Binding moieties for biofilm remediation

Abstract

Binding agents able to disrupt bacterial biofilms of diverse origin are described, including monoclonal antibodies secreted by human B lymphocytes. Methods to prevent formation of or to dissolve biofilms with these binding agents are also described. Immunogens for eliciting antibodies to disrupt biofilms are also described.

Claims

1. A method to obtain antibodies immunoreactive with integration host factor (IHF) protein or B cells that secrete antibodies immunoreactive with IHF protein which method comprises assessing whether an antibody present in a patient sample binds to a peptide that consists of the amino acid sequence IEYLSDKYHLSKQDTK (SEQ ID NO:49) (positions 10-25 of the Haemophilus influenzae IHFα chain) or the amino acid sequence RDKSSRPGRNPKTGDVVAARSARR (SEQ ID NO:50) (positions 56-78 of the Haemophilus influenzae IHFα chain), or homologs thereof, and isolating an antibody that binds to the peptide.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising testing the affinity of the antibody for a DNABII protein over a range of pH conditions.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the pH range comprises a pH at 4.5.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising comparing the affinity between the isolated antibodies and a DNABII protein versus the affinity between a component of a biofilm and the DNABII protein.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the component of the biofilm is a branched DNA.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the comparing step is performed as a competitive assay.

7. The method of claim 4, wherein the comparing step comprises determining the affinity independently.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the assessing step comprises assessing whether the antibody compete for the monoclonal antibody having a variable region which comprises the heavy and light chain variable regions of TRL1068 (SEQ ID NO:1) and (SEQ ID NO:2) or of TRL1330 (SEQ ID NO:21) and (SEQ ID NO:22) or of TRL1337 (SEQ ID NO:25) and (SEQ ID NO:26).

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering the peptide to a subject.

10. The method of claim 9, further comprising sequencing the antibody.

11. The method of claim 9, further comprising recovering B cells from the subject.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A shows the result of a computational analysis of sites on IHF that are likely to be particularly susceptible to antibody attack (scores above 0.9). Residues 10-25, 56-78, and 86-96 of Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) IHF are thereby identified as promising targets. FIG. 1B shows these likely antigenic sites mapped onto the crystal structure of the IHF protein (based on the Protein Data Bank (pdb) structure designated IOWF).

(2) FIG. 2 shows the location of the predicted epitopes of the invention in IHF proteins of various bacterial species.

(3) FIG. 3A shows a three-dimensional model of IHF proteins in their native dimeric form as complexed with DNA. FIG. 3B shows the predicted highly antigenic regions (the darkened regions shown (which are red in the color version). The epitopes 2 and 3 identified in FIG. 1 are partially shielded from exposure to the immune system by DNA which is abundant in the biofilm.

(4) FIG. 4A shows Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) biofilm treated for 12 hours with an isotype control mAb that does not bind the target protein (growth control) or with TRL1068 at 1.2 μg/mL (˜10 nM), a native human mAb against a conserved epitope on DNABII proteins. TRL1068 caused dissolution of the biofilm, as evident at both low (500×) and high (2500×) magnification (scanning electron microscope images). FIG. 4B shows the parallel experiment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) biofilm.

MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

(5) The invention includes various binding moieties of a monoclonal or homogeneous nature that can dissolve biofilms. “Monoclonal” means that the binding moieties can form a homogeneous population analogous to the distinction between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. In one important embodiment, the exemplified binding moieties are mAbs or fragments thereof. In most embodiments, the binding moieties have affinity for at least one DNABII protein in the low nanomolar range—i.e., the Kd is in the range of 10 nM-100 nM including the intervening values, such as 25 nM or 50 nM, but may also be <10 nM as a preferred embodiment.

(6) As the illustrative antibodies disclosed herein in the examples below are derived from humans, the constant regions of these antibodies will be human which offers particular advantages for repeated use in humans. When the subject to be administered the mAb is non-human, it is advantageous for repeated use to administer native mAb's derived from that species. Alternatively, an equivalent of the human variable regions, optionally fused to an Fe region from the host species to be treated, may be used. This variable region may be, in some embodiments, an Fab portion or a single-chain antibody containing CDR regions from both the heavy and light chains. Bispecific forms of these variable regions equivalents can also be constructed, with numerous constructs described in the literature. Although the typical “mAb” will be a protein or polypeptide (“proteins,” “polypeptide” and “peptide” are used interchangeably herein without regard to length) for use in subjects, the mAb's may also be supplied via delivery of nucleic acids that then generate the proteins in situ. In addition, nucleic acid molecules that mimic the binding characteristics of these polypeptides or proteins can be constructed—i.e., aptamers can be constructed to bind molecules that are identified as described below by their ability to mimic the binding moieties. Successful mimicry of these aptamers for the protein-based binding moieties can verified both biochemically and functionally to confirm that the affinity of the aptamer is sufficient for therapeutic efficacy.

(7) With respect to protein-based monoclonal binding moieties, in addition to typical monoclonal antibodies or fragments thereof that are immunologically specific for the same antigen, various forms of other scaffolding, including single-chain antibody forms such as those derived from camel, llama or shark could be used as well as antibody mimics based on other scaffolds such as fibronectin, lipocalin, lens crystallin, tetranectin, ankyrin, Protein A (Ig binding domain), or the like. Short structured peptides may also be used if they provide sufficient affinity and specificity, e.g. peptides based on inherently stable structures such as conotoxins or avian pancreatic peptides, or peptidomimetics that achieve stable structures by crosslinking and/or use of non-natural amino acids: Josephson K., et al., J Am Chem Soc (2005) 127(33):11727-11725). In general, “monoclonal antibody (mAb)” includes all of the foregoing.

(8) As used herein, the term “antibody” includes immunoreactive fragments of traditional antibodies even if, on occasion, “fragments” are mentioned redundantly. The antibodies, thus, include Fab, F(ab′).sub.2, F.sub.v fragments, single-chain antibodies which contain a substantially only variable regions, bispecific antibodies and their various fragmented forms that still retain immunospecificity and proteins in general that mimic the activity of “natural” antibodies by comprising amino acid sequences or modified amino acid sequences (i.e., pseudopeptides) that approximate the activity of variable regions of more traditional naturally occurring antibodies.

