Acoustic diaphragm

Abstract

An acoustic diaphragm made at least in part from an expanded material. The expanded material includes one or more of cellulose, synthetic fibers and glass fibers. The expanded material has more than about 55% by volume voids.

Claims

1. An acoustic diaphragm comprising: an expanded material comprising one or more of: cellulose, synthetic fibers and glass fibers, wherein the expanded material has two opposed surfaces, a stiffness, and more than about 55% by volume voids; and a skin overlying and fixed to a surface of the expanded material, where the skin is made from a different material than the expanded material, and has a stiffness that is greater than the stiffness of the expanded material.

2. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the expanded material has more than about 70% by volume voids.

3. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 2 wherein the expanded material has at least about 97% by volume voids.

4. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the expanded material has a density of from about 0.04 g/cc to about 0.7 g/cc.

5. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the expanded material has a density, and the density varies by location.

6. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 5 wherein the diaphragm has a generally round shape, and the density of the expanded material varies by radial location.

7. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the expanded material has an areal density of from about 0.4 to about 1 kg/m.sup.2.

8. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the expanded material has a thickness of from about 0.2 mm to about 11 mm.

9. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the expanded material comprises cellulose and a polymer material.

10. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 9 wherein the polymer material comprises an acrylic.

11. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 10 wherein the acrylic comprises polyacrylonitrile.

12. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the skin comprises at least one of: a metal layer, a plastic layer, and a thermoset layer.

13. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the skin comprises a metal layer, and the metal comprises aluminum.

14. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the skin is fixed to the expanded material by an adhesive material.

15. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 14 wherein the adhesive material comprises at least one of: a polymer, a thermoset, a low-density polyethylene, a pressure-sensitive adhesive, a carboxylated ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), and a styrene-isobutylene-styrene block copolymer.

16. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the skin has a thickness of from about 7 microns to about 250 microns.

17. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the expanded material has a longitudinal speed of sound of from about 1,500 m/s to about 7,000 m/s, and an areal density of no more than about 1 kg/m.sup.2.

18. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 further comprising skins at least partially overlying and fixed to both surfaces of the expanded material, wherein the skins are made from a different material than the expanded material and have a stiffness that is greater than the stiffness of the expanded material.

19. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the expanded material comprises integral ribbing on at least one surface.

20. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 19 wherein the ribbing is radial.

21. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 20 wherein the diaphragm has a generally annular shape, and wherein the radial ribbing extends along at least most of the length of radii of the annulus.

22. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the diaphragm has a generally annular shape.

23. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 22 wherein the diaphragm has a generally frustoconical shape.

24. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the diaphragm is generally flat.

25. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the diaphragm comprises a material merit number of |E*|/ρ.sup.3 of from about 30 to about 500 Pa*m.sup.9/kg.sup.3.

26. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 further comprising a damping material either on a surface of or impregnated into the expanded material.

27. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 1 wherein the expanded material comprises synthetic fibers and glass fibers.

28. An acoustic diaphragm, comprising: an expanded material comprising one or more of: cellulose, synthetic fibers and glass fibers, wherein the expanded material has a thickness of from about 0.2 mm to about 11 mm, two opposed surfaces, a stiffness, a density of from about 0.04 g/cc to about 0.7 g/cc, and more than about 70% by volume voids; and a skin overlying and fixed to a surface of the expanded material, where the skin is made from aluminum or an aluminum alloy, and has a stiffness that is greater than the stiffness of the expanded material.

29. An acoustic diaphragm, comprising: an expanded material comprising one or more of: cellulose, synthetic fibers and glass fibers, wherein the expanded material has a thickness of from about 0.2 mm to about 11 mm, two opposed surfaces, a stiffness, a density of from about 0.04 g/cc to about 0.7 g/cc, and more than about 70% by volume voids; skins overlying both opposed surfaces of the expanded material, where the skins are made from aluminum or an aluminum alloy, have a thickness of from about 7 microns to about 250 microns, and have a stiffness that is greater than the stiffness of the expanded material; and an adhesive material that fixes the skins to the surfaces of the expanded material.

30. The acoustic diaphragm of claim 29, wherein the expanded material comprises radial ribbing on at least one surface.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is simplified schematic view of an acoustic transducer.

