Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) myosin light chain 3 promoter

Abstract

The preset invention relates to a promoter to target a fluorescent protein to the muscles of fish, such as A. nigrofasciatus, for ornamental purposes, which is a Mlc3 (myosin, light polypeptide 3, skeletal muscle) promoter. The Mlc3 promoter has the nucleotides of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) myosin light chain 3 (Mlc3) promoter region, which is potential to be a tilapia Mlc3 promoter to enhance protein expression in muscle of fish, particularly for the generation of ornamental fish.

Claims

1. A construct comprising a Mlc3 promoter comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO. 1 and fused to a nucleotide sequence coding for a target protein, wherein the target protein is a luciferase protein.

2. A method for generating a transgenic fish, comprising the steps of: (iv) constructing the Mlc3 promoter of claim 1, ligated to a vector; (v) delivering the construct obtained in step (i) into embryos; (vi) identifying the transgenic fish.

3. A transgenic fish whose genome comprises the introduced construct of claim 1.

4. The transgenic fish of claim 3, wherein the fish is Archocentrus sp.

5. The transgenic fish of claim 3, wherein the fish is A. nigrofasciatus.

6. The transgenic fish of claim 3, which is a transgenic A. nigrofasciatus var. carrying Taiwan coral red fluorescent protein (TcRFP) driven by the Mlc3 promoter comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO. 1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The patent or application file contains at least one color drawing. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing will be provided by the USPTO upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

(2) The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawings embodiment which is presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to this embodiment.

(3) In the drawings:

(4) FIGS. 1a and 1b show the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO. 1 and the structure of the Mlc3 promoter according to the invention.

(5) FIG. 1a provides the nucleotide sequence of the Mlc3 promoter having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO. 1 according to the invention.

(6) FIG. 1b provides a scheme showing the Mlc3 promoter according to the invention containing the 5′ flanking region of the O. niloticus Mlc3 gene, wherein the first nucleotide of the transcription start is designated +1, the green arrow indicates exon 1; the turquoise arrow indicates intron 1; the red arrows indicate the locations of primer sequences; the yellow arrows indicate transcription factor-binding sequences; and the boxes indicate restriction enzyme sites.

(7) FIGS. 2a and 2b show the activity of the promoter regions of the tilapia myosin light chain 3 (Mlc3) gene.

(8) FIG. 2a provides the restriction enzyme map of the Mlc3 promoter containing the promoter regions, exon 1 and intron 1.

(9) FIG. 2b shows the activity of 19 different promoter regions of the tilapia myosin light chain 3 (Mlc3) gene; wherein the numbers next to each promoter construct indicate its most 5′ position, relative to the transcription start site. The promoter fragments (shown in blue) were fused to the luciferase reporter gene, and the vectors were directly injected into Archocentrus nigrofasciatus muscle. Relative luciferase activity was measured 96 h later, and normalized for transfection efficiency against Renilla activity (fLuc/rLuc) to control for transfection efficiency. The Mylz2-2500 fragment was cloned from the zebrafish Mylz2 promoter (Peng, K C et al., Using an improved Tol2 transposon system to produce transgenic zebrafish with epinecidin-1 which enhanced resistance to bacterial infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 28:905-917, 2010). All data represent the mean of at least 3 replicates.

(10) FIG. 3 shows the activity of deletion constructs of the tilapia myosin light chain 3 (Mlc3) gene promoter. The different fragments of the 5′-flanking region containing regions from -4314 to -1954 and from -554 to -1 bp relative to the transcription start site (shown in blue) were fused to a luciferase reporter gene, and the various constructs were directly injected into Archocentrus nigrofasciatus muscle. Relative luciferase activity was measured 96 h later, and normalized for fransfection efficiency against Renilla activity (fLuc/rLuc). All data represent the mean±SE of at least 3 experiments.

(11) FIG. 4 shows the activity of tilapia myosin light chain 3 (Mlc3) gene promoters with or without exon and intron sequences. The different fragments of the 5′-flanking region from -4314 to -2854 and -554 to -1 bp relative to the transcription start site were fused to a luciferase reporter gene. The constructs contained intron 1 and exon 1 (-4314-2854/-554-1/i1), exon 1 alone (-4314-2854/-554-1/e1), or neither exon 1 nor intron 1 (-4314-2854/-554-1). The vectors were directly injected into Archocentrus nigrofasciatus muscle. Relative luciferase activity was measured 96 h later, and normalized for transfection efficiency against Renilla activity (fLuc/rLuc). All data represent the mean±SE of at least 3 experiments.