(9) For the variable regions of mAb's, as is well known, the critical amino acid sequences are the CDR sequences arranged on a framework which framework can vary without necessarily affecting specificity or decreasing affinity to an unacceptable level. Definition of these CDR regions is accomplished by art-known methods. Specifically, the most commonly used method for identifying the relevant CDR regions is that of Kabat as disclosed in Wu, T. T., et al., J. Exp. Med. (1970) 132:211-250 and in the book Kabat, E. A., et al., (1983) Sequence of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Bethesda National Institute of Health, 323 pages. Another similar and commonly employed method is that of Chothia, published in Chothia, C., et al., J. Mol. Biol. (1987) 196:901-917 and in Chothia, C., et al., Nature (1989) 342:877-883. An additional modification has been suggested by Abhinandan, K. R., et al., Mol. Immunol. (2008) 45:3832-3839. The present invention includes the CDR regions as defined by any of these systems or other recognized systems known in the art.

(10) The specificities of the binding of the mAb's of the invention are defined, as noted, by the CDR regions mostly those of the heavy chain, but complemented by those of the light chain as well (the light chains being somewhat interchangeable). Therefore, the mAb's of the invention may contain the three CDR regions of a heavy chain and optionally the three CDR's of a light chain that matches it. The invention also includes binding agents that bind to the same epitopes as those that actually contain these CDR regions. Thus, for example, also included are aptamers that have the same binding specificity—i.e., bind to the same epitopes as do the mAb's that actually contain the CDR regions. Because binding affinity is also determined by the manner in which the CDR's are arranged on a framework, the mAb's of the invention may contain complete variable regions of the heavy chain containing the three relevant CDR's as well as, optionally, the complete light chain variable region comprising the three CDR's associated with the light chain complementing the heavy chain in question. This is true with respect to the mAb's that are immunospecific for a single epitope as well as for bispecific antibodies or binding moieties that are able to bind two separate epitopes, for example, divergent DNABII proteins from two bacterial species.

(11) The mAb's of the invention may be produced recombinantly using known techniques. Thus, with regard to the novel antibodies described herein, the invention also relates to nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide sequence encoding them, as well as vectors or expression systems that comprise these nucleotide sequences, cells containing expression systems or vectors for expression of these nucleotide sequences and methods to produce the binding moieties by culturing these cells and recovering the binding moieties produced. Any type of cell typically used in recombinant methods can be employed including prokaryotes, yeast, mammalian cells, insect cells and plant cells. Also included are human cells (e.g., muscle cells or lymphocytes) transformed with a recombinant molecule that encodes the novel antibodies.

(12) Bispecific binding moieties may be formed by covalently linking two different binding moieties with different specificities. For example, the CDR regions of the heavy and optionally light chain derived from one monospecific mAb may be coupled through any suitable linking means to peptides comprising the CDR regions of the heavy chain sequence and optionally light chain of a second mAb. If the linkage is through an amino acid sequence, the bispecific binding moieties can be produced recombinantly and the nucleic acid encoding the entire bispecific entity expressed recombinantly. As was the case for the binding moieties with a single specificity, the invention also includes the possibility of binding moieties that bind to one or both of the same epitopes as the bispecific antibody or binding entity/binding, moiety that actually contains the CDR regions.

(13) The invention further includes bispecific constructs which comprise the complete heavy and light chain sequences or the complete heavy chain sequence and at least the CDR's of the light chains or the CDR's of the heavy chains and the complete sequence of the light chains.

(14) The invention is also directed to nucleic acids encoding the bispecific moieties and to recombinant methods for their production.

(15) Multiple technologies now exist for making a single antibody-like molecule that incorporates antigen specificity domains from two separate antibodies (bi-specific antibody). Thus, a single antibody with very broad strain reactivity can be constructed using the Fab domains of individual antibodies with broad reactivity to Group 1 and Group 2 respectively. Suitable technologies have been described by Macrogenics (Rockville, Md.), Micromet (Bethesda, Md.) and Merrimac (Cambridge, Mass.). (See, e.g., Orcutt, K. D., Ackerman, M. E., Cieslewicz, M., Quiroz, E., Slusarczyk, A. L., Frangioni, J. V., Wittrup, K. D., “A Modular IgG-scFv Bispecific Antibody Topology,” Protein Eng Des Sel. (2010) 23:221-228; Fitzgerald, J., Lugovskoy, A., “Rational Engineering of Antibody Therapeutics Targeting Multiple Oncogene Pathways,” MAbs. (2011) 1:3(3); Baeuerle, P. A., Reinhardt, C., “Bispecific T-cell Engaging Antibodies for Cancer Therapy,” Cancer Res. (2009) 69:4941-4944.)

(16) The invention also includes a method for identifying suitable immunogens for use to generate antibodies by assessing the binding of the binding moieties of the invention, such as mAb's described above, to a candidate peptide or other molecule. This is an effective method, not only to identify suitable immunogens, but also to identify compounds that can be used as a basis for designing aptamers that mimic the binding moieties of the invention. The method is grounded in the fact that if a vaccine immunogen cannot bind to an optimally effective mAb, it is unlikely to be able to induce such antibodies. Conversely, an immunogen that is a faithful inverse of the optimal mAb provides a useful template for constructing a mimic of the optimal mAb. In its simplest form, this method employs a binding moiety such as one of the mAb's of the invention as an assay component and tests the ability of the binding moiety to bind to a candidate immunogen in a library of said candidates.

(17) In addition, the ability of the binding moieties of the invention to overcome drug resistance in a variety of bacteria can be assessed by testing the binding moieties of the invention against a panel or library of DNABII proteins from a multiplicity of microbial species. Binding moieties that are able to bind effectively a multiplicity of such proteins are thus identified as suitable not only for dissolving biofilms in general, but also as effective against a variety of microbial strains. It is also useful to identify binding moieties that have utility in acidic environments wherein the affinity of a candidate binding moiety for a DNABII protein over a range of pH conditions is tested and moieties with a low nanomolar affinity at pH 4.5 are identified as having utility in acidic environments.