(2) FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of an acoustic diaphragm.

(3) FIG. 2B is a partial enlarged view of the acoustic diaphragm of FIG. 2A.

(4) FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an acoustic diaphragm.

(5) FIG. 4 is a side view of an acoustic diaphragm.

(6) FIG. 5 is a side view of an acoustic diaphragm.

(7) FIG. 6 is a top view of an acoustic diaphragm.

(8) FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an acoustic diaphragm.

(9) FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of an acoustic diaphragm.

(10) FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a mold for fabricating an acoustic diaphragm.

(11) FIG. 10A is a partial, exploded view of an acoustic diaphragm assembly.

(12) FIG. 10B illustrates an acoustic diaphragm assembly with an electrical lead embedded in a diaphragm and terminated at the voice coil and the surround.

(13) FIGS. 11A and 11B are enlarged images of a prior-art traditional paper and an expanded paper according to this disclosure, respectively.

(14) FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of an acoustic diaphragm with varied thickness.

(15) FIGS. 13-21 are plots that illustrate aspects of the subject acoustic diaphragms.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(16) Highly expanded, low density, cellulose (e.g., paper)-based and synthetic fiber-based foams are light and stiff, and thus are well suited for use in acoustic diaphragms. Their stiffness can be enhanced with thin coatings (skins) of stiff materials on some or all of one or both faces of the diaphragm. Damping can be enhanced by the use of highly damped materials between the foam and the skin, or by integrating (e.g., impregnating) the damping materials into the foam. The foam diaphragms can be produced in various shapes, including flat diaphragms and shallow cones. Further, the foams can be created with variable thickness, to produce acoustic transducers with tailored performance.

(17) A loudspeaker 10, shown in FIG. 1, includes an acoustic diaphragm 12 made as described herein. Diaphragm 12 has an inside 16 and an outside 18. The relationship of the motor 14 (including a magnet 14a, voice coil 14b, bobbin 14c, and pole 14d in the example of FIG. 1) is for illustration only. Other arrangements are possible, for example, the motor 14 may be located inside the volume defined by the diaphragm. Other components of the loudspeaker in the example of FIG. 1 include a basket 20 with ventilation holes 22, electrical connections 24a and 24b, and a suspension 26. Other configurations are possible, for example, the loudspeaker may have multiple suspension elements (e.g., a spider and a surround) or a single suspension element (a spider or a surround). The diaphragm as described herein could be used in any variety of acoustic transducer configurations, and those shown herein are for illustration only.

(18) Acoustic diaphragm 25, FIGS. 2A and 2B, comprises in some examples herein expanded cellulose-containing paper material or expanded synthetic paper material. The expanded material makes up part or all of layer 27. The expanded material has more than about 55% by volume voids. The expanded material may preferably have more than about 70% voids, and may more preferably have at least about 97% voids. The range of voids may be between about 55 and about 97.5% by volume. The ranges of voids may be calculated based on the density of the expanded composite material and the density of cellulose. The density of residual acrylics from the blowing agent is about 1.17 g/cc. This would change the upper limit to about 97% if 40% blowing agent was used in the material, of which about 90% remained as residual acrylics. The density of the expanded material is preferably between about 0.04 g/cc and 0.7 g/cc. The density may vary by location in the layer 27. For example, when the diaphragm is generally round in shape, the density may vary by radial location. Density variation across a diaphragm is further described below. The thickness of layer 27 is preferably from about 0.2 mm to about 10 or 11 mm. These variables are further described and illustrated elsewhere herein.

(19) The expanded cellulose-containing paper material may also include a polymer material such as an acrylic, though other polymers may be used. Polyacrylonitrile is one preferred acrylic material, though others may be used. The expanded paper material may be fabricated by mixing cellulose fibers, particles of a physical blowing agent such as described herein, and a liquid suspension medium such as water, to form a suspension, and then felting the suspension and molding the felted suspension under conditions that cause the blowing agent to form voids, resulting in an expanded paper material that has more than about 55% by volume voids. An example of a prior art normal (i.e., not expanded) paper, and an expanded paper made in the described fashion, are shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B, respectively. The expanded paper preferably has more than about 70% voids, and more preferably has up to about 97%-98% voids. These voids may be created by the use of a physical blowing agent during the expanded paper molding operation, as described elsewhere herein.

