Stretch frame for stretching process

Abstract

An apparatus comprising a frame and a pressure sensitive adhesive applied to at least a portion of the frame, where the pressure sensitive adhesive is arranged to bond a pre-strained film to the frame is disclosed. A method of making the apparatus also is disclosed. Also disclosed is a method of preparing a stretch frame for manufacturing electroactive polymer devices thereon.

Claims

1. A method of fabricating a polymer film device, the method comprising: providing an apparatus comprising: a stretch frame; and an adhesive applied to at least a portion of the stretch frame, wherein the adhesive is configured to bond a pre-strained film tightly to the stretch frame during a manufacture of electroactive polymer devices and further configured to enable an easy removal of film remnants left on the stretch frame after the electroactive polymer devices are removed from the stretch frame; providing a film; stretching the film; laminating or bonding the pre-strained film onto the adhesive coating of the stretch frame; manufacturing the electroactive polymer device on the pre-strained film; and removing the electroactive polymer devices from the pre-strained film bonded to the stretch frame by the adhesive.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising incorporating at least a portion of the stretch frame into the electroactive polymer device.

3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising applying a release coating onto at least a portion of the stretch frame and applying the adhesive coating on top of the release coating.

4. A method of fabricating a polymer film device, the method comprising: providing an apparatus comprising: a stretch frame; and an adhesive applied to at least a portion of the stretch frame, wherein the adhesive is configured to bond a pre-strained film tightly to the stretch frame during a manufacture of electroactive polymer devices and further configured to enable an easy removal of film remnants left on the stretch frame after the electroactive polymer devices are removed from the stretch frame; providing a film; stretching the film; laminating or bonding the pre-strained film onto the adhesive coating of the stretch frame; applying a release coating onto at least a portion of the stretch frame and applying the adhesive coating on top of the release coating; and applying an adhesion promoter to at least a portion of the stretch frame prior to applying the release coating thereon.

5. The method according to claim 3, further comprising reusing the stretch frame by removing at least a portion of the pre-strained film from the release coating.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The invention is best understood from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate understanding, the same reference numerals have been used (where practical) to designate similar elements are common to the drawings. Included in the drawings are the following:

(2) FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate a top perspective view of a transducer before and after application of a voltage in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

(3) FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary electroactive polymer cartridge in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

(4) FIG. 2B illustrates an exploded view of an electroactive polymer actuator, inertial mass and actuator housing in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

(5) FIG. 3 illustrates a conventional stretch frame used in a conventional process;

(6) FIG. 4 illustrates a sectional view of the conventional stretch frame shown in FIG. 3 taken along section 4-4,

(7) FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram of a conventional process for stretching and laminating film onto the conventional stretch frame shown in FIG. 4;

(8) FIG. 6 illustrates an exploded view of a reusable stretch frame according to one embodiment of the present invention;

(9) FIG. 7 illustrates a sectional view of the reusable stretch frame shown in FIG. 6 taken along section 7-7;

(10) FIG. 8 illustrates a pre-strained film laminated onto a pressure sensitive adhesive coating applied to the reusable stretch frame shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 according to one embodiment of the present invention;

(11) FIG. 9 illustrates an exploded view of a disposable stretch frame according to one embodiment of the present invention;

(12) FIG. 10 illustrates a sectional view of the disposable stretch frame shown in FIG. 8 taken along section 10-10;

(13) FIG. 11 illustrates a pre-strained film laminated onto a pressure sensitive adhesive coating applied to the disposable stretch frame shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 according to one embodiment of the present invention;

(14) FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic diagram of a stretcher for stretching film and laminating the pre-strained film on stretch frames according to one embodiment of the present invention;

(15) FIG. 13 illustrates a flow diagram of a film stretching and laminating process according to one embodiment of the present invention;

(16) FIG. 14 illustrates one embodiment of a semiautomatic stretcher being used to stretch film and to laminate the stretched film onto a stretch frame according to one embodiment of the present invention; and

(17) FIG. 15 illustrates one embodiment of a semiautomatic stretcher for stretching film and laminating the stretched film onto a stretch frame according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(18) FIG. 16 illustrates a side view of the semiautomatic stretcher shown in FIG. 15.

(19) Variation of the invention from that shown in the figures is contemplated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(20) Examples of electroactive polymer devices and their applications are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,343,129; 6,376,971; 6,543,110; 6,545,384; 6,583,533; 6,586,859; 6,628,040; 6,664,718; 6,707,236; 6,768,246; 6,781,284; 6,806,621; 6,809,462; 6,812,624; 6,876,135; 6,882,086; 6,891,317; 6,911,764; 6,940,221; 7,034,432; 7,049,732; 7,052,594; 7,062,055; 7,064,472; 7,166,953; 7,199,501; 7,199,501; 7,211,937; 7,224,106; 7,233,097; 7,259,503; 7,320,457; 7,362,032; 7,368,862; 7,378,783; 7,394,282; 7,436,099; 7,492,076; 7,521,840; 7,521,847; 7,567,681; 7,595,580; 7,608,989; 7,626,319; 7,750,532; 7,761,981; 7,911,761; 7,915,789; 7,952,261; 8,183,739; 8,222,799; 8,248,750; and in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos.; 2007/0200457; 2007/0230222; 2011/0128239; and 2012/0126959, the entireties of which are incorporated herein by reference.