(18) The binding moieties of the invention are also verified to have an affinity with respect to at least one DNABII protein greater than the affinity of a biofilm component for the DNABII protein which comprises comparing the affinity of the binding moiety for the DNABII protein versus the affinity of a component of the biofilm, typically branched DNA, for the DNABII protein. This can be done in a competitive assay, or the affinities can be determined independently.

(19) The DNABII proteins used in these assays may be prepared in mammalian cells at relatively high yield.

(20) All of the assays above involve assessing binding of two perspective binding partners in a variety of formats.

(21) A multitude of assay types are available for assessing successful binding of two prospective binding partners. For example, one of the binding partners can be bound to a solid support and the other labeled with a radioactive substance, fluorescent substance or a colorimetric substance and the binding of the label to the solid support is tested after removing unbound label. The assay can, of course, work either way with the binding moiety attached to the solid support and a candidate immunogen or DNABII protein labeled or vice verse, where the candidate is bound to solid support and the binding moiety is labeled. Alternatively, a complex could be detected by chromatographic means based on molecular weight such as SDS-page. The detectable label in the context of the binding assay can be added at any point. Thus, if, for example, the mAb or other binding moiety is attached to a solid support the candidate immunogen can be added and tested for binding by supplying a labeled component that is specific for the candidate immunogen. Hundreds of assay formats for detecting binding are known in the art, including, in the case where both components are proteins, the yeast two-hybrid assay.

(22) In addition to this straightforward application of the utility of the binding moieties of the invention, the identification of a suitable powerful immunogen can be determined in a more sophisticated series of experiments wherein a panel of mAbs against the DNABII protein is obtained and ranked in order by efficacy. A full suite of antibodies or other binding moieties can be prepared against all possible epitopes by assessing whether additional binding moieties compete for binding with the previous panel of members. The epitopes for representative binding mAbs for each member of the complete suite can be accomplished by binding to a peptide array representing the possible overlapping epitopes of the immunogen or by X-ray crystallography, NMR or cryo-electron microscopy. An optimal vaccine antigen would retain the spatial and chemical properties of the optimal epitope defined as that recognized by the most efficacious mAbs as compared to less efficacious mAbs but does not necessarily need to be a linear peptide. It may contain non-natural amino acids or other crosslinking motifs.

(23) Moreover, screening can include peptides selected based on their likelihood of being recognized by antibodies and based on their conservation across bacterial species. As described in Example 3 below, for IHF these two criteria have converged on a single peptide—residues 56-78 of H. influenzae and corresponding positions in other analogs.

(24) Thus, even beyond the specific mAb's set forth herein, optimal immunogens can be obtained, which not only are useful in active vaccines, but also as targets for selecting aptamers. Specifically, in addition to positions 56-78 of H. influenzae, the peptides at positions 10-25 and 86-96 of H. influenzae are identified.

(25) Another aspect of the invention is a method to prepare higher yields of the bacterial/microbial DNABII proteins which are typically somewhat toxic to bacteria. The standard method for preparation of these proteins is described by Nash, H. A., et al., Bacteriol (1987) 169:4124-4127 who showed that the IHF of E. coli could be effectively prepared if both chains of said protein (IHF alpha and IHF beta) are produced in the same transformant. Applicants have found that they are able to obtain higher yields, as much as 5-10 mg/l of IHF, by producing both chains transiently in HEK293 cells. The expression of bacterial proteins that are toxic at high levels in bacteria is conveniently achieved in mammalian cells especially for those without glycosylation sites that would result in modification of the proteins when thus expressed. Purification of the resulting protein can be achieved using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC).

Applications

(26) The binding moieties of the invention including antibodies are useful in therapy and prophylaxis for any subject that is susceptible to infection that results in a biofilm. Thus, various mammals, such as bovine, ovine and other mammalian subjects including horses and household pets and humans will benefit from the prophylactic and therapeutic use of these mAb's.

(27) The binding moieties of the invention may be administered in a variety of ways. The peptides based on CDR regions of antibodies, including bispecific and single chain types or alternate scaffold types, may be administered directly as veterinary or pharmaceutical compositions with typical excipients. Liposomal compositions are particularly useful, as are compositions that comprise micelles or other nanoparticles of various types. Aptamers that behave as binding agents similar to mAb's can be administered in the same manner. Further, the binding agent may be conjugated to any of the solid supports known in the literature, such as PEG, agarose or a dextran, to function as an immuno-sorbent for extracting IHF from a biofilm. Alternatively, the peptide-based mAb's may be administered as the encoding nucleic acids either as naked RNA or DNA or as vector or as expression constructs. The vectors may be non-replicating viral vectors such as adenovirus vectors (AAV) or the nucleic acid sequence may be administered as mRNA packaged in a liposome or other lipid particle. Use of nucleic acids as drugs as opposed to their protein counterparts is helpful in controlling production costs.

(28) These are administered in a variety of protocols, including intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, topical (particularly for chronic non-healing wounds and periodontal disease), inhaled and oral or by suppository. Similar routes of administration can be used with regard to the binding moieties themselves. One useful way to administer the nucleic acid-based forms of either the binding moieties themselves (aptamers) or those encoding the protein form of binding moieties is through a needleless approach such as the agro-jet needle-free injector described in US2001/0171260.

(29) The peptides that represent the epitopes of the IHF proteins as described herein are also useful as active components of vaccines to stimulate immunogenic responses which will generate antibodies in situ for disruption of biofilms. The types of administration of these immunogens or peptidyl mimetics that are similarly effective are similar to those for the administration of binding moieties, including various types of antibodies, etc. The peptidomimetics may themselves be in the form of aptamers or alternative structures that mimic the immunogenic peptides described herein. For those immunogens, however, that are proteins or peptides, the administration may be in the form of encoding nucleic acids in such form as will produce these proteins in situ. The formulation, routes of administration, and dosages are determined conventionally by the skilled artisan.

(30) The types of conditions for which the administration either of the vaccine type for active generation of antibodies for biofilm control or for passive treatment by administering the antibodies per se, include any condition that is characterized by or associated with the formation of biofilms. These conditions include: heart valve endocarditis, both native and implanted (for which a substantial fraction of cases cannot be cured by high dose antibiotics due to the resistance associated with biofilm), chronic non-healing wounds (including venous ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers), ear and sinus infections, urinary tract infections, pulmonary infections (including subjects with cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), catheter associated infections (including renal dialysis subjects), subjects with implanted prostheses (including hip and knee replacements), and periodontal disease.