(20) To fabricate an expanded paper diaphragm, cellulose, synthetic, and/or glass fibers may first be mixed with a liquid suspension medium, such as water. A physical blowing agent (such as those described herein) having a liquid material encapsulated in polymer shells, may be added to the mixture. The mixture is then deposited onto a die or tool placed on top of a screen using a felting tube. The die or tool may have the desired shape of the diaphragm to be formed. For example, the die or tool may have grooves or indentations, and may be a generally flat or generally conical shape (though other shapes may be used). Following deposition of the mixture onto the die or tool, a vacuum is applied to the mixture from the bottom of the felting machine through the screen. The vacuum pulls the mixture onto the die and removes most of the water from the mixture, leaving only a wet felt comprising cellulose, synthetic and/or glass fibers and the blowing agent, if used, on the die. If the die contains grooves or indentations, the vacuum pulls the mixture into those grooves or indentations, thus forming a diaphragm having variable areal density. Next, the wet material is inserted into a press, and heat and/or pressure are applied to mold the diaphragm. While in the press, the water steam evaporates and the material dries. If a blowing agent is used, the blowing agent expands, thus forming the expanded paper material.

(21) The expanded synthetic paper material does not contain cellulose. It typically includes synthetic fibers and glass, and potentially other components. An unexpanded synthetic paper material that includes components used in the present synthetic paper expanded material is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,172,035, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

(22) The polymer material may be present in the cellulose-containing expanded paper material from the residual shells of the blowing agent. In one example the blowing agent comprises a liquid (such as pentane and other low boiling hydrocarbons) that gasifies and greatly expands under the molding conditions (i.e., with application of pressure and temperature), where that liquid material is carried in polymer capsules or shells. The polymer may be an acrylonitrile homopolymer or copolymer. Other polymers may be used for the blowing agent shell. Once the molding operation is complete, the polyacrylonitrile (or other polymer from the blowing agent shell) remains in the expanded paper. In this example, then, the expanded paper consists essentially of only (or consists only of) cellulose and the polyacrylonitrile (or other residual polymer from the blowing agent capsules). In other examples the expanded paper comprises cellulose and a polymer.

(23) The stiffness of diaphragm 25, FIG. 2, can be increased by covering some or all of one or both of its surfaces with a thin, stiff skin. The skin is made from a different material than layer 27. In non-limiting examples, the skin can be made from a material comprising a metal, a polymer or a thermoset, for example. Skin 29, FIG. 2, can be a thin aluminum or aluminum alloy layer that is bonded to the underside of layer 27. Skin 29 may alternatively be made from a polymer such as a polycarbonate, a polyolefin fabric, or a thermoset such as a cross-linked polyurethane, for example. Binding of the skin to layer 27 may be accomplished with adhesive substance 28. In some non-limiting examples, adhesive substance 28 is also a damping material. Damping materials are further described elsewhere herein. As illustrated by diaphragm 30, FIG. 3, expanded material layer 34 can be covered on both its top and bottom sides by skins 38 and 36, respectively. The skins may have a thickness of from about 7 microns to about 250 microns. The thickness is dependent at least in part on the skin material, the stiffness desired of the diaphragm with the skin, and other factors discussed herein. As two non-limiting examples, aluminum skins may have a thickness of from about 7 microns to about 50 microns, and polymer skins may have a thickness of from about 50 microns to about 250 microns.

(24) In an alternative example the acoustic diaphragm may comprise a paper layer rather than an expanded material layer. Desired stiffness is achieved in this case by using one or two skins made of a different material than the underlying paper layer. The skins may for example be of one or more of the types described herein.

(25) The subject acoustic diaphragm can take any desired shape. The diaphragm can, for example, be flat or generally flat, or not. It can be generally cone shaped (e.g., frustoconical), and have a desired height to diameter ratio (i.e., aspect ratio). It can be annular, oval, square or rectangular, or have other shapes or peripheral configurations. The shape will normally be dictated by the requirements of the acoustic transducer in which the diaphragm is to be used. Examples of shapes include flat diaphragm 40, FIG. 4 and frustoconical diaphragm 42, FIG. 5.