(12) FIG. 5 provides one example of the ornamental expression of fluorescent protein in transgenic Archocentrus nigrofasciatus var, which provides the construction containing Taiwan coral red fluorescent protein (TcRFP) that was ligated to a tilapia myosin light chain 3 (Mlc3) promoter region (-4314-3882/-800-1/i1), and cloned into the pUC19 plasmid. This vector and the Tol 2 system plasmid were then cut with BamHI and HpaI restriction enzymes, and ligated to generate Tol2pA2/T.mlc3-4314-3882/-800-1-i1/TcRFP. This vector was used to produce transgenic fluorescent A. nigrofasciatus var.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(13) Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which this invention belongs.

(14) As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a sample” includes a plurality of such samples and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art.

(15) As used herein, the term “promoter” refers to an untranslated DNA sequence upstream of a coding region that contains the binding site for an RNA polymerase and initiates transcription of the coding region. The promoter region may also include other elements that act as regulators of gene expression.

(16) The present invention provides a new promoter to target a fluorescent protein to the muscles of fish, such as A. nigrofasciatus, for ornamental purposes, which is a Mlc3 (myosin, light polypeptide 3, skeletal muscle) promoter.

(17) According to the present invention, the Mlc3 promoter is cloned and characterized. The Mlc3 promoter has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO. 1 as shown in FIG. 1a. The sequence of the Mlc3 promoter is similar to a tilapia gene, Mlc3, skeletal muscle isoform-like from Nile tilapia (O. niloticus), with high similarity at a 51 bp region at the 3′ end of the tilapia Mlc3 flanking region, with the exception of exon 1 (see FIG. 1b). The Mlc3 promoter contains several putative transcription factor-binding sites in the promoter region, including binding sites for MYOG (Myogenin (myogenic factor 4)), MyoD, MEF-2, PKNOX1, and AREB6 (see FIG. 1b). It was unexpectedly found that the promoter activity was enhanced as determined by direct injection of a luciferase reporter construct into skeletal muscle of A. nigrofasciatus.

(18) A construct or an expression cassette comprising the Mlc3 promoter can be generated recombinantly or synthetically for expression of a target protein, with a series of specified nucleic acid elements which permit transcription of a nucleotide sequence coding for a target protein in a host. The construct or expression cassette can be incorporated into a vector such as a plasmid, chromosome, mitochondrial DNA, plastid DNA, virus, or nucleic acid fragment.

(19) As illustrated in the examples of the invention, stable transgenic germlines carrying Taiwan coral red fluorescent protein (TcRFP) driven by the Mlc3 promoter were established in the ornamental fish species A. nigrofasciatus var. The F1 adult transgenic A. nigrofasciatus var. exhibited brilliant pink fluorescence in skeletal muscle that was observable under visible light, and thus may be suitable for ornamental exhibition. Therefore, the present invention provides a good promoter to generate fluorescent ornamental fish of species such as Perciformes, by applying gene-transfer technology.

(20) According to the present invention, the transgenic animal is preferably a fish, more preferably Perciformes, such as Archocentrus sp., most preferably A. nigrofasciatus.

(21) Generation of transgenic animals of the present invention is carried out conventionally by techniques well known in the art. There are a number of techniques that permit the introduction of genetic material (such as a transgene) into animals to be transformed, including the viral infection technique; the sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT) technique; the embryonic stem cell technique; the nuclear transfer technique; and the pronuclear microinjection technique. Among them, the most commonly used technique is the pronuclear microinjection technique. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nucleotide sequence coding for a target gene is introduced into the embryo by microinjection.

(22) The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are provided for the purpose of demonstration rather than limitation.

