Hydraulic Drive for Accelerating and Braking Dynamically Moving Components

Abstract

The aim of the invention is to ensure that a hydraulic drive (10) for accelerating and braking a gas exchange valve (20) of internal combustion engines or other reciprocating engines operates in a simple, reliable and recuperative manner. To this end, a first pressure tank (41) for providing a first pressure p.sub.1, a restoring energy accumulator preferably embodied as a spring (25), and at least one hydraulic basic pressure tank (40) having a lower pressure p.sub.0 than the first pressure tank (41) are provided. A controllable opening (49) of a first valve (46) is arranged with at least one non-return valve (47) located upstream or downstream of the opening in the flow path, in a connection line (48) between the first hydraulic pressure tank (41) and the working cylinder (22), said non-return valve allowing the pressure medium (30) to flow towards the working cylinder (22) but preventing it from flowing back towards the pressure tank (41). In order to also initiate the closing movement or the braking of the gas exchange valve in a hydraulically simple and reliable manner, a controllable opening (59) of a second valve (56) is arranged in a second connection line (58) between the first pressure tank (41) and the working cylinder (22), with a non-return valve (57) that prevents flow towards the working cylinder (22) but allows backflow towards the pressure tank (41).

Claims

1. A hydraulic drive for accelerating and braking dynamically moving components, in particular valves in gas exchange controls of internal combustion engines and other reciprocating engines, wherein the hydraulic drive comprises the following: at least one component to be driven, in particular a valve, preferably a gas exchange valve or a plurality of gas exchange valves which can be actuated jointly via a valve bridge, of an internal combustion engine or another reciprocating engine; a working cylinder with comprising a pressure acting surface of a drive piston, at least one first pressure reservoir for providing a first pressure p.sub.1 of a hydraulic pressure medium, at least one restoring energy accumulator with a biasing force F.sub.Fv, preferably configured as a spring, which engages at the component or at the gas exchange valve, respectively, at least one hydraulic base pressure reservoir, which has a lower pressure p.sub.0 than than that of the first pressure reservoir, characterized in that in a first connecting line between the first hydraulic pressure reservoir and the working cylinder there is provided a controllable opening of a first valve comprising at least one, preferably spring-loaded, check valve, which is arranged serially in the flowpath upstream, within or downstream, allowing the pressure medium to flow in a direction towards the working cylinder but preventing a backflow in a direction towards the pressure reservoir.

2. The hydraulic drive according to claim 1, characterized in that in a second connecting line between the first pressure reservoir and the working cylinder there is provided a controllable opening of a second valve comprising at least one, preferably spring-loaded check valve, which is arranged serially in the flowpath upstream, within or downstream, preventing a flow in a direction towards the working cylinder, but allowing a backflow in a direction towards the pressure reservoir.

3. The hydraulic drive according to claim 2, characterized in that the drive comprises at least a second pressure reservoir with a pressure p.sub.2, and that the controllable opening of the second valve is connected with this second pressure reservoir instead of with the first pressure reservoir, wherein the pressure (p.sub.2) of the second pressure reservoir is preferably between the pressure of the hydraulic base pressure reservoir p.sub.0 and the first pressure p.sub.1 and is preferably chosen so low that the gas exchange valve can reliably swing back onto the valve seat during the closing process.

4. The hydraulic drive according to claim 1, characterized in that the biasing force F.sub.Fv, of the restoring energy accumulator is adjustable.

5. The hydraulic drive according to claim 1, characterized in that the restoring spring accumulator is configured with a progressive spring characteristic.

6. The hydraulic drive according to claim 1, characterized in that at least the controllable opening of the first valve and the controllable opening of the second valve are combined to form a valve unit with a mutual actuator, wherein the combined valve unit is preferably configured as a 3/2-way valve or as a 4/2-way valve.

7. The hydraulic drive according to claim 1, characterized in that in a connecting line between the working cylinder and the base pressure reservoir there is arranged a third controllable opening of a third valve, wherein a—preferably adjustable—throttle is arranged in the flow path upstream, within or downstream of the third valve.