(26) The diaphragm can include ribbing that can change the stiffness profile. The ribbing can be integrally formed in the expanded material layer, and on one or both surfaces of the diaphragm, or the ribbing can be in one or both skins when skins are present. For a diaphragm that is generally round such as diaphragm 50, FIG. 6, ribs 53-56 on surface 52 may be radial, or at least generally radial. When ribbing is radial, it may extend along some of, most of or all of the length of the radii, as in FIG. 6. However, the ribbing need not be radial; it can be designed to achieve a desired stiffness and other properties that are useful for the particular diaphragm and the acoustic transducer in which the diaphragm is to be used.

(27) Integral ribbing is illustrated in cellulose-containing layer 60, FIG. 7, where spaced ribs such as ribs 64 and 66 project from one surface. Ribs 64 could be created by, for example, the shape of the mold tool. An alternative illustrated in diaphragm 70, FIG. 8, includes surface ribbing 76 and 78 formed in skin 74 that overlies a surface of expanded material layer 72. Ribbing in a skin can be formed in the skin before it is applied to the expanded material layer, or the expanded material layer can be created with surface ribs, and the skin can conform to this shape when applied so as to create ribbing in the skin.

(28) When present, the skin(s) can be coupled to a surface of the expanded material layer in a desired fashion. One preferred manner is to use a material that acts like an adhesive between the expanded material layer and the skin. Such materials may include a soft polymer resin such as polyethylene, or a thermoset such as epoxy, for example. The adhesive may also act as a damping agent that helps to damp unwanted vibrations of the diaphragm. Low-density polyethylene, various pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) such as carboxylated acrylics, carboxylated ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, and thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), such as styrene-isobutylene-styrene block copolymers can be used as damping adhesives. The adhesive can be applied to the outer surface of the expanded material layer, or one surface of the skin, and then the skin can be applied to the expanded material layer. The skins can be applied via insert molding, or can be applied post-molding.

(29) Desired acoustic response of a diaphragm can at least in part also be accomplished by varying the thickness of the diaphragm across its dimensions. A non-limiting example is shown in FIG. 12, wherein diaphragm 120 comprises an expanded paper layer with central area 122, shallow walls 124 and flange 126. Location 128 where wall 124 meets flange 126 can be thickened as shown, to create additional stiffness in this location. Variable thickness can be created by appropriate shaping of the mold tool. Similar variable stiffness results can be achieved by varying the density of the expanded material layer. Density variation can be accomplished by three dimensional felting such as can be accomplished by the use of a felting tool, which can be a plate with grooves or other depressions machined into its surface that is part of the mold tool used during expansion/foaming of the material; these depressions become raised features in the finished diaphragm. Alternatively, the felting tool can be used to create a flush diaphragm surface but with varied densities of the diaphragm material (i.e., uniform thickness but variable density), which can be caused by pressing down of the raised features. Thus felting can create diaphragms with either constant areal densities or variable areal densities.

(30) Maximizing the first modal frequency of a diaphragm of fixed dimensions and minimizing its mass may be achieved by maximizing the material merit number of |E*|/ρ.sup.3, where E* is the complex tensile modulus and ρ is density. It has been found that materials characterized by |E*|/ρ.sup.3 of from about 30 to about 500 Pa*m.sup.9/kg.sup.3 provide for efficient diaphragms with better frequency response than a material with a lower |E*|/ρ.sup.3. High value of |E*|/ρ.sup.3 is equivalent to a high value of bulk longitudinal speed of sound, the square root of the ratio of |E*|/ρ, and a low value of areal density in the completed diaphragm. It has been found that diaphragm materials of this disclosure (with low areal densities between about 0.4 and about 1 kg/m.sup.2 and particularly those with one or two skins) should have a longitudinal speed of sound that is generally in the range of from about 1,500 meters per second (m/s) to about 7,000 m/s.

(31) A molding process that allows for different thicknesses and densities of the cellulose-containing layer is schematically depicted in FIG. 9. Mold 80 comprises lower tool part 82 and mating upper tool part 84 that can float up and down relative to tool part 82 as depicted by arrow 90, to create cavity 86. The upper limit of travel of tool part 84 can be limited by using a stop 88. The extent of travel, along with the configuration of cavity 86, can create an expanded material layer with a particular thickness, particular variable thicknesses, and a particular density/variable density.