EXAMPLES

Materials and Methods

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Cloning and Sequence Analyses

(23) The sequence of the myosin, light chain 3, skeletal muscle (Mlc3) promoter region was determined by PCR, using tilapia genomic DNA as template. Genomic DNA was extracted from muscle of tilapia, and genomic DNA cloning of the tilapia Mlc3 promoter region was performed as described previously (Peng et al. 2010). In brief, Mlc3 DNA sequences from different cichlid species were obtained from the NCBI database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), and used as probes to screen the Cichlid Genome Resources database (http://cichlid.umd.edu/blast/blast.html/) with BLASTN algorithms. The retrieved scaffold sequence was used to design the following primer pair:

(24) TABLE-US-00001 (SEQ ID NO. 2) 5′-ttctctttttcttcctctgtgggaccat-3′ (forward)  and (SEQ ID NO. 3) 5′-ctgtcacatttaaaaacacacattaacaaa-3′ (reverse).

(25) The PCR product was cloned using a CloneJET PCR cloning kit (Fermentas, www.fermentas.com) and the clone was sequenced.

(26) Gene Constructs

(27) For functional assays, PCR-amplified 5′-promoter regions of the tilapia gene were cloned using a CloneJET PCR cloning kit (Fermentas) and subcloned using a Tol2 kit by BP reaction (a multisite gateway-based construction kit for Tol2 transposon transgenic constructs). The primers mlc3_p4314 (5′-ggggacaactttgtatagaaaagttggctagcttctctttttcttcctctgtgggaccat-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 4)), mlc3p2818 (5′-ggggacaactttgtatagaaaagttggctagctactgacaatacaggccct gaagcaga-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 5)), mlc3_p1500 (5′-ggggacaactttgtatagaaaagttggctagcgcgactgtc agacaaataaccacaacaa-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 6)) and mlc3_R_i1 (5′-ggggactgcttttttgtacaaacttgctg tcacatttaaaaacacacattaacaaa-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 7)), wherein all forward primers contained one NheI site, were used.

(28) These promoter entry clones were used to construct reporter plasmids containing pME-Luc (firefly Photinus pyralis luciferase) and p3E-polyA by an LR reaction, and the resulting plasmids were named as follows:

(29) pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-4314-i1/Luc,

(30) pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-2818-i1/Luc, and

(31) pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-1500-i1/Luc.

(32) The pDestTol2pA2/TK/Rluc (containing pRL Renilla luciferase) reporter plasmid was constructed by an LR reaction, using p5E-TK, pME-RLuc, and p3E-polyA. The pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-4314-i1/Luc plasmid was digested with NheI and one of the following restriction endonucleases: BstEII (-1589), StuI (-149), NdeI (-52), or EcoRV (+84). These fragments were treated with a DNA blunting enzyme from the CloneJET PCR cloning kit (Fermentas), and self-ligated using T4 DNA ligase (Fermentas). pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-4314-i1/Luc was amplified using Phusion® High-Fidelity DNA polymerase (Finnzymes), and self-ligated with T4 DNA ligase (Fermentas).

(33) The backbone primer attR4_shared (5′-CAACTTTTCTATACAAAGTTGATAGCT TGG (SEQ ID NO. 8), 5′ phosphorylation), and other primers shown in Table 1 were used. Deletion fragments generated using a single cutting site used their original promoter entry clones as templates, and were self-ligated with T4 DNA ligase (Fermentas) after digestion with the restriction enzymes indicated in parentheses, as follows:

(34) pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-4314-1594/-554-1-i1/Luc (BglII),

(35) pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-4314-35781-845-1-i1/Luc (HindIII),

(36) pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-2818-2227/-149-1-i1/Luc (StuI), and

(37) pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-2818-15981-554-1-i1/Luc (BglII).

(38) The ends of deletion fragments generated using double restriction endonuclease (RE) cutting sites were blunted after being digested, and then selfligated; and are named as follows:

(39) pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-4314-2854/-554-1-i1/Luc (AccI, BglII),

(40) pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-4314-35781-149-1-i1/Luc (HindIII, StuI),

(41) pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-4314-35781-554-1-i1/Luc (HindIII, BglII),

(42) pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-2818-15901-845-1-i1/Luc (BstEII, HindIII),

(43) pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-1500-8421-149-1-i1/Luc (HindIII, StuI), and

(44) pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-1500-8421-554-1-i1/Luc (HindIII, BglII).