8. The hydraulic drive according to claim 1, characterized in that the controllable opening of the third valve opens in a time-controlled manner shifted by a predetermined time after opening of the second valve, the time preferably being selected such that the second check valve at this time has already closed again and keeps the gas exchange valve fixed in this position.

9. The hydraulic drive according to claim 8, characterized in that the third valve has a closed intermediate position and that during the opening of the second valve the resetting movement of the third valve, which is preferably driven by a spring, is unlocked and started, whereby pressure medium is displaced via a pressure acting surface of the valve and driven through a throttle so that the intermediate position of the valve is traversed only slowly and the cross-section opens only after a desired delay time.

10. The hydraulic drive according to claim 6, characterized in that the third valve is configured as controllable by pressure only or as controllable by pressure in addition to another actuation, namely by the pressure in the working cylinder, in such manner that it opens below a switching pressure level and closes above this pressure level, wherein this pressure level is preferably slightly higher than the pressure in the base pressure reservoir and significantly lower than the pressures in the first or second pressure reservoir.

11. The hydraulic drive according to claim 7, characterized in that the transition cross section from the working cylinder into the connecting line is configured in such manner that upon approaching the gas exchange valve to the valve seat it is reduced by a control edge of the drive piston, whereby the gas exchange valve is braked and touches down gently on the valve seat.

12. The hydraulic drive according to claim 7, characterized in that the connecting line splits up into two connections at the working cylinder, whereby, when the gas exchange valve approaches the valve seat, the first connection is cut off by the control edge of the drive piston whereas the second connection is guided by means of a fixed or adjustable throttle in such manner that the gas exchange valve is braked and touches down gently on the valve seat.

13. The hydraulic drive according to claim 1, characterized in that the first valve and/or the second valve and/or the third valve is configured as a rotary slide valve, wherein the rotary slide valve or the rotary slide valves is/are synchronously driven at a fixed rotational speed ratio relative to the working cycle frequency of the reciprocating engine or of the internal combustion engine.

14. The hydraulic drive according to claim 13, characterized in that the phase angle, at which the rotary slide valve opens, is adjustable with respect to a reference point in the working cycle of the reciprocating engine or of the internal combustion engine.

15. The hydraulic drive according to claim 2, characterized in that the biasing force F.sub.Fv of the restoring energy accumulator is adjustable.

16. The hydraulic drive according to claim 3, characterized in that the biasing force FFv of the restoring energy accumulator is adjustable.

17. The hydraulic drive according to claim 2, characterized in that the restoring spring accumulator is configured with a progressive spring characteristic.

18. The hydraulic drive according to claim 3, characterized in that the restoring spring accumulator is configured with a progressive spring characteristic.

19. The hydraulic drive according to claim 4, characterized in that the restoring spring accumulator is configured with a progressive spring characteristic.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] Further details, advantages and features of the object of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and the corresponding drawings, in which devices according to the present invention are illustrated by way of example. In these drawings:

[0030] FIG. 1 shows a valve assembly for a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention comprising two 2/2-way valves, two high pressure levels and a third 2/2-way valve with an actively switched brake throttle;

[0031] FIG. 2 shows a valve assembly for a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention comprising a high-pressure level, a 3/2-way valve and an automatic hydraulically time-controlled brake throttle;

[0032] FIG. 3 shows a valve assembly for a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention comprising a 4/2-way valve, two high pressure levels and an automatic pressure-controlled brake throttle;

[0033] FIG. 4 shows a schematic time representation of the gas exchange valve movement phases and the opening profiles of the hydraulic control valves.

[0034] FIG. 5 shows a variant of the exemplary embodiment 1 in a fragmentary representation

[0035] FIG. 6 shows a further variant of the exemplary embodiment 1 in a fragmentary representation

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0036] In a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention—as shown in FIG. 1—a gas exchange valve 20 for an engine is operated both for opening and also for closing by means of a hydraulic drive 10 comprising a working cylinder 22 and a drive piston 23 as well as a spring 25 acting against the force movement of the drive piston.

[0037] For better understanding, the hydraulic drive 10 can be divided into a core part 11 and into a supply unit 90. In the supply unit, the provision of pressure for the proposed pressure reservoirs occurs in an inherently known manner, preferably with controllable pumps 91, 92, which allow the transported flow to be adapted to the volume flow and pressure requirement.