(32) Table 1 presents data for some of the materials used in the present diaphragms, and for diaphragms made from prior art materials. Table 2 presents data for certain components of the acoustic diaphragms that fall under the principles of the present disclosure. Several acoustic diaphragms with expanded paper material that comprises cellulose (with and without skins), and paper diaphragms with skins, were fabricated and tested for certain properties. Some of the test data is presented in Table 3.

(33) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 (prior art) Thickness Density Areal density |E*| |E*|/ρ.sup.3 (|E*|/ρ).sup.0.5 Sample ID Composition (mm) (g/cm.sup.3) (g/cm.sup.2) (MPa) (Pa * m.sup.9/kg.sup.3) m/s tanδ Standard paper Paper pulp with paper chemicals 0.59 0.5737 0.034 2500 13 2088 0.023 Paper (beaten) Beaten pulp w/out paper chemicals 0.63 0.6230 0.039 3900 15 2437 0.028 Paper (beaten) Beaten pulp with paper chemicals 0.30 0.6341 0.019 3000 12 2175 0.028 Lyocell Lyocell w/out paper chemicals 0.68 0.5640 0.038 1660 9 1716 0.024 Fiber composite PAN fiber/PP fiber/glass fiber/Pulp 0.67 0.5429 0.036 2000 12 1919 0.030 Aluminum Aluminum alloy 1100 0.77 2.70 0.208 71000 3.6 5128 0.001 PET Poly(ethylene terephthalate) N/A 1.38 N/A 4500 1.7 1806 0.010 PP Polypropylene N/A 0.91 N/A 1300 1.7 1195 0.090

(34) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 (components) Thickness Density Areal density |E*| |E*|/ρ.sup.3 (|E*|/ρ).sup.0.5 Sample ID Composition (mm) (g/cm.sup.3) (g/cm.sup.2) (MPa) (Pa * m.sup.9/kg.sup.3) m/s tanδ Aluminum Aluminum alloy 1100 0.77 2.70 0.208 71000 3.6 5128 0.001 PC Polycarbonate 1.59 1.18 0.188 2400 1.5 1426 0.008 SIBStar 102T isobutylene/styrene 85/15 2.95 0.947 0.280 15 0.02 126 1.600 Vinnapas EP7000 ethylene/vinyl acetate with PVA 2.15 1.050 0.226 827 0.71 887 1.550 Airflex 426 ethylene/vinyl acetate/acrylic acid 1.45 1.188 0.173 500 0.30 649 1.400 LDPE Low density polyethylene 0.03 0.920 0.002 75.4 0.10 286 0.230