(31) As noted above, the binding moieties of the invention are not limited in their utility to therapeutic (or diagnostic) uses, but can be employed in any context where a biofilm is a problem, such as pipelines or other industrial settings. The mode of application of these binding moieties to the biofilms in these situations, again, is conventional.

(32) The following examples are offered to illustrate but not to limit the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Preparation of Antibodies

(33) Human peripheral antibody producing memory B cells were obtained from recovered sepsis patients or from anonymized blood bank donors, under informed consent. The cells were subjected to the CellSpot™ assay to determine their ability to bind the DNABII protein derived from influenza virus. The CellSpot™ assay is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,413,868 and 7,939,344. After isolating the B cells from whole blood, they were stimulated with cytokines and mitogens to initiate a brief period of proliferation and antibody secretion (lasting ˜10 days) and plated for subjection to the assays; the encoding nucleic acids were extracted and used to produce the antibodies recombinantly.

(34) Antibodies selected based on binding to at least one of the DNABII proteins or fragments thereof were characterized: TRL295, TRL1012, TRL1068, TRL1070, TRL1087, TRL1215, TRL1216, TRL1218, TRL1230, TRL1232, TRL1242 and TRL1245. Affinity was measured using the FortéBio™ Octet™ biosensor to measure on and off rates (whose ratio yields the Kd). This result establishes the feasibility of a focused screen to isolate high affinity, cross-strain binding antibodies.

(35) TABLE-US-00001 TRL295 heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 1) QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFPFSSYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSAI SGNGADSYYADSVKGRFTTSRDKSKNTVYLQMNRLRAEDTAVYYCAKDMRR YHYDSSGLHFWGQGTLVTVSS; TRL295 light chain variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 2) DIELTQAPSVSVYPGQTARITCSGDALPKQYAYWYQQKPGQAPVVVIYKDS ERPSGISERFSGSSSGTTVTLTISGVQAGDEADYYCQSVDTSVSYYVVFGG GTKLTVL; TRL1012 heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 3) QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFPFSSYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSAI SGNGADSYYADSVKGRFTTSRDKSKNTVYLQMNRLRAEDTAVYYCAKDMRR YHYDSSGLHFWGQGTLVTVSS; TRL1012 light chain variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 4) DIMLTQPPSVSAAPGQKVTISCSGSSSNIGTNYVSWFQQVPGTAPKFLIYD NYKRPSETPDRFSGSKSGTSATLDITGLQTGDEANYYCATWDSSLSAWVFG GGTKVTVL; TRL1068 heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 5) QVQLVESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCRVSGDSNRPSYWSWIRQAPGKAMEWIGYV YDSGVTIYNPSLKGRVTISLDTSKTRFSLKLTSVIAADTAVYYCARERFDR TSYKSWWGQGTQVTVSS; TRL1068 light chain variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 6) DIVLTQAPGTLSLSPGDRATLSCRASQRLGGTSLAWYQHRSGQAPRLILYG TSNRATDTPDRFSGSGSGTDFVLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQYGSPPYTFGQG TTLDIK; TRL1070 heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 7) QVQLVQSGGTLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSYYSMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVANI KHDGTERNYVDSVKGRFTISRDNSEKSLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAKYYYG AGTNYPLKYWGQGTRVTVSS; TRL1070 light chain kappa variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 8) DILMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQGIRNDLGWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYAA SSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDEATYYCLQDYNYPLTFGGGT KVEIKR; TRL1087 heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 9) QVQLLESGPGLVRPSDTLSLTCTFSADLSTNAYWTWIRQPPGKGLEWIGYM SHSGGRDYNPSTNRRVTISVDTSKNQVFLRLTSVTSADTAVYFCVREVGSY YDYWGQGILVTVSS; TRL1087 light chain kappa variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 10) DIEMTQSPSSLSASVGDRITITCRASQGISTWLAWYQQKPGKAPKSLIFST SSLHSGVPSKFSGSGSGTDFTLTITNLQPEDFATYYCQQKWETPYSFGQGT KLDMIR; TRL1215 heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence; (SEQ ID NO: 11) QVQLVESGTEVKNPGASVKVSCTASGYKFDEYGVSWVRQSPGQGLEWMGWI SVYNGKTNYSQNFQGRLTLTTETSTDTAYMELTSLRPDDTAVYYCATDKNW FDPWGPGTLVTVSS; TRL1215 light chain lambda variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 12) DIVMTQSPSASGSPGQSITISCTGTNTDYNYVSWYQHHPGKAPKVIIYDVK KRPSGVPSRFSGSRSGNTATLTVSGLQTEDEADYYCVSYADNNHYVFGSGT KVTVL; TRL1216 heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 13) QVQLVESGGGVVQPGGSLRVSCAASAFSFRDYGIHWVRQAPGKGLQWVAVI SHDGGKKFYADSVRGRFTISRDNSENTLYLQMNSLRSDDTAVYYCARLVAS CSGSTCTTQPAAFDIWGPGTLVTVSS; TRL1216 light chain lambda variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 14) DIMLTQPPSVSVSPGQTARITCSGDALPKKYTYWYQQKSGQAPVLLIYEDR KRPSEIPERFSAFTSWTTATLTITGAQVRDEADYYCYSTDISGDIGVFGGG TKLTVL; TRL1218 heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 15) QVQLLESGADMVQPGRSLRLSCAASGFNFRTYAMHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAVM SHDGYTKYYSDSVRGQETISRDNSKNTLYLQMNNLRPDDTAIYYCARGLTG LSVGFDYWGQGTLVTVSS; TRL1218 light chain lambda variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 16) DIVLTQSASVSGSPGQSITISCTGTSSDVGGYNYVSWYQQHPGKAPKLMIY DVTTRPSGVSDRFSGSKSGNTASLTISGLQAEDEADYYCSSYSSGSTPALF GGGTQLTVL; TRL1230 heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence; (SEQ ID NO: 17) QVQLVQSGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCGASGFNLSSYSMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVSSI SSRSSYIYYADSVQGRFTISRDNAKNSLYLQMNSLRAEDTAIYYCARVSPS TYYYYGMDVWGQGTTVTVSS; TRL1230 light chain lambda variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 18) DIVLTQPSSVSVSPGQTARITCSGDELPKQYAYWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYKDN ERPSGIPERFSGSSSGTTVTLTISGVQAEDEADYYCQSADSSGTYVVFGGG TKLTVL; TRL1232 heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 19) QVQLVESGAEVKKPGALVKVSCKASGYTFSGYYMHWVRQAPGQGLEWMGWI NPKSGGTKYAQKFQGRVTMTRDTSISTAYMELSRLRSDDTAVYFCARGGPS NLERFLERLQPRYSYDDKYAMDVWGQGTTVTVSS; TRL1232 light chain kappa variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 20) DIVMTQSPGTLSLSPGARATLSCRASQSVSSIYLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIFG ASSRATGIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQYGSSPYTFGQG TKLEIKR; TRL1242 heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 21) QVQLVQSGTEVKKPGESLKISCEGSRYNFARYWIGWVRQMPGKGLDWMGII YPGDSDTRYSPSFQGQVSISADKSISTAYLQWNSLKASDTAMYYCARLGSE LGVVSDYYFDSWGQGTLVTVSS; TRL1242 light chain kappa variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 22) DIVLTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSVLDRSNNKNCVAWYQQKPGQPPK LLIYRAATRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFSLTISSLQAEDVAVYFCQQYYSIPN TFGQGTKLEIKR; and TRL1245 heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 23) QVQLVESGGGLVKAGGSLRLSCVASGFTFSDYYMSWIRQAPGKGLEWISFI SSSGDTIFYADSVKGRFTVSRDSAKNSLYLQMNSLKVEDTAVYYCARKGVS DEELLRFWGQGTLVTVSS; TRL1245 light chain variable region has the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 24) DIVLTQDPSVSVSPGQTARITCSGDALPKKYAYWYQQKSGQAPVLVIYEDT KRPSGIPERFSGSSSGTVATLTISGAQVEDEADYYCYSTDSSGNQRVFGGG TKLTVL.