[0038] In this example, regulation occurs via pressure sensors 96 and a control electronics 97. The control electronics also takes the control of the actively electrically switching valves 46, 56 and 66. In this exemplary embodiment, these valves are configured as directly controlled, magnet-operated 2/2-way valves, wherein the electrical connection lines are not shown for the purpose of better overview. The supply unit also contains a pressure limiting valve 99, which protects the system against pressure overstepping and simultaneously, as will be explained below, ensures that the gas exchange stroke does not reach a critical value. In the exemplary embodiment a slightly raised base pressure p.sub.0 was chosen, for which reason a small pump 95 from a collection tank 98 returns the leakage of the pressure medium 30, which was supplied via a leakage collection line 94 from the spring chamber 93, again back into the closed system. An embodiment of the base pressure reservoir as a normal, ventilated tank is also possible in principle, but the slightly raised pressure has various advantages. For example, a pressing spring is not required to bring the working piston into contact with the gas exchange valve 20. In this manner one has an inherent valve lash compensation.

[0039] The phases of the movement sequence and the associated valve openings are shown in FIG. 4.

[0040] In the resting state—phase 0, gas exchange valve closed—the so-called third valve 66 is open and the working cylinder 22, in which the drive piston 23 with pressure acting surface 24 of the area content A is movably arranged, is connected to the base pressure reservoir 40 at the pressure level p.sub.0. The biasing force F.sub.Fv of the spring 25 in the resting state (drive or gas exchange valve stroke h=0) is selected such that—against the opening force from the product p.sub.0×A, but also against other opening forces e.g. on the plate 21 of the gas exchange valve 20 engaging from underpressure in the engine cylinder 15 or overpressure in the gas exchange channel 16—the gas exchange valve remains securely in the closed rest position or can reliably move back to there, even with expected frictional forces, such as e.g. from valve shaft seal 17 or valve guide 19.

[0041] It should be noted here that the mentioned engaging forces vary depending on the operating point and application type (type of internal combustion engine or reciprocating engine, inlet or outlet valve) and can also change their direction. A short time before the planned opening of the gas exchange valve, the relief valve 66 is closed.

[0042] To open the gas exchange valve 20 (phase I), the hydraulic pressure force is applied from a first pressure reservoir with the pressure p.sub.1, via a first 2/2-way valve 46 and a first check valve 47, to the drive piston 23, that is to say, to its pressure acting surface 24 with area content A. The gas exchange valve 20 starts opening as soon as the hydraulic pressure force p.sub.1×A exceeds the biasing spring force F.sub.Fv of the spring 25.

[0043] It is clear that the actual force at which opening occurs can vary according to the mentioned additionally acting forces. In the case of a small proportion, the additional forces are neglected in the following formulas, or a substitute force can be used instead of F.sub.Fv. Likewise, due to flow losses and wave processes in the working cylinder, an effective pressure that does not exactly correspond to the pressure p.sub.1 will be attained in the specific embodiment. This can also be duly taken into account by means of correction values.

[0044] In the exemplary embodiment, the spring 25 which is used as an energy accumulator is configured with a high spring constant c, so that a rapid movement of the mass is achieved. The time for full opening corresponds approximately to the half period T.sub.1/2 of an oscillation of the mass-spring oscillator, which is formed by the effective mass m, namely by the mass of the gas exchange valve 20, spring plate, drive piston 23, and optionally valve bridge, a mass portion of spring 25 and of the co-swinging pressure medium 30, and of the spring 25 with spring constant c:

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}i.e.:T_{1/2}=\pi \times \mathrm{square}\mathrm{root}\left(m/c\right).& \left(\mathrm{equation}1\right)\end{array}$

[0045] The high spring constant c causes the spring force F.sub.F to increase markedly with increasing opening stroke h. As soon as the hydraulic force p.sub.1×A on the drive piston 23 has been compensated by the spring force (and any additional forces) (static equilibrium point), the movement has ended in a statical sense, but for known physical reasons—kinetic energy stored in the moving mass m—the system tends to an overshooting, which can reach twice the static stroke.