(35) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 (examples) Thickness Density Areal density |E*| |E*|/ρ.sup.3 (|E*|/ρ).sup.0.5 Sample ID Composition (mm) (g/cm.sup.3) (g/cm.sup.2) (MPa) (Pa * m.sup.9/kg.sup.3) m/s tanδ Expanded composite 1 25/75 BA/Beaten pulp 0.51 0.108 0.006 280 223 1611 0.029 Expanded composite 2 25/75 BA/Beaten pulp 0.97 0.108 0.010 248 197 1516 0.020 Expanded composite 3 32/68 BA/Beaten pulp 3.83 0.104 0.040 350 308 1831 0.040 Expanded composite 4 44/56 BA/Beaten pulp 5.08 0.030 0.040 180 358 1505 0.039 Expanded composite 5 44/56 BA/Beaten pulp 2.38 0.085 0.020 185 269 1393 0.040 Expanded composite 6 44/56 BA/Beaten pulp 1.61 0.112 0.018 370 262 1816 0.030 Expanded composite 7 44/56 BA/Beaten pulp 1.14 0.145 0.017 310 101 1462 0.030 Expanded composite 8 44/56 BA/Beaten pulp 0.88 0.129 0.011 265 125 1436 0.025 Expanded composite 9 44/56 BA/Beaten pulp 1.06 0.108 0.011 180 144 1292 0.030 Expanded composite 10 32/43/25 BA/Beaten Pulp/glass 3.75 0.101 0.038 300 289 1721 0.025 Expanded composite 11 32/48/20 BA/Beaten Pulp/glass 4.18 0.095 0.040 240 277 1586 0.026 Expanded composite 12 32/53/15 BA/Beaten Pulp/glass 4.27 0.096 0.041 210 234 1476 0.033 Expanded composite 13 32/68 BA/Paper pulp 4.87 0.032 0.040 120 216 1208 0.020 Expanded composite 14 32/68 BA/Paper pulp 3.20 0.103 0.033 220 200 1460 0.022 Expanded composite 15 40/40/20 BA/PAN/Paper pulp 2.80 0.136 0.038 170 67 1118 0.035 Expanded composite 16 40/40/20 BA/PAN/Paper pulp 4.20 0.096 0.040 95 107 968 0.035 Expanded composite 17 40/40/20 BA/PAN/Paper pulp 8.30 0.053 0.044 25 170 688 0.033 Expanded composite 18 40/40/20 BA/PAN/Paper pulp 9.70 0.048 0.046 16 147 579 0.030 Expanded composite 19 15/21.25/21.25/42.5 BA/PAN/PP/ 2.60 0.152 0.040 130 37 925 0.040 Paper pulp Expanded composite 20 25/18.75/18.75/37.5 BA/PAN/PP/ 4.45 0.102 0.045 65 61 798 0.050 Paper pulp Exp. Comp. Al skins 1 50 μm Al 20 μm LDPE on 35/65 1.62 0.317 0.051 16000 505 7110 0.001 BA/Beaten pulp Exp. Comp. Al skins 2 50 μm Al 20 μm LDPE on 35/65 5.91 0.118 0.070 4854 2991 6431 0.004 BA/Beaten pulp Exp. Comp. Al skins 3 25 μm Al 75 μm pliogrip on 44/56 2.79 0.381 0.106 1500 27 1984 0.050 BA/Beaten pulp Exp. Comp. Al skins 4 75 μm Al 50 μm pliogrip on 32/68 4.32 0.334 0.144 2000 54 2447 0.030 BA/Beaten pulp Exp. Comp. Al skins 5 100 μm Al 275 μm pliogrip on 32/68 4.54 0343 0.156 2000 50 2415 0.030 BA/Beaten pulp Exp. Comp. Al skins 6 100 μm Al 150 μm pliogrip on 32/68 4.64 0.385 0.178 3000 53 2791 0.017 BA/Beaten pulp Exp. Comp. pliogrip skins 125 μm pliogrip on 32/68 4.78 0.365 0.175 860 18 1535 0.080 BA/Beaten pulp Exp. Comp. SIBS 102T skins 18 μm SIBS on 40/40/20 4.04 0.1236 0.050 120 64 985 0.080 BA/PAN/Paper pulp

(36) In these tables, in the compositions the amounts are given by weight percent. Also, BA stands for a blowing agent (which in one non-limiting example is Advancell EMH 204 from Sekisui), glass is EC-11-3-SP glass fibers from JSA Valmiera Glass, PAN is fibrillated acrylic fiber as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,172,035 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety), Pliogrip is a polyurethane structural adhesive available from Ashland Chemical, and PP is polypropylene fibrids as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,172,035. The glass can be short cut e-glass fibers as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,172,035, Lyocell is reconstituted cellulose fiber from EFT, SIBS is SIBStar from Kaneka Corporation (styrene-isobutylene-styrene triblock copolymer thermoplastic elastomer), Al is aluminum foil, either close to 100% Al (like alloy 1100, ‘commercially pure’), or an alloy with ˜5% Mg (composition like alloy 5056), and the beaten pulps are beaten pulps that may be of the types as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,172,035. Further, the variable tan δ is a measure of damping, i.e., the ratio of the loss modulus (E″, the imaginary part of the complex dynamic tensile modulus, E*=E′+i*E″) and the storage modulus (E′, the real part of the complex dynamic tensile modulus). δ=arctan E″/E′ is the phase lag between stress and strain, and tan δ=E″/E′. The higher it is, the more damped the material is. The materials used in these tables are merely exemplary; other materials may be used to construct diaphragms according to the principles described herein.