(36) The encoding nucleotide sequences for the variable regions of TRL295 are:

(37) TABLE-US-00002 Heavy Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 25) caggtgcagctggtgcagtctgggggaggcttggtacagcctggggggtcc ctgagactctcctgtgcagcctctggatttaccttcagtgattatagtatg aactgggtccgccaggctccagggaagggactggaatggctttcatacatt agtcacactattactaccatatactacgccgactctgtgaagggccgattc accatctccagagacaatgccgacagctcactgtatctccaaatgaacagc ctgggagacgaggacacggctgtgtattactgtgcgagagctccattagta aactgtagtactagtggctgccagtccggaagctggttcgacacctggggc cagggaaccctggtcaccgtctcctca; Light Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 26) gatatcgagctgactcaggcaccctcggtgtcagtgtatccaggacagacg gccaggatcacctgctctggagatgcactgccaaagcaatatgcttattgg taccagcagaagccaggccaggcccctgtggtggtgatatataaagacagt gagaggccctcagggatctctgagcgattctctggctccagctcggggaca acagtcacgttgaccatcagtggagtccaggcaggggacgaggctgactat tattgtcaatcagttgacaccagtgtttcttattatgtggtcttcggcgga gggaccaagttgaccgtccta.

(38) The encoding nucleotide sequences for the variable regions of TRL1012 are:

(39) TABLE-US-00003 Heavy Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 27) caggtgcagctggtggagtccgggggaggcttggtacagcctggggggtcc ctgagactttcctgtgccgcctctggattccccttcagtagttatgccatg agttgggtccgtcaggctccagggaaggggctggagtgggtctcagccatc agtggcaacggcgctgactcatattacgcagactccgtgaagggccgcttc accacttccagagacaagtccaagaatacagtttatttgcaaatgaacaga ctcagggccgaggacacggccgtatattactgtgcgaaagatatgcgacgg tatcattatgacagtagtggtctgcacttctggggccagggaaccctggtc accgtctcctca; Light Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 28) gatatcatgctgactcagcccccctcagtgtctgcggcccccggacagaag gtcaccatctcctgctctggaagcagctccaacattgggacgaattatgtg tcctggttccagcaggtcccaggaacagcccccaaattcctcatttatgac aattataaacgaccctcagaaactcctgaccgattctctggctccaagtct ggcacgtcggccaccctggacatcaccggactccagactggggacgaggcc aattattactgcgcaacatgggacagtagcctgagtgcttgggtgttcggc ggagggaccaaggtgaccgtcctg.

(40) The encoding nucleotide sequences for the variable regions of TRL1068 are:

(41) TABLE-US-00004 Heavy Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 29) caggtgcagctggtggagtccggcccaggactggtgaagccttcggagacc ctgtccctcacctgcagggtctctggtgactccaatcggccttcctactgg agctggatcaggcaggccccagggaaggcaatggagtggataggttatgtc tatgacagtggggtcaccatctacaatccctccctcaagggtcgagtcaca atatcactagacacgtcgaagacgcggttctccctgaaactgacctctgtg atcgctgcggacacggccgtatattattgtgcgcgagaacgttttgatcgg acatcgtataagagttggtggggccagggaacgcaggtcaccgtctcctc a; Light Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 30) gatatcgtgctgactcaggccccaggcactctgtctttgtctccaggggac agagccaccctctcctgtagggccagtcagcgtcttggcggcacgtcctta gcctggtaccagcacagatctggccaggctcccaggctcatcctctacgga acttcaaacagggccactgacacccctgacaggtttagtggcagtgggtct gggacagacttcgttctcaccatcagttccctggagcctgaagattttgca gtgtattactgtcagcaatatggcagcccaccgtacacttttggccagggg accactctggacatcaaa.