(45) The plasmids containing exon 1, intron 1, or an initiation site downstream of the first DNA sequence were generated. These plasmids as generated were named as follows: -4314-2854/-554-1 (initiation site downstream of the first DNA sequence), -4314-2854/-554-1/e1 (containing the exon 1 region), and -4314-2854/-554-1/i1 (containing the intron 1 region).

(46) The pDestTol2pA2/T.mlc3-p-4314-28541-554-1-i1/Luc was used as the template plasmid, and Luc-phosph (5′-CAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTTAGCCA (SEQ ID NO. 9), 5′ phosphorylation) was used as a backbone primer. PCR was performed as described previously (Peng et al., 2010). The primers used for the promoter activity assay are shown in Table 1 and FIG. 1b, and were synthesized by Quality Systems (Taipei, Taiwan).

(47) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1  Sequence of Primers used in the present invention Primer SEQUENCE SEQ ID NO. mlc3_p4314 GGGGACAACTTTGTATAGAAAAGTTGGCTAGCTTCTCTTTTTCTTC SEQ ID NO. 4 CTCTGTGGGACCAT mlc3_p2818 GGGGACAACTTTGTATAGAAAAGTTGGCTAGCTACTGACAATACAG SEQ ID NO. 5 GCCCTGAAGCAGA mlc3_p1500 GGGGACAACTTTGTATAGAAAAGTTGGCTAGCGCGACTGTCAGACA SEQ ID NO. 6 AATAACCACAACAA mlc3_R_il GGGGACTGCTTTTTTGTACAAACTTGCTGTCACATTTAAAAACACA SEQ ID NO. 7 CATTAACAAA mylz2_p2504 GGGGACAACTTTGTATAGAAAAGTTGATGCTGTGAAGTATTCTCTA SEQ ID NO. 10 mylz2_R GGGGACTGCTTTTTTGTACAAACTTGGTAGTGTCCTGTACTTGAGG SEQ ID NO. 11 3900 CGGTCGACAGGCAGCCTAGCAGCACTA SEQ ID NO. 12 3600 CGGTCGACAGTTTGTACAATTCTGTCAA SEQ ID NO. 13 3200 CGGTCGACTAGCTGGTATTTATACAT SEQ ID NO. 14 1800 CGGTCGACAATTCGAACCAAGAGTCTAA SEQ ID NO. 15 1200 CGGTCGACTTCTTATAAACCACGGAGA SEQ ID NO. 16 1100 GTTGGGTAATAATTGTATATGA SEQ ID NO. 17 1040 CGGTCGACTTGTTGCTTTTGAAATTGTG SEQ ID NO. 18 1000 AAATAACTTGAAAAATAAAACT SEQ ID NO. 19  980 CGGTCGACCTGCACTTGGAGAATCAGAG SEQ ID NO. 20  900 AAATTAAGTTTGTTACATCA SEQ ID NO. 21  800 CCATGGAGAGCTCTGCTGA SEQ ID NO. 22  700 CGGTCGACTTATGTAAGTTTAACTTT SEQ ID NO. 23  500 CGGTCGACGCCGCTCAGTGTCAATGCT SEQ ID NO. 24  280 CGGTCGACAGAGGAGAGAAGTCTAAGT SEQ ID NO. 25  180 CGGTCGACTTCTAAAAATAGCCCTGT SEQ ID NO. 26  165 CGGTCGACTGTCCCCTTCTAAAGGCCT SEQ ID NO. 27 attR4_shared CAACTTTTCTATACAAAGTTGATAGCTTGG  SEQ ID NO. 28 (5′ phosphorylation) 3900R TAGTGCTGCTAGGCTGCCTAACTTGT  SEQ ID NO. 28 (5′ phosphorylation) Luc-phosph CAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTTAGCCA  SEQ ID NO. 29 (5′ phosphorylation) w/o_exon1 AGCCATGGTCAAAGCACCCCTCTT SEQ ID NO. 29 w/o_intron1 TTTGGAGAGCAGGAGCTGGAGGAG SEQ ID NO. 30 F_Tmlc3-p- AGGCGTCGACGGATCCTTCTCTTTTTCTTCCTCTGT SEQ ID NO. 31 4314_SalI_  BamHI R_Tmlc3-i1_ CATCTAGACTGTCACATTTAAAAACACA SEQ ID NO. 32 XbaI F_11-2FP_ GGTCTAGAATGGCTCTGTCAAAGCACGGT SEQ ID NO. 33 XbaI R_11-2FP_ GTAGATCTTTATCCGGGCAATGCGGAT SEQ ID NO. 34 BglII