[0046] The following applies to the static stroke h.sub.stat:

[00002]$\begin{array}{cc}{h}_{stat}\left(p_1\right)=\left(p_1\times A-F_{Fv}\right)/c& \left(\mathrm{equation}2\right)\end{array}$

[0047] Dynamically, the double of the static stroke can be reached:

[00003]$\begin{array}{cc}{h}_{\max }\left(p_1\right)=2\times h_{stat}\left(p_1\right)\mathrm{and}& \left(\mathrm{equation}3\right)\\ h_{\max }\left(p_1\right)=2\times \left(p_1\times A-F_{Fv}\right)/c,& \left(\mathrm{equation}4\right)\end{array}$

respectively.

[0048] From the formula it is easily seen that a desired stroke h.sub.max can be controlled via the amount of pressure p.sub.1 but also via the magnitude of force F.sub.Fv. In this way, a stroke control is even possible in twofold manner.

[0049] In this way, it is possible, for example, to avoid collisions of the gas exchange valve with the piston or with other valves, and to ensure a maximum desired stroke via the maximum pressure p.sub.1 in a known and reliable manner by means of a pressure limiting valve, which is provided in the exemplary embodiment as pressure limiting valve 99.

[0050] Using a spring 25 with a progressive spring characteristic, the stroke control can be refined in the small stroke range, with the protection against excessive stroke becoming correspondingly robust.

[0051] The person skilled in the art also recognizes that such a progressive spring can also be provided very well as a pneumatic spring. He also recognizes that it is also possible to adjust the biasing force F.sub.Fv of a pneumatic spring in a particularly simple manner by adjusting its pneumatic biasing pressure. It is clear that equations 1 to 4 must undergo suitable adaptation if a progressive spring is used instead of a linear spring with a fixed spring constant c.

[0052] By means of the first check valve 47, which prevents a backflow of the pressure medium in a direction towards the pressure reservoir, the gas exchange valve 20 now remains in its open position even if the 2/2-way valve has not yet closed. At this point the holding phase (phase II) of the gas exchange valve starts. Only a minimal backward movement (closing movement) of the gas exchange valve due to a load by the pressure medium itself—which is substantially caused by its compressibility, albeit low—will be observed. Accordingly, the gas exchange of the engine can now continue with the desired stroke.

[0053] Preventively, it should be mentioned that any other flow branches or leakage paths on the flow path between the working cylinder 22 and the check valve must be prevented or closed, since these would impair the holding function. As the check valve has taken over the blocking function, the 2/2-way valve 46 can now be closed within a comparatively wide time range without the exact closing time being important. FIG. 4 shows three exemplary cross-sectional courses of the valve opening 49: A.sub.1a, A.sub.1b and A.sub.1c, all of which are possible in the exemplary embodiment. The opening of the flow cross section of the switching valve 46 only needs to occur about as quickly as the movement of the gas exchange valve occurs. Therefore, no demanding and expensive valve principle is required. Moreover, the check valve 47 automatically ensures that the kinetic energy of the moving mass is almost completely converted into spring energy and also remains temporarily stored in the spring 25—both of which would only be achievable with great effort in case of using an active control intervention of the valve 46. It should be noted that in this phase a pressure is established in the working cylinder 22, which—as a result of the overshoot and the stored spring energy—is generally higher than the pressure p.sub.1

[0054] FIG. 1 also shows the closing process of the gas exchange valve 20, phase 3, by means of a further part of the hydraulic drive. For this purpose, the second 2/2-way valve 56 is opened. The person skilled in the art should be advised that this second 2/2-way valve was closed so far (in phase I and II) (FIG. 4, course A.sub.2). The valve 56 is connected to a second pressure reservoir 42 with a pressure p.sub.2, which is generally lower than the pressure p.sub.1 but higher than p.sub.0. A hydraulic flow occurs into the pressure reservoir 42, while the drive piston 23 executes the closing movement (FIG. 4, stroke diagram, phase III). If now the pressure in the working cylinder 22 drops below the pressure p.sub.2, the hydraulic backflow is terminated, namely by the second check valve 57, which of course is arranged in the other direction than the first check valve and prevents the backflow from the pressure reservoir 42 into the working cylinder. As a result—in a similar manner as the check valve 47 during opening of the gas exchange valve—the gas exchange valve remains in the position reached and the 2/2-way valve must only be closed later, at any time point before the next gas exchange valve opening cycle (FIG. 4, A.sub.2a, A.sub.2b). In particular, this automatism recuperates a maximum of energy. Because there is no need for a precise closing, the valve 56 can also be constructed in a simple manner, and the effort of the electronic control is considerably reduced. The control valve 56 in turn, is also allowed to switch comparatively slowly, which means that in many cases it can be dispensed with demanding construction using e.g. eddy current-inhibiting magnet probe materials.