(37) On-axis sound pressure level of acoustic transducers, built with the diaphragms of the present disclosure, was measured. Sound output was measured at 1 m in front of the transducer, at 1V. Several examples are presented in the plots of FIGS. 13-21. Details of construction are given in the figure legends. Exp. comp. stands for expanded composite.

(38) FIG. 13 shows sound pressure level per volt for expanded paper composite diaphragms for subwoofers that have similar frequency response as a thin paper diaphragm made from 19 pieces of paper that were glued together. FIG. 14 adds to FIG. 13 another version of a diaphragm with a polycarbonate skin.

(39) FIGS. 15-20 present measurements of a bass diaphragm with a height to diameter ratio of 0.15, a diameter of 112 mm, and bandwidth of from about 50 Hz to about 6 kHz. FIG. 15 illustrates that adding an aluminum skin adhered with low density polyethylene (LDPE) shifts the first breakup mode from about 1000 to about 3400 Hz, indicating increased stiffness. The low intensity of peaks indicates damping. FIG. 16 is for a similar laminate but with the damping component being SIBS. FIG. 17 is a similar plot but with aluminum skins on both sides of the diaphragm. FIG. 18 illustrates that when LDPE is used rather than SIBS there is less damping and the frequency response is less smooth. However the results are still much better than the control, including a shift of the first breakup mode to a higher frequency. FIG. 19 has a 20 μm aluminum foil skin on the inside and uses PSA as the adhesive/damping material. There is still a shift in the first resonance to higher frequency, and a smoother response than the control. FIG. 20 illustrates a different diaphragm core material, with an aluminum skin. In this case paper from beaten pulp (unexpanded) was used rather than the expanded paper. This illustrates a good shift of the breakup to higher frequencies, along with damping.

(40) FIG. 21 includes measurements of a diaphragm for a micro speaker with a height to diameter ratio of 0.13, a diameter of 26 mm and a bandwidth from about 300 Hz to about 15 kHz. The control in this case is a solid aluminum cone. The inventive diaphragm has two layers of aluminum (one on each side) and SIBS is the adhesive/damping material. This example illustrates a shift of the breakup mode to a higher frequency and thus increased stiffness, along with damping as indicated by a smaller resonance peak and smaller dip.

(41) The data and figures establish that the acoustic diaphragms produced according to the principles herein are stiff and damped.

(42) Acoustic transducers with a voice coil have an electrical lead that runs from the voice coil to the control electronics. This lead is often either a thin wire, or a flat conductor or “ribbon.” Tinsel leads are bulkier and more difficult to fixture, and flying lead-outs may create a buzz. The wire or ribbon can be difficult to handle and terminate during the transducer assembly process where the lead needs to be terminated at the voice coil and to a remote structure. The leads may be embedded in or disposed within the expanded composite diaphragm itself, that may (or may not) comprise stiff surface skins. In the present acoustic transducer assembly 100, FIG. 10A, wire or ribbon 110 leads from (i.e., is electrically coupled to) voice coil 102 of acoustic transducer 100. Only part of diaphragm 104 is depicted, and it is exploded to clarify its construction. Wire or ribbon 110 may be located between paper/expanded paper layer 106 and an underlying or overlying skin 108. Wire or ribbon 110 may or may not be insulated, as necessary dependent in part on the skin material. When the skin is a metal such as an aluminum foil, the wire or ribbon may need to be insulated so that it does not short to the skin. The free end of wire or ribbon 100 (located outside of diaphragm 104) provides sufficient free length to simplify its electrical termination during the assembly process. Transducers with thin wire leads may be fabricated in a similar fashion, running the thin wire electrical lead between the layers of a laminated diaphragm. Alternatively, the wire or ribbon may be embedded into the cellulose-containing layer, for example during the felting/molding process.

(43) Acoustic transducer assembly 112, FIG. 10B, illustrates an electrical lead 116 embedded in a diaphragm 115 and terminated (coupled to) the voice coil 113 and the surround 114. Coupling can be accomplished with an adhesive or by other means. If lead 116 is taut between its two attachment points, during times of high excursion there can be too much stress on the wire, which can lead to breakage. One technique to increase the length and thus allow for this excursion is to crimp the lead, as is known in the art.

(44) A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that additional modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the inventive concepts described herein, and, accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.