(48) To generate transgenic fluorescent fish, the tilapia Mlc3 promoter region were ligated to the TcRFP fluorescent protein gene (wherein the plasmid was acquired from Dr. Ming-Chyuan Chen, at Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan (unpublished results). The tilapia Mlc3 promoter region (-4314-3882/-800-1-i1) was ligated to TcRFP in the pUC19 plasmid, to generate pUC19/T.mlc3-4314-3882/-800-141/TcRFP (FIG. 5a, left). This plasmid was then cut with BamHI and HpaI, and the TcRFP construct sub-cloned into the Tol2 vector to generate Tol2pA2/T.mlc2-4314-38821-800-1-i1/TcRFP (FIG. 5a, right).

(49) Injection of Tilapia Myosin, Light Chain 3, Skeletal Muscle (Mlc3) Promoter Region into A. nigrofasciatus Muscle and Promoter Assay

(50) Deletion fragments containing various lengths of the tilapia Mlc3 promoter region ligated to luciferase were constructed. Plasmids with various lengths of the Mlc3 promoter region were as follows: -4314, -1800, -1589, -1500, -1200, -1100, -1040, -1000, -980, -900, -800, -700, -500, -280, -180, -165, -149, -52, and +84 (see FIG. 1b, and FIG. 2b). The initiation site was defined as +1. Mylz2-2500 indicates the zebrafish Mylz2 2.5-kb-long promoter region from our previous study (Peng et al., 2010). Deletion fragments between the intermediate zone of the Mlc3 promoter region were as follows: -4314-1594/-554-1/i1, -4314-2854/-554-1/i1, -4314-3578/-149-1/i1, -4314-3578/-554-1/i1, -4314-3578/-845-1/i1, -3900-2854/-554-1/i1, -3600-2854/-554-1/i1, -3200-2854/-554-1/i1, -4314-3882/-700-1/i1, -4314-3882/-800-1/i1, -2818-2227/-149-1/i1, -2818-1598/-554-1/i1, -2818-1590/-845-1/i1, -1500-842/-149-1/i1, -1500-842/-554-1/i1, -4314-2854/-554-1, -4314-2854/-554-1/e1, and -4314-2854/-554-1/i1 (see FIGS. 1b, 3, 4).

(51) These numbers can be compared to the sequence information in Figure to identify the region. For example, -4314-2854 indicates a fragment between -4314 and -2854 bp. The designation “i1” indicates that the plasmid includes the intron 1 region. The designation “e1” indicates that the plasmid includes the exon 1 region. The fragment -4314-2854/-554-1 does not contain exon 1 or intron 1. Each A. nigrofasciatus embryo was injected with 2.61×10-6 μmole of a reporter plasmid (FIGS. 2, 3, 4) and the pDestTol2pA2/TK/Rluc vector (each fish was injected with 4 μg). The latter was used as an internal control, and contained the Renilla Luciferase Control Reporter mixture. After injection, fish were maintained in water for 96 h and then subjected to the luciferase assay. Fish used had body lengths of 5 cm. The head and internal organs of each fish were removed, and an equal weight of passive lysis buffer was added to the muscle (for example, 1 ml of buffer was added to 1 g of fish weight). The mixtures were homogenized, and each fragment was placed in a tube; the sample was mechanically disrupted with passive lysis buffer (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA) on ice. This was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 10 min, and 2 μl of the resulting supernatant was mixed with 50 μl of luciferase assay reagent II (Promega); emission was then measured with a Fluoroskan Ascent FL luminometer (Thermo Labsystems, Ramsey, Minn., USA). Promoter analysis values are presented as the mean±SEM.