[0055] Finally, it should be mentioned that the late closing is very helpful for the using of rotary slide technology, because remaining open of the cross-section for different lengths is not a problem.

[0056] In principle, it would be possible to adjust the pressure level p.sub.2 in such manner that the gas exchange valve closes exactly at this working point, that is to say, that it touches down on its seat at a speed close to zero. However, this is not so easy and, particularly in the case of an outlet valve of an internal combustion engine, this working point is also not the same for all operating states. For this reason, in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the pressure p.sub.2 is chosen in such manner that the process of backflow through the second 2/2 way valve 56 into the pressure reservoir 42 is terminated at a certain distance before the point of touchdown of the gas exchange valve 20 (FIG. 4, transition of phase III-IV).

[0057] The touchdown of the gas exchange valve 20—i.e. the closing leading from the «stopping point» to the valve seat (phase V)—is made possible in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1 by the fact that a third 2/2-way valve 66 opens a flow path from the working cylinder 22 to the base pressure reservoir by means of a connecting line 68. In series thereto, there is a brake throttle 67, by means of which the speed of the touchdown process can be controlled. The force required for safe closing and touchdown of the gas exchange valve is obtained from the remaining energy of the spring 25, which is configured in such manner that the closing force in the touchdown point, which is equal to the spring biasing force F.sub.Fv, is larger than the product of the pressure p.sub.0×A and other opening forces, as already described above.

[0058] The switching time point of the third 2/2-way valve 66 (FIG. 4, A.sub.V3, beginning of phase V) determines the resting time in the holding phase in the proximity of the valve seat (phase IV). In the case of internal combustion engines and other reciprocating engines a resting at his point is often not desirable; the closing process of a gas exchange valve should be completed quickly. Due to the fact that the system is an oscillation system, the duration of phase III (beginning of the closing movement of the gas exchange valve up to the stopping point) corresponds approximately to half the period T.sub.1/2 of the spring-mass oscillator according to equation 1.

[0059] The electronic control can be programmed in such manner that the opening of the 2/2-way valve 66 begins by T.sub.1/2 later than the opening of the 2/2-way valve 56. In this context, a person skilled in the art will choose in many cases a slightly longer time duration so as to be on the safe side with regard to maximum energy recovery.

[0060] For reasons of noise and wear, a particularly gentle touchdown of the gas exchange valves on the valve seats is desired. For this purpose, the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1 can be equipped with a path-controlled braking device, as shown sectionwise in FIG. 5.

[0061] For this task, the connecting line 68 must be guided into the working cylinder 22 separately from the other connecting lines 48 and 58, so that the transition cross section 61 from the working cylinder into the connecting line 68—when the working piston 23 approaches the position h=0 or the gas exchange valve 20 approaches the valve seat 18—is closed by the control edge 26 of the working piston so far that the gas exchange valve is braked strongly and moves into the seat gently. It is clear to the person skilled in the art that the transition cross section can be suitably configured, e.g. with a notched contour in the wall of the working cylinder, or as a bore or groove in the drive piston.

[0062] In FIG. 6 it is shown sectionwise how the soft braking can be carried out in alternative manner. In this case, the connecting line 68 is divided into two connections 62 and 63, wherein the first connection 62 is shut off by the control edge 26 of the drive piston 23 at the latest in the proximity of stroke zero, i.e. shortly before touchdown of the gas exchange valve 20 on the valve seat 18, so that the pressure medium can only flow via the connection 63 and the throttle 64. This can also be arranged in the working piston.