(42) The encoding nucleotide sequences for the variable regions of TRL1070 are:

(43) TABLE-US-00005 Heavy Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 31) caggtgcagctggtgcagtctgggggaaccttggtccagccgggggggtcc ctgagactctcctgtgcagcctctggattcacctttagttactactcgatg agctgggtccgccaggctccagggaaggggctggagtgggtggccaacata aagcacgatggaactgagagaaattatgtggactctgtgaagggccgattc accatctccagagacaacagcgagaagtctctttacctgcaaatgaacagc ctgagagccgaggacacggctgtgtattactgtgcgaagtattattatggt gccgggactaattatccccttaagtactggggccagggaacccgggtcacc gtctcctca; Light Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 32) gatatcctgatgacccagtctccatcctccctgtctgcatctgtaggagac agagtcaccatcacttgccgggcaagtcagggcattagaaatgatttaggc tggtatcagcagaaaccagggaaagcccctaagctcctgatctatgctgca tccagtttacaaagtggggtcccatcaaggttcagcggcagtggatctggc acagatttcactctcaccatcagcagcctgcagcctgaagattttgcaact tattactgtctacaagattacaattacccgctcactttcggcggagggacc aaggtggagatcaaacga.

(44) The encoding nucleotide sequences for the variable regions of TRL1087 are:

(45) TABLE-US-00006 Heavy Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 33) caggtgcagctgctcgagtcaggcccaggcctggttaggccctcggacacc ctgtccctcacctgcactttttccgctgacctcagcaccaacgcctattgg acctggatccggcagcccccaggaaagggactggagtggattggctatatg tctcatagtgggggaagggattacaatccctccttcaaccggcgagtcacc atttcagtggacacgtcgaagaaccaggttttcttgaggctgacgtcagtg tacctctgcggacacggccgtctatttctgtgtgagagaagtcggcagtta ctacgactactggggccagggaatcctggtcaccgtctcctca; Light Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 34) gatatcgagatgacccagtctccatcctctttgtctgcatctgtcggagac agaatcaccatcacttgtcgggcgagtcagggtattagcacctggttagcc tggtatcagcagaaaccggggaaagcccctaagtccctgatcttttctacg tccagcctgcatagtggggtcccctcaaagttcagcggcagtgggtctggg acagacttcactctcaccatcaccaacctgcagcctgaagattttgcaact tattactgccaacagaaatgggagaccccttatagttttggccaggggacc aagctggacatgatacga.

(46) The encoding nucleotide sequences for the variable regions of TRL1215 are:

(47) TABLE-US-00007 Heavy Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 35) caggtgcagctggtggagtctggaactgaggtgaagaaccctggagcctca gtgaaggtctcctgcacggcctctggttacaaatttgacgaatatggtgtc agttgggtgcgacagtcccctggacaaggacttgagtggatgggatggatc agtgtttataatggcaagacaaactatagccagaactttcagggcagactc accctgaccacagagacatccaccgacacagcctacatggagcttacgagc ctcagacctgacgacacggccgtctattactgtgcgacagacaaaaactgg ttcgacccctggggcccgggaaccctggtcaccgtctcctca; Light Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 36) gatatcgtgatgacccagtctccctccgcgtccgggtctcctggacagtca atcaccatctcctgcactggaaccaacactgattataattatgtttcctgg taccagcaccaccccggcaaagcccccaaagtcattatttatgacgtcaaa aagcggccctcgggggtccctagtcgcttctctggctccaggtctggcaac acggccaccctgaccgtctctgggctccagactgaggatgaggctgattat tattgtgtctcatatgcagacaacaatcattatgtcttcggaagtgggacc aaggtcaccgtcctg.

(48) The encoding nucleotide sequences for the variable regions of TRL1216 are:

(49) TABLE-US-00008 Heavy Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 37) caggtgcagctggtggagtccgggggaggcgtggtccagcctggagggtcc ctgagagtctcctgtgcagcctctgcgttcagtttcagggattatggcata cactgggtccgccaggctccaggcaaggggctgcaatgggtggcggttatt tcacatgatggaggtaagaaattctatgcagactccgtgaggggccgattc accatctccagagacaattccgagaacacactgtatctccaaatgaacagc ctgagatctgacgacacggctgtctattactgtgcgaggctcgttgccagt tgcagtggttccacctgcacaacgcaacctgctgcctttgacatttggggc ccagggacattggtcaccgtctcttca; Light Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 38) gatatcatgctgactcagccgccctcggtgtcagtgtccccaggacaaacg gccaggatcacctgctctggagatgcattgccaaaaaaatatacttattgg tatcagcagaagtcaggccaggcccctgttctgctcatctatgaggacagg aaacgaccctccgagatccctgagagattctctgccttcacctcatggacg acggccaccttgactatcactggggcccaggtgagagatgaagctgactac tactgttattcaacagacatcagtggtgatataggagtgttcggcggaggg accaagctgaccgtccta.

(50) The encoding nucleotide sequences for the variable regions of TRL1218 are:

(51) TABLE-US-00009 Heavy Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 39) gatatcgtgctgactcagtcggcctccgtgtctgggtctcctggacagtcg atcaccatctcctgcactggaaccagcagtgacgttggtggatataactat gtctcctggtaccaacaacacccaggcaaagcccccaaactcatgatttat gatgtcactactcggccttcaggggtttctgatcgcttctctggctccaag tctggcaacacggcctccctgaccatctctgggctgcaggctgaggacgag gctgattattattgcagctcatattcaagcggctccacacctgctctgttt ggggggggcacccagctgaccgtcctc; Light Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 40) gatatcgtgctgactcagtcggcctccgtgtctgggtctcctggacagtcg atcaccatctcctgcactggaaccagcagtgacgttggtggatataactat gtctcctggtaccaacaacacccaggcaaagcccccaaactcatgatttat gatgtcactactcggccttcaggggtttctgatcgcttctctggctccaag tctggcaacacggcctccctgaccatctctgggctgcaggctgaggacgag gctgattattattgcagctcatattcaagcggctccacacctgctctgttt ggggggggcacccagctgaccgtcctc.