(52) Microinjection and Development of Transgenic Pink Fluoresence A. nigrofasciatus Var

(53) The Mlc3/TcRFP plasmid (pUC19/T.mlc3-4314-3882/-800-141/TcRFP) (FIG. 5a, left panel) was constructed by amplifying the Mlc3 promoter by PCR as described above, and ligating it into the Tol2pA2 vector via BamHI and HpaI RE sites (FIG. 5a, right panel). Plasmid DNA of Mlc3/TcRFP (Tol2pA2/T.mlc3-4314-3882/-800-141/TcRFP; see FIG. 5) was injected into the one-cell stage of ˜200 A. nigrofasciatus var. eggs with transposase mRNA; after injection, the eggs were placed in a 28° C. incubator. The whole body of A. nigrofasciatus var. was examined by fluorescence microscopy using an FITC filter (IX71; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) every 120 min. Fish were cultured in water at a temperature of 26˜29° C. The pH value ranged from 6.6˜7.8. The photoperiod was fixed at 12-h light/12-h dark. Prior to 30 days post-fertilization (dpf), embryos were fed on brine shrimp, while 3˜16-week-old fish were fed ayu feed (Fry Early, Uni-president Group, Taiwan), and adult fish were fed Tetra Bits (Tetra, Germany).

(54) Results

(55) Tilapia Mlc3

(56) Using a primer (p4314) and exon 2 (Table 1), we cloned a 5′ Mlc3 promoter region including exon 1 and partial intron 1 sequences (see FIGS. 1a and 1b). BLASTN analysis revealed that the sequence was Mlc3, skeletal muscle isoform-like from Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) (GenBank XM_003453183.1 and AERX01030583.1). Approximately 51 bp at the 3′ end of tilapia Mlc3 flanking region was identical to the published sequence, with the exception of exon 1 (FIG. 1b).

(57) A search of the TRANSFAC (http://www.gene-regulation.com/pub/databases.html) database revealed many putative transcription factor-binding sites in the promoter region, including binding sites for MYOG (Myogenin (myogenic factor 4)), MyoD, MEF-2 (myocyte-specific enhancer factor), PKNOX1, and AREB6 (FIG. 1b).

(58) Tilapia Mlc3 Gene Promoter Activity

(59) To determine which regions of the tilapia Mlc3 5′ end confer promoter activity, we constructed sequential 5′ deletions of the putative promoter region, either with or without the transcription start site ligated to the luciferase coding sequence (FIG. 2b).

(60) Plasmids containing the various constructs were injected into A. nigrofasciatus muscle, and relative luciferase activity was measured 96 h later. Minimal luciferase activity was observed with promoter regions +84, -52, -165, -1500, and -1200 (positions are relative to the transcription start site), while it was much higher with the -900, -800, and -700 fragments (FIG. 2b). We next asked whether deletions in the promoter intermediate zone had any effects on luciferase activity through deletion of myogenic- or myocyte-related transcription factor-binding sequences. The -4314-3882/-800-1/i1 construct exhibited a significant increase (150-fold) in luciferase activity as compared to that of the -1500-842/-149-1/i1 construct fragment (FIG. 3).

(61) The -4314-3882/-800-1/i1 construct contains one MYOG and two MEF-2 binding sequences between -4314 and -3882 bp, and two MYOG and three MEF-2 binding sequences between -149 and -1 bp. These results suggest that the region between -700 and -800 bp may contain strong positive regulatory elements, and the region between -3882 and -800 bp may contain negative regulatory elements. To establish whether the region containing intron 1 or exon 1 enhances promoter activity, we constructed three different constructs containing (i) intron 1; (ii) exon 1 alone; or (iii) neither intron 1 nor exon 1. Luciferase reporter activity was driven by the same promoter fragment for each construct (FIG. 4). A 2.1˜-5.9-fold increase in luciferase activity was observed for the -4314-2854/-554-1/i1 (intron 1) construct as compared to the -4314-2854/-554-1 (no exon and intron) or -4314-2854/-554-1/e1 (exon 1 only) constructs (FIG. 4), indicating that partial intron 1 and exon 1 sequences enhance promoter activity.

(62) Intense Pink Fluorescence in Live Transgenic A. nigrofasciatus Var.