[0063] Finally, the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1 can be advantageously configured with rotary slide valves. Thereby, the 2/2-way valves 46, 56 and 66 are each replaced by a rotary slide valve. The adjustment is carried out by adjusting the phase angle. Due to the fact that, by virtue of the automatic holding function of the check valves 47 and 57 according to the present invention, only the opening time point is important for the control of the flow paths 49 and 59 in each direction of movement, whereas the closing time point may lie in a comparatively wide actuation range, it does not matter—at least to a certain extent—when the closing time point is co-shifted as a consequence of phase rotation. Accordingly, the invention allows building up a fully variable and energy-efficient hydraulic gas exchange valve drive also with rotary slide valves which are running in cycle-synchronous manner with the internal combustion engine.

[0064] In the second exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 2, only one high-pressure reservoir, namely pressure reservoir 41 with pressure p.sub.1, is used.

[0065] Due to this fact, p.sub.2=p.sub.1. This embodiment variant can be advantageously used, in particular, if there is a sufficiently large cross-sectional configuration of all hydraulic valves and connecting lines and a friction-optimized configuration of the movable elements (drive piston 23 in the drive cylinder 22 and gas exchange valve 20 in the valve guide 19 with valve shaft seal 17), because with low energy losses a backswing up to the proximity of the valve seat occurs. As a result, the construction effort is reduced overall.

[0066] As a further simplification, the 3/2-way valve 84 is used, whereby in this case the check valves 47 and 57 are arranged between the 3/2-way valve and the pressure reservoir 41. The opening of the gas exchange valve (phase I) is initiated by activating of the actuator 88, the holding open (phase II) is achieved in a known manner by the check valve 47, and the closing of the gas exchange valve is initiated by deactivating of the actuator 88. Finally, the second holding phase occurs in proximity of the seat in a known manner by means of the check valve 57.

[0067] In another embodiment, the third valve 66 is configured as a hydraulically time-controlled valve 86. In this case, it is co-operated by a follower 87 of the actuator 88. This follower is configured in such manner that upon energizing the actuator 88, the valve cross section 69 of the valve 82 is first closed before the 3/2-way valve is moved appreciably, so that upon opening of the cross section 49 no unnecessary short circuit from the pressure reservoir 41 to the base pressure reservoir 40 arises. This is achieved by the clearance 83 between follower and valve part of the 3/2-way valve.

[0068] The time-controlling of valve 82 works as follows:

[0069] Upon deactivation of the actuator 88, i.e. upon initiation of the closing phase of the gas exchange valve, by pulling back the follower next to the 3/2-way valve, the resetting of the valve 82 is also released.

[0070] However, the movement by the resetting spring 73 is slow, because the pressure medium must be pressed through the throttle 72 across a pressure acting surface 71 of the valve. In this situation, the check valve 74 which here is arranged parallel to the throttle 72 has a blocking function. The throttle, pressure acting surface and spring force are adjusted in such manner that the cross-section 69 opens towards the base pressure reservoir only after the desired time delay. Again, the time delay is chosen to be somewhat more generous compared to half the period of the spring-mass-oscillator. As a result, one is on the safe side regarding optimum energy recovery, which is ensured by the automatic holding function of the check valve 57.

[0071] When the actuator is deactivated, the 3/2-way valve 84, controlled by its resetting spring, performs a rapid movement into its resting position 0. However, the parallel switched 2/2-way valve 82 resets slowly, because its resetting movement is braked by the throttle 72. The opening movement occurs without braking, through a check valve 74.

[0072] In the third exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 3, the 4/2-way valve 86 is used. This is again suitable for the use of two high pressure levels. Furthermore, the third valve 66 is arranged in the pressure-controlled embodiment 80 in the connecting line 68 between the working cylinder and the base pressure reservoir. The valve 80 uses the effect that the gas exchange valve 20 slightly springs back during the transition from phase III to phase IV, similar to the transition from phase I to II, i.e. it tends to open again, whereby an underpressure is generated in the working cylinder 22. As a result, the pressure-controlled valve 80 is opened and the desired connection to the base pressure reservoir is produced via the throttle 67, which is integrated in the cross section 69.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