(52) The encoding nucleotide sequences for the variable regions of TRL1230 are:

(53) TABLE-US-00010 Heavy Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 41) caggtgcagctggtgcagtctgggggaggcctggtcaagcctggggggtcc ctgagactctcctgtggagcctctggatttaacctcagtagttatagcatg aactgggtccgccaggctccagggaaggggctggagtgggtctcatccatt agtagtagaagtagttacatatactatgcagactcagtgcagggccgattc accatctccagagacaacgccaagaactcactgtatctgcaaatgaacagc ctgagagccgaggacacggctatatattactgtgcgagagtatctccgtcc acctattattattatggtatggacgtctggggccaagggaccacggtcacc gtctcctca; Light Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 42) gatatcgtactcactcagccgtcctcggtgtcagtgtccccaggacagacg gccaggatcacctgctctggagatgaattgccaaagcaatatgcttattgg taccagcagaagccaggccaggcccctgtgttggtaatatataaagacaat gagaggccctcagggatcctgagcgattctctggctccagctcagggacaa cagtcacgttgaccatcagtggagtccaggcagaagacgaggctgactatt actgtcaatcagcagacagtagtggtacttatgtggtgttcggcggaggga ccaagctgaccgtccta.

(54) The encoding nucleotide sequences for the variable regions of TRL1232 are:

(55) TABLE-US-00011 Heavy Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 43) caggtgcagctggtggagtctggggctgaggtgaagaagcctggggcctta gtgaaggtctcctgcaaggcttctggatacaccttcagcggctactatatg cactgggtgcgacaggcccctggacaagggcttgagtggatgggatggatc aaccctaagagtggtggcacaaagtatgcacagaagtttcagggccgggtc accatgaccagggacacgtccatcagcacagcctacatggagttgagcagg ctaagatctgacgacacggccgtgtatttctgtgcgagaggcggaccttca aatttggaacgatttttggagaggttacaaccccgctacagttacgacgac aagtatgctatggacgtctggggccaagggaccacggtcaccgtctcctc a; Light Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 44) gatatcgtgatgacccagtctccaggcaccctgtctttgtctccaggggca agagccaccctctcctgcagggccagtcagagtgttagcagcatctattta gcctggtaccagcagaaacctggccaggctcccaggctcctcatctttggt gcatccagcagggccactggcatcccagacaggttcagtggcagtgggtct gggacagacttcactctcaccatcagcagactggagcctgaagattttgca gtgtattactgtcagcagtatggtagctcaccgtacacttttggccagggg accaagctggagatcaaacgaa.

(56) The encoding nucleotide sequences for the variable regions of TRL1242 are:

(57) TABLE-US-00012 Heavy Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 45) caggtgcagctggtgcagtctggaacagaagtgaaaaagcccggggagtct ctgaagatctcctgtgagggttctcgatacaactttgccaggtactggatc ggctgggtgcgccagatgcccggaaaaggcctggactggatggggatcatc tatcctggtgactccgataccagatacagcccgtccttccaaggccaggtc agcatctcagccgacaagtccatcagtaccgcctacctgcagtggaacagc ctgaaggcctcggacaccgccatgtattattgtgcgagacttgggagcgag cttggagtggtctctgattattactttgactcctggggccagggaaccctg gtcaccgtctcctca; Light Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 46) gatatcgtgttgactcagtctccagactccctggctgtgtctctgggcgag agggccaccatcaactgcaagtccagccagagtgttttagacaggtccaac aataagaactgtgtagcttggtaccagcagaaaccgggacagcctcctaaa ctgctcatttaccgggctgctacccgggaatccggggtccctgatcgattc agtggcagcgggtctgggacagacttcagtctcaccatcagcagcctgcag gctgaagatgtggcagtttatttctgtcagcaatattatagtattccgaac acttttggccaggggaccaagctggagatcaaacga.

(58) The encoding nucleotide sequences for the variable regions of TRL1245 are:

(59) TABLE-US-00013 Heavy Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 47) caggtgcagctggtggagtctgggggaggcttggtcaaggctggagggtcc ctgagactctcctgtgtagcctctggattcaccttcagcgactactacatg tcctggattcgccaggctccagggaaggggctggagtggatttcatttatt agtagtagtggtgataccatattttacgcagactctgtgaagggccgattc accgtctccagggacagcgccaagaactcactgtatcttcaaatgaacagc ctgaaagtcgaggacacggccgtgtattactgtgcgaggaagggggtgtcc gacgaggaactactgcgcttctggggccagggaaccctggtcaccgtctcc tca; Light Chain: (SEQ ID NO: 48) gatatcgtgctgactcaggacccctcggtgtcagtgtccccaggacaaacg gccaggatcacctgctctggagatgcattgccaaaaaaatatgcttattgg taccagcagaagtcaggccaggcccctgtgctggtcatctatgaggacacc aaacgaccctccgggatccctgagagattctctggctccagctcagggaca gtggccaccttgactatcagtggggcccaggtggaggatgaagctgactac tattgttactcaacagacagcagcggtaatcagagggtattcggcggaggg accaagctgaccgtccta.

EXAMPLE 2

Determination of Affinity

(60) For practice of the assay method, ˜1 mg of IHF was required. IHF is difficult to express in bacteria (since it has a dual function involving gene regulation, leading to toxicity to bacteria expressing high levels). Obtaining sufficient material for mAb discovery from bacterial sources is thus difficult (and expensive). The protein was therefore expressed in HEK293 (mammalian) cells, with a poly-histidine tag to enable easy purification. The homologs from Staphylococcus aureus (Sa), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) and Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) were all prepared in this manner. These four are of particular utility since they span a substantial portion of the diversity in sequences of the DNABII family.

(61) TRL295 was shown to bind with high affinity to the IHF peptide of H. influenzae and moreover to bind to IHF from additional bacterial species.

(62) The chart below shows the degree of identity to Haemophilus of various IHF and HU proteins from a variety of bacterial species.

(63) TABLE-US-00014 Sequence Identity to Species Protein Haemophilus Haemophilus influenzae IHF alpha 100 Escherichia coli IHF alpha 67 Enterobacter cloacae IHF alpha 66 Enterobacter aerogenes IHF alpha 66 Klebsiella oxytoca IHF alpha 65 Pseudomonas aeruginosa IHF alpha 61 Acinetobacter baumannii IHF alpha 58 Streptococcus pneumoniae HU 38 Staphylococcus aureus HU 38

(64) Further, the high affinity binding of TRL295 was shown to be retained even as the pH was decreased from physiological (pH 7.5) to pH 4.5, as shown below.