(63) We proceeded to examine the possibility of using the -4314-3882/-800-1-i1 promoter construct to generate transgenic ornamental fish. The -4314-3882/-800-1-i1 construct was ligated to the TcRFP reporter in the Tol2 plasmid (FIG. 5), and the plasmid was delivered into one-cell embryos by microinjection. We initially obtained eleven transgenic A. nigrofasciatus var. nine of which survived. The survivors (F0) were mated with wild-type (WT) A. nigrofasciatus var. to establish transgenic lines (F1 strain). Only one transgenic F0 parent (9 dpf) transmitted strong fluorescence to its offspring. In the F1 generation (60 dpf), the pink fluorescence was bright and readily observed under normal daylight.

(64) It is illustrated in the examples that the Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) gene can be expressed with high levels in skeletal muscle, in order to create fluorescent ornamental fish or to enhance protein expression in muscle. In the present invention, the myosin, light chain 3, skeletal muscle (Mlc3) promoter region was cloned, because in contrast to many other musclerelated promoters, the structure is simple with a short sequence. The Mlc3 promoter is capable of driving high expression of transgenes. Previously, the zebrafish Mylz2 promoter was used to drive GFP expression in A. nigrofasciatus, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, medaka, and zebrafish (Zeng et al. 2005; Pan et al. 2008; Hsieh et al. 2010; Peng et al. 2010), and muscle-specific expression patterns were detected in the species tested. However, when we used the zebrafish Mylz2 promoter to drive TcRFP expression by a single microinjection into A. nigrofasciatus fertilized eggs, we observed weak fluorescence in the F0 generation. In addition, a previous publication reported that zebrafish Mylz2 promoter-driven expression of RFP in G. ternetzi body muscles was patchy (Pan et al. 2008). Although stable fluorescent transgenic Oryzias dancena lines in which RFP is driven by the O. dancena myosin light chain 2 promoter have been generated previously (Cho Y S et al., Characterization of stable fluorescent transgenic marine medaka (Oryzias dancena) lines carrying red fluorescent protein gene driven by myosin light chain 2 promoter. Transgenic Res (PMID:23188170), 2012), this promoter has not been used to produce fluorescent protein in other fish species. Hence, there is still a need to identify stronger muscle-specific, cross-species promoters for use in transgenic fish development.

(65) In the present invention, we isolated and characterized the tilapia Mlc3 gene (62 bp), including 4.3 kb of its promoter region (FIG. 1b). Inspection of this promoter region revealed binding sequences for MYOG, MEF-2, MyoD, PKNOX1 and AREB6, among other transcription factors. The binding sequences of PKNOX1 and AREB6 are not, however, found in the zebrafish MLC2f (myosin light chain 2) gene (Xu Y et al., Fast skeletal muscle-specific expression of a zebrafish myosin light chain 2 gene and characterization of its promoter by direct injection into skeletal muscle. DNA Cell Biol 18:85-95, 1999). The zebrafish MLC2f gene is expressed in embryos and adult fish, and is specifically expressed in fast skeletal muscles (Xu et al. 1999). Comparison of the 1.4-kb upstream region of zebrafish or Sparus aurata MLC2 with that of tilapia Mlc3 revealed that, in addition to consensus sequences such as the MEF-2 binding site, MyoD binding sites also existed in these promoter regions (Xu et al. 1999; Funkenstein et al., Characterization and functional analysis of the 5′ flanking region of myosin light chain-2 gene expressed in white muscle of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2:187-199, 2007). Binding of the MEF-2 transcription factor plays an important role in activating many cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific promoters/enhancers, and also acts as a key regulator in cardiac and skeletal muscle lineages (Gossett et al., A new myocyte-specific enhancer-binding factor that recognizes a conserved element associated with multiple muscle-specific genes. Mol Cell Biol 9:5022-5033, 1989; Cserjesi, P and Olson, E N, Myogenin induces the myocyte-specific enhancer binding factor MEF-2 independently of other muscle-specific gene products. Mol Cell Biol 11:4854-4862, 1991). Another report suggested that MEF-2 is a regulator of myogenic bHLH genes (Edmondson D G et al., Analysis of the myogenin promoter reveals an indirect pathway for positive autoregulation mediated by the muscle-specific enhancer factor MEF-2. Mol Cell Biol 12:3665-3677, 1992). The tilapia Mlc3 promoter contains two putative MEF-2 binding sequences between -4314 and -3882 bp, and two putative MEF-2 binding sequences between -800 and -1 bp. These MEF-2-binding sequences may be required to enhance activation, according to our in vivo promoter analysis. The MEF-2 and bHLH transcription factors can co-activate many skeletal muscle-specific genes, and are involved in myogenesis (Arnold, H H and Winter, B, Muscle differentiation: more complexity to the network of myogenic regulators. Curr Opin Genet Dev 8:539-544, 1998; Black, B L and Olson, E N, Transcriptional control of muscle development by myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) proteins. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 14:167-196, 1998). In addition, MyoD and MEF-2 bound to DNA in vivo are efficient muscle-specific promoters (Fickett, J W, Coordinate positioning of MEF2 and myogenin binding sites. Gene 172:GC19-32, 1996). As a region within 79 bp of the proximal promoter region and 3 kb of the promoter region of the zebrafish MLC2f gene was found to be sufficient for high levels of expression in muscle cells, it was previously suggested that no other enhancers exist within the 3-kb promoter (Xu et al. 1999). However, the presence of enhancers outside of this 3-kb region cannot be ruled out, as we identified regulatory sequences outside of the tilapia Mlc3 promoter.