[0073] 10 hydraulic drive

[0074] 11 core part of the drive

[0075] 15 engine cylinder

[0076] 16 gas exchange channel

[0077] 17 valve shaft seal

[0078] 18 valve seat

[0079] 19 valve guide

[0080] 20 gas exchange valve

[0081] 21 plate of the gas exchange valve

[0082] 22 working cylinder

[0083] 23 drive piston

[0084] 24 pressure acting surface of the drive piston 23

[0085] 25 spring

[0086] 26 control edge of the drive piston

[0087] 30 pressure medium

[0088] 40 base pressure reservoir with pressure level p.sub.0

[0089] 41 first pressure reservoir with pressure level p.sub.1

[0090] 42 second pressure reservoir with pressure level p.sub.2

[0091] 46 first valve

[0092] 47 first check valve

[0093] 48 first connection line

[0094] 49 controllable opening of the first valve 46

[0095] 56 second valve

[0096] 57 second check valve

[0097] 58 second connection line

[0098] 59 controllable opening of the second valve 56

[0099] 61 transition cross section of working cylinder 22 in the connecting line 68

[0100] 62 first connection of the connecting line 68 on the working cylinder 22

[0101] 63 second connection of the connecting line 68 on the working cylinder 22 [0102] 64 throttle in the second connection 63 [0103] 66 third valve [0104] 67 throttle [0105] 68 connection line of working cylinder 22 with base pressure reservoir 40 [0106] 69 controllable opening of the third valve 66 [0107] 70 closed intermediate position of the third valve 66 [0108] 71 pressure acting surface of the third valve 66 [0109] 72 throttle of the third valve 66 [0110] 73 spring for resetting the third valve 66 [0111] 74 check valve [0112] 80 embodiment of the third valve 66 as a pressure-controlled valve [0113] 82 embodiment of the third valve 66 as a hydraulically time-controlled valve [0114] 83 clearance between follower 87 and valve part of 3/2-way valve 84 [0115] 3/2-way valve [0116] 4/2-way valve [0117] follower of the actuator [0118] 88 mutual actuator [0119] 90 pressure medium supply unit [0120] 91 pump for first pressure reservoir [0121] 92 pump for second pressure reservoir [0122] 93 spring chamber [0123] 94 leakage collection line [0124] 95 pump for feedback of the leakage [0125] 96 pressure sensor [0126] 97 electronics [0127] 98 collection container [0128] 99 pressure limiting valve [0129] A area content of the pressure acting surface 24 of the drive piston 23 [0130] p.sub.0 pressure of the base pressure reservoir 40 [0131] p.sub.1 pressure of the first pressure reservoir 41 [0132] p.sub.2 pressure of the second pressure reservoir 42

[0133] Remark: all pressures shall be understood relative to ambient pressure. [0134] h stroke of gas exchange valve 20 or of drive piston 23, respectively [0135] h.sub.max maximum opening stroke [0136] h.sub.stat theoretical static opening stroke [0137] m effective mass of moving component [0138] (=Sum of the masses of: [0139] gas exchange valve comprising spring plate and, optionally, valve bridges etc. [0140] mass of drive piston 23 [0141] mass proportion of spring 25 [0142] mass proportion of co-moving pressure medium 30 [0143] further co-moving parts such as valve bridge, etc.) [0144] F.sub.F spring force of spring 25, dependent on spring deflection [0145] F.sub.Fv biasing force of spring 25 (in the closed position of the gas exchange valve, h=0) [0146] c spring constant of spring 25 (for a linear characteristic) [0147] t time [0148] T.sub.1/2 half period duration of the spring mass oscillator from m and c phases: [0149] O resting phase [0150] I opening of the gas exchange valve [0151] II first holding phase in the open state [0152] III closing of the gas exchange valve [0153] IV second holding phase in front of valve seat [0154] V final closing of the gas exchange valve [0155] VI resting phase [0156] A.sub.1a, A.sub.1b. A.sub.1c cross-sectional course variants a, b, c of the first valve [0157] A.sub.2a, A.sub.2b cross-sectional course variants of second valve [0158] A.sub.3 cross-sectional course of third valve