(65) TABLE-US-00015 pH Kd (nM) 7.5 4.2 6.5 2.8 5.5 2.8 4.5 3.7 3.5 no binding 2.5 no binding

(66) This is important since bacteria often secrete lactic acid which reduces the local micro-environment pH as a way of inhibiting immune system attack.

(67) The chart below shows the results of ELISA assays to determine binding of various DNABII proteins. The numbers represent OD values which are useful for comparison to TRL1068—higher values represent higher binding affinity. TRL1068 shows similar binding to all four homologs, but low binding to BSA, as does TRL1215. The abbreviations are

(68) Hi=Haemophilus influenzae; Kp=Klebsiella pneumoniae;

(69) Pa=Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sa=Staphylococcus aureus

(70) TABLE-US-00016 mAb# BSA IHF (Hi) IHF (Kp) IHF (Pa) IHF (Sa) 1070 0.08 0.11 0.5 0.13 0.3 1087 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.14 1068 0.18 1.61 1.55 1.57 1.55 1215 0.05 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.4 1216 0.05 0.06 0.4 0.7 0.5 1068 0.05 1.9 3.1 3.1 3 1218 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.09 1 1068 0.04 0.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 1230 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.3 0.1 1232 0.07 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 1068 0.08 2 3.1 3.2 3

(71) The affinity of TRL1068 for the target protein was directly determined using a ForteBio Octet™ biosensor model QK (Pall Corporation; Menlo Park, Calif.) with Kd determined by standard methods for measuring ratio of on and off rates (Ho D, et al., BioPharm International (2013) 48-51). The values were: 1 nM for Staphylococcus aureus (Sa), 1 nM for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), 7 nM for Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) and 350 nM for Haemophilus influenzae (Hi).

EXAMPLE 3

Epitope Selection for Focused mAb Discovery

(72) Computational methods for analyzing the likelihood of antigenicity (induction of antibody responses) are known in the art (reviewed by J. Ponomarenko, et al., in BMC Bioinformatics (2008) 9:514). Using an improved variation of these published methods, a map of the likely epitopes was generated for the IHF from Haemophilus influenzae from a model of the structure based on the published structure found in the Protein Data Bank (pdb IOWF) (FIG. 1B). For the display in FIG. 1A, a value was assigned to the residue at the midpoint of each 11-amino acid segment. A value above 0.9 denotes a region with high likelihood of being susceptible to antibody binding.

(73) Three regions were identified as having high likelihood of being recognized by antibodies: residues 10-25, 56-78, and 86-96.

(74) As illustrated in FIG. 2, the region from residues 56-78 of the IHF protein is substantially conserved across multiple clinically important bacterial species. Structural modeling of IHF from multiple species has confirmed that the homology is high, particularly in the DNA binding region (Swinger, K. K., et al., Current Opinion in Structural Biology (2004) 14:28-35). Peptides that only partially overlap with this optimal region are less likely to fold spontaneously into the relevant three dimensional conformation and will be more difficult to chemically crosslink in order to lock in that conformation. Optimizing the fidelity to the native protein in this manner is advantageous for both mAb discovery and for use of the peptide as an immunogen.

(75) As noted above, the epitopes thus identified are positions 10-25 of H. influenzae IHF: IEYLSDKYHLSKQDTK (SEQ ID NO:49); positions 56-78 of H. influenzae IHF: RDKSSRPGRNPKTGDVVAASARR (SEQ ID NO:50); and positions 86-96 of H. influenzae IHF: QKLRARVEKTK (SEQ ID NO:51).

(76) FIG. 3A shows a computational construction of the IHF dimer complexed with DNA. The B cell epitopes of the invention are shown in FIG. 3B. FIG. 3A shows that the epitopes are partially masked by DNA when bound. However, if exposed, these portions of the proteins may generate antibodies of high affinity capable of binding them and thus preventing the formation of biofilm or causing an established biofilm to lose structural integrity as the DNABII protein is sequestered by the antibody. Other sites on the DNABII protein may also suffice to achieve extraction of the protein out of the biofilm based on higher affinity binding by the mAb as compared to the protein's affinity for components of the biofilm.

EXAMPLE 4

In Vitro Bioactivity Assessment

(77) TRL1068 was tested for bioactivity using a commercial assay from Innovotech (Edmonton, Alberta; Canada). Biofilms were formed in multiple replicates on pins in a 96-well microplate format exposed to media including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) or Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213). Following biofilm formation, the pins were treated in different wells with a non-immune isotype control mAb or with TRL1068 at 1.2 μg/mL (˜10 nM) for 12 hours. As evident in the scanning electron micrographs of the treated surfaces in FIG. 4, TRL1068 was highly effective at dissolving the biofilm. These results establish that the mAb can degrade the biofilm, thereby removing the attached bacteria.

EXAMPLE 5

In Vivo Bioactivity Assessments

(78) Several animal models exist for evaluation of activity. For example, at University Hospital Basel (Switzerland), a model for biofilm on implanted prostheses involves implanting Teflon® tissue cages (Angst+Pfister; Zurich, Switzerland) subcutaneously in BALB/c mice, which are then allowed to heal for 2 weeks. After confirming sterility of the cage by extracting fluid from it, the site is infected with 4×10.sup.3 CFU (colony-forming units) of S. aureus (ATCC 35556), an inoculum mimicking a perioperative infection. After 24 hours, the site is injected with drug. After 72 hours, the mice are sacrificed and the tissue cage recovered. Viable bacteria are counted by plating on blood agar (Nowakowska J., et el., Antimicrob Agents Chemother (2013) 57:333).

(79) A second example is a model that involves inducing biofilm on heart valves, mimicking native valve endocarditis (Tattevin P., et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother (2013) 57:1157). New Zealand white rabbits are anesthetized. The right carotid artery is cut and a polyethylene catheter is positioned across the aortic valve and secured in place. Twenty four hours later, 1 mL of saline plus 8×10.sup.7 CFU of S. aureus is injected through the catheter, which induces a biofilm infection in 95% of the animals. Drugs (anti-biofilm and antibiotic) are administered i.v. and efficacy is evaluated after 4 days by tissue pathology and blood bacterial levels.