(66) In the present invention, we injected DNA (promoter fragments) into A. nigrofasciatus muscle, and found that tilapia Mlc3 is a muscle-specific promoter. These results indicate that, despite the low DNA sequence similarity of proximal promoter sequences between the tilapia Mlc3 and zebrafish Mylz2, they both result in muscle-specific expression. It is suggested that transient promoter activity analysis is an effective and reliable system to study muscle-specific promoter activity (Tan, J H, and Chan, W K, Efficient gene transfer into zebrafish skeletal muscle by intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 6:98-10, 1997; Funkenstein et al. 2007). This experimental method was pioneered using DNA directly injected into skeletal muscle of mice (Wolff, J A et al., Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science 247:1465-1468, 1990). This technique was used to A. nigrofasciatus. Spatial and temporal patterns of TcRFP expression during larval and adult development were similar for all live transgenic A. nigrofasciatus var. of the F1 generation. The signal became stronger throughout development, and in the adult, the intense pink fluorescence was found in the whole body, with the exception of the eyes, head/jaw, and fins. Overall TcRFP expression patterns in live transgenic A. nigrofasciatus var. were consistent with zebrafish Mylz2 promoter-driven GFP expression patterns in A. nigrofasciatus (F3 generation) (Hsieh et al. 2010) and expression patterns of other Mlc2 promoter-driven fluorescent proteins in different transgenic fish strains, including: zebrafish Mylz2 promoter-driven RFP in Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (patchy expression in body muscles) (Pan et al. 2008); zebrafish Mylz2 promoter-driven RFP in zebrafish (expression in whole-body muscle) (Peng et al. 2010); O. dancena Mylc2f promoter-driven RFP in O. dancena (expression in body muscle) (Cho et al. 2012); and medaka Mylz2 promoter-driven GFP in transient transgenic zebrafish embryos (expression in skeletal muscle) (Zeng et al. 2005). The intensity of the fluorescence in A. nigrofasciatus var. was comparable to that of other transgenic fish with different muscle-specific promoters, and exhibited patchy expression due to mosaicism in transgenic founders, resulting from an uneven distribution of injected DNA (Westerfield, M et al., Specific activation of mammalian Hox promoters in mosaic transgenic zebrafish. Genes Dev 6:591-598, 1992; Udvadia, A J and Linney, E, Windows into development: historic, current, and future perspectives on transgenic zebrafish. Dev Biol 256:1-17, 2003). It is illustrated that stable transgenic germlines of A. nigrofasciatus var. carrying a tilapia Mlc3 promoter-driven TcRFP transgene was generated. We also applied a functional promoter assay originally developed for muscle tissues to whole fish, thus providing information on tissue-specific patterns of gene regulation.

(67) Furthermore, it is also deduced that the region between -4314 and -3882 and between -1 and -800 bp may contain positive regulatory elements by comparing luciferase activities; sequence analysis revealed that these regions contain MEF-2 and MYOG binding sites, which could enhance activity.

(68) It was concluded in the present invention that the tilapia Mlc3 promoter may play an important role in muscle development. Furthermore, fluorescent transgenic A. nigrofasciatus var. has great potential as a novel medium-sized ornamental fish in the aquaria market.