(21) In various embodiments, the present invention provides a stretch frame for stretching film and/or laminating the stretched film onto the stretch frame. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a stretching process employing the stretch frame for stretching and/or laminating the stretched film. In one embodiment, a polymer film is stretched and/or laminated using the stretch frame and process according to the present disclosure to manufacture electroactive polymer devices. Embodiments of the stretch frame and stretching process according to the present disclosure can be used to stretch and laminate film to reduce manufacturing costs relative to conventional techniques by eliminating numerous processing steps and preclude the need for cleaning the stretch frames after each use, which can be labor intensive. Various embodiments of the present invention employ a unique coating stack to hold a pre-strained film tightly during manufacturing of electroactive polymer devices and to enable easy removal of film remnants left on the stretch frame after the devices are removed, e.g., cut out, from the stretch frame. In one embodiment, the stretch frames are disposable. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the stretch frame can be incorporated permanently into the transducer.

(22) In one embodiment, a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) and release coat are applied to the stretch frame to hold a pre-strained film on the stretch frame and to enable easy removal of any pressure sensitive adhesive and/or film remnants from the stretch frame after each use, respectively. In addition to reducing manufacturing costs by decreasing the number of stretching and laminating steps and labor costs of cleaning stretch frames after each use, embodiments of the present invention also enable the use of narrower stretch frames, which provides additional printing area for an equally sized frame with the same outside dimensions, leading to increased manufacturing throughput.

(23) For some electroactive polymer device configurations, the adhesives can be printed after film-to-film lamination. Conventional stretch frames that employ two aluminum stretch frames, it is difficult to build more than two layers of film in a lamination due to the thickness of the stretch frames. Embodiments of the present invention provide thinner single stretch frames to simplify the stretching and/or lamination processes.

(24) Films useful in embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to those made from polymers such as silicone, polyurethane, acrylate, hydrocarbon rubber, olefin copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer, fluoroelastomer styrenic copolymer, and adhesive elastomer.

(25) Prior to describing the stretch frame and stretch/laminating process according to various embodiments of the present invention, the description now turns to FIGS. 1A and 1B, which illustrate an example of an electroactive polymer film or membrane 10 structure. A thin elastomeric dielectric film or layer 12 is sandwiched between compliant or stretchable electrode plates or layers 14 and 16, thereby forming a capacitive structure or film. The length “l” and width “w” of the dielectric layer, as well as that of the composite structure, are much greater than its thickness “t”. Preferably, the dielectric layer has a thickness in the range from about 10 μm to about 100 μm, with the total thickness of the structure in the range from about 15 μm to about 10 cm. The thickness of the dielectric layer in the transducer can be reduced during fabrication by stretching (or pre-straining) the dielectric film. The stretching can be uniaxial or biaxial. In biaxial pre-strain, the stretch ratio may be equal in all directions or it can be anisotropic with stretching in one axis greater than in another.

(26) It is additionally desirable to select the elastic modulus, thickness, and/or the geometry of electrodes 14, 16 such that the additional stiffness they contribute to the actuator is generally less than the stiffness of the dielectric layer 12, which has a relatively low modulus of elasticity, i.e., less than about 100 MPa and more preferably less than about 10 MPa, but is likely thicker than each of the electrodes. Electrodes suitable for use with these compliant capacitive structures are those capable of withstanding cyclic strains greater than about 1% without failure due to mechanical fatigue.

(27) As seen in FIG. 1B, when a voltage is applied across the electrodes, the unlike charges in the two electrodes 14, 16 are attracted to each other and these electrostatic attractive forces compress the dielectric film 12 (along the Z-axis). The dielectric film 12 is thereby caused to deflect with a change in electric field. As electrodes 14, 16 are compliant, they change shape with dielectric layer 12. In the context of the present disclosure, “deflection” refers to any displacement, expansion, contraction, torsion, linear or area strain, or any other deformation of a portion of dielectric film 12. Depending on the architecture, e.g., a frame, in which capacitive structure 10 is employed (collectively referred to as a “transducer”), this deflection may be used to produce mechanical work. Various different transducer architectures are disclosed and described in the above-identified patent references.

(28) With a voltage applied, the transducer film 10 continues to deflect until mechanical forces balance the electrostatic forces driving the deflection. The mechanical forces include elastic restoring forces of the dielectric layer 12, the compliance or stretching of the electrodes 14, 16 and any external resistance provided by a device and/or load coupled to transducer 10. The resultant deflection of the transducer 10 as a result of the applied voltage may also depend on a number of other factors such as the dielectric constant of the elastomeric material and its size and stiffness. Removal of the voltage difference and the induced charge causes the reverse effects.

(29) In some cases, the electrodes 14 and 16 may cover a limited portion of dielectric film 12 relative to the total area of the film. This may be done to prevent electrical breakdown around the edge of the dielectric or achieve customized deflections in certain portions thereof. Dielectric material outside an active area (the latter being a portion of the dielectric material having sufficient electrostatic force to enable deflection of that portion) may be caused to act as an external spring force on the active area during deflection. More specifically, material outside the active area may resist or enhance active area deflection by its contraction or expansion.

(30) The dielectric film 12 may be pre-strained using the various embodiments of the stretch frame and process according to the present invention described herein. The pre-strain improves conversion between electrical and mechanical energy. i.e., the pre-strain allows the dielectric film 12 to deflect more and provide greater mechanical work. Pre-strain of a film may be described as the change in dimension in a direction after pre-straining relative to the dimension in that direction before pre-straining. The pre-strain may include elastic deformation of the dielectric film and be formed, for example, by stretching the film in tension and fixing one or more of the edges while stretched, as indicated in FIG. 10. The pre-strain may be imposed at the boundaries of the film or for only a portion of the film and may be implemented by using a rigid frame or by stiffening a portion of the film.

(31) The transducer structure of FIGS. 1A and 1B and other similar compliant structures and the details of their constructs are more fully described in many of the referenced patents and publications disclosed herein.

(32) FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary electroactive polymer cartridge 12 having