment plant which can be used in the second variant.

(9) FIG. 4B—Shows another detailed illustration of the embodiment of an air treatment plant which can be used in the second variant.

(10) FIGS. 5a-5e—Shows possible embodiments of the gas expansion unit.

(11) The overall plant in FIGS. 1a and 1b consists of three units: an air treatment plant 100, a liquid tank 200 and a gas expansion unit 300.

(12) FIG. 1a shows the first operating mode (cheap power phase—generally at night). Here, atmospheric air (AIR) is introduced as feed air into the air treatment plant 100. A cryogenic liquid 101, which is formed for example as liquid air, is produced in the air treatment plant. The air treatment plant is operated as a liquefier (in particular as an air liquefier). The cryogenic liquid 101 is introduced into the liquid tank 200, which is operated at a low pressure LP of less than 2 bar. The energy consumption of the air treatment plant in the first operating mode is denoted as P1.

(13) Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is stored in a liquid natural gas tank 400 at low pressure (<2 bar). Natural gas 401 liquefied in the first operating mode is taken from this tank 400, is brought to a high pressure of approximately 50 bar in a pump 28 and is vaporized or pseudo-vaporized in the air treatment plant 100. Here, the vaporization refrigeration is utilized for generating the cryogenic liquid 101. The (pseudo-) vaporized natural gas is fed to one or more natural gas consumers, for example via a pipeline system 403.

(14) FIG. 1b shows the second operating mode (peak power phase—generally during the day). The cryogenic liquid 103 (for example liquid air) is removed from the liquid tank 200, brought to an elevated pressure of somewhat greater than MP2 (MP2 is greater than 12 bar, for example approximately 20 bar) in a pump 27, vaporized in the air treatment plant and warmed to approximately ambient temperature and drawn off as a gaseous high-pressure storage fluid 104.

(15) The vaporized high-pressure storage fluid 104 is conducted at the pressure MP2 to the gas expansion unit 300. The power P3 which is available at the gas expansion unit 300 in the second operating mode is for example 20 to 70%, preferably 40 to 60%, of the power P1 in the first operating mode. In addition, power P2 becomes free through work-performing expansion in the air treatment plant (see FIG. 2b).

(16) The heat required for the vaporization is supplied according to the invention by gaseous natural gas 404. It comes from the pipeline system 403, for example. It is introduced into the air treatment plant 100 at a pressure of approximately 50 bar, takes up the majority of the vaporization refrigeration from the cryogenic liquid 103 and is pseudo-liquefied in the process. The liquefied natural gas 405 is expanded to a low pressure and then introduced in the liquid state into the liquid natural gas tank 400. A part 406 can be drawn off and utilized for other purposes.

(17) The production of the cryogenic liquid and the LNG vaporization on the one hand and the vaporization of the cryogenic liquid and the natural gas liquefaction on the other hand are preferably carried out in the same process units. The same apparatuses can therefore be used in the first and second operating mode. This gives rise to a relatively low complexity in terms of apparatus.

(18) A liquefaction phase (continuous operation in the first operating mode) and a vaporization phase (continuous operation in the second operating mode) can each last for one to ten hours. Over the course of a day, one or more vaporization and respectively liquefaction phases can be carried out. Depending on demand, the air treatment plant can be switched off in the period of time of transition between two such respective phases.

(19) FIGS. 2a and 2b show a possible design of the air treatment plant 100 shown in FIG. 1, which here is in the form of an air liquefier.

(20) FIG. 2a shows in turn the first operating mode (the liquefaction phase). Here, ambient air (AIR) is sucked in by an air compression unit 2 and compressed to a pressure MP (4 to 8 bar, in particular 5 to 8 bar), cooled in a pre-cooling device 3 and dried in a molecular sieve adsorber station 4 and purified of contaminants such as CO.sub.2 and hydrocarbons. The compressed and purified air is conducted to a separate compressor, the circuit compressor 11, where it is compressed from the pressure MP initially to a higher pressure HP of 20 to 40 bar, is cooled in an aftercooler to approximately ambient temperature and is then cooled at HP in a heat exchanger system 21 to a first intermediate temperature of 140 to 180 K. The air is split at the first intermediate temperature into a first partial stream and a second partial stream.

(21) The first partial stream is expanded to the pressure MP so as to perform work in a turbine 12b. The first partial stream of the feed air which has been expanded so as to perform work is introduced into a phase separating device (separator) 23, in order, if appropriate, to separate off minor liquid proportions. The gaseous fraction from the phase separating device 23 is conducted through the heat exchanger system 21, where it is warmed, and is guided together with the air from the molecular sieve adsorber station 4 to the suction pipe of the circuit compressor 11, and thereby forms an air circuit.

(22) The second partial stream is post-compressed to a still higher pressure HP1 (for example 40 to 80 bar) in a cold compressor 12a. The cold compressor 12a is driven by the turbine 12b via a common shaft. The outlet temperature of the cold compressor 12a is approximately the same as the ambient temperature. At the pressure HP1, the second partial stream is fed back to the hot end of the heat exchanger system 21, cooled and pseudo-liquefied in the heat exchanger system 21, expanded to the pressure MP in a throttle valve and finally fed in an at least partially liquid state into the phase separating device 23. The liquid from the phase separating device 23 is subcooled in a subcooler 24 and conducted for the most part (101) as a cryogenic liquid into the liquid tank 200. For the subcooling, use is made of a partial quantity 26 of liquid air, which is removed after the subcooling 24, is expanded in a throttle valve 25 to the pressure LP and is conducted through the heat exchanger system 21. This partial quantity can also be used as regenerating gas for the molecular sieve adsorber station 4. The regenerating gas is warmed by steam, an electric heater or natural gas firing (quantity of heat Q). Alternatively, the molecular sieve adsorber station 4 is not regenerated at all during the first operating mode, but rather merely in the second operating mode. If the continuous operation in the first operating mode lasts for less than approximately 6 hours, this is readily possible. The molecular sieve adsorber station is then not switched over within an operating mode; it can then also be realized by means of a single adsorber container or by means of a plurality of containers which are operated in parallel.

(23) Liquefied natural gas 401 is taken from the liquid natural gas tank 400, compressed to the required pressure PPP of approximately 50 bar in the pump 28 and conducted through the heat exchanger system 21, and (pseudo-) vaporized in the process. After warming, it is fed into the natural gas grid 403.

(24) In the first operating mode, energy P1=P1a+P1b is supplied, in the form of the drive powers P1a for the air compression unit and P1b for the circuit compressor, and so too if appropriate is the quantity of heat Q for heating the regenerating gas. No energy is removed (except via the aftercoolers of the compressors), but instead energy is stored in the form of the cryogenic liquid air in the liquid tank 200.

(25) The second operating mode will now be described with reference to FIG. 2b. Here, the turbine 12b, the cold compressor 12a, the circuit compressor 11, the air compression unit 2 and the Joule-Thomson stage (throttle valves, separator 23 and subcooler 24) are switched off.

(26) Liquid air (LAIR) 103 is removed from the liquid tank 200, is brought to the required pressure HP2 of for example 50 to 80 bar, preferably 50 to 65 bar, in a pump 27, and is introduced into the heat exchanger system 21. After warming to a second intermediate temperature of, for example, 120 to 200 K, preferably 130 to 180 K, the high-pressure air is expanded to the pressure MP2 so as to perform work in a generator turbine 5 and finally conducted as a gaseous high-pressure storage fluid 104 to the gas expansion unit 300.

(27) In countercurrent to the (pseudo-) vaporizing air 103, natural gas 402 at a pressure PPP (approximately 50 bar) from the pipeline system 403 is pseudo-liquefied in the heat exchanger system 21. Before it enters the heat exchanger system 21, the natural gas is preferably purified in a drying and purifying unit 6. The liquefied natural gas 405 expanded to a low pressure is introduced into the liquid natural gas tank 400.

(28) In the second operating mode, no drive energy whatsoever is supplied to the air compression unit (the energy for driving liquid pumps is negligibly low and is therefore not taken into consideration here).

(29) As an alternative to the illustration in FIG. 2b, the intermediate expansion in the generator turbine 5 can be dispensed with. The pressure downstream of the pump 27 is then merely MP2 (plus line losses).

(30) If the molecular sieve adsorber station 4 is regenerated during the second operating mode, some of the gaseous high-pressure storage fluid 104, some of the gaseous high-pressure storage fluid heated in the gas expansion unit 300 or some of the exhaust gas of the gas expansion unit 300 can be used as regenerating gas (not shown in the drawing).

(31) The heat exchanger system 21 of the air treatment plant is used both for the air liquefaction and natural gas vaporization (in the first operating mode) and for the air vaporization and natural gas liquefaction (in the second operating mode).

(32) In the first operating mode as shown in FIG. 3a, the second variant of the invention is operated like the first variant (FIG. 1a).

(33) FIG. 3b corresponds substantially to FIG. 1b, but here the air compression unit 1 continues to operate in the second operating mode, too.

(34) FIG. 4a (first operating mode) is in turn identical to FIG. 2a.

(35) FIG. 4b has the same components as FIG. 2b, but a differing interconnection. In the second operating mode of the second variant shown here, the air compression unit 2, the circuit compressor 11 and the turbine 5 continue to operate. In the circuit compressor 11, compressed air is generated from the compressed and purified air which comes from the molecular sieve adsorber station 4. This compressed air is mixed with the (pseudo-) vaporized compressed air from the heat exchanger system 21.

(36) In this procedure, the air compression unit 2 also does not have to be switched off in the second operating mode, but instead operates permanently—both in the first and in the second operating modes. This is expedient in terms of operation. In addition, compressed air which contributes to generating energy in the gas expansion unit 300 is additionally generated.

(37) A third variant corresponds largely to FIG. 4b. However, the air is not post-compressed in the hot compressor 11, but rather is cooled somewhat and then compressed in a cold compressor (cold compressor 12b from FIG. 2a/4a or a separate machine) and thereafter mixed with the vaporized high-pressure air and conducted to the gas expansion unit 300.

(38) FIG. 5 shows possible embodiments of the gas expansion unit 300. In embodiments 5a and 5b, a conventional gas turbine is used for the expansion, the compressed air from the air treatment plant being introduced into the gas turbine upstream of the combustion chamber. The heat of the flue gas at the outlet can be used in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) (5a); alternatively, it is used in another way, for example to preheat the compressed air from the air treatment plant (5b).

(39) In embodiments 5c and 5d, a converted gas turbine is used for the expansion; in this gas turbine, the compressor part is removed. The compressed air from the air treatment plant is introduced into the combustion chamber of the rest of the gas turbine. The heat of the flue gas can be used in a similar manner to the method with the gas turbine.

(40) In embodiment 5e, the compressed air from the air treatment plant is firstly warmed and expanded in a plurality of successive turbines/turbine stages, the air being additionally warmed between the individual expansion stages. This represents an exemplary embodiment for a gas expansion unit having a hot-gas turbine system which has at least one heater and a hot-gas turbine—in this case, there are respectively two heaters and hot-gas turbines; alternatively, the hot-gas turbine system may also have more than two stages.

(41) The embodiment variants 5a and 5b and also 5c and 5d may be combined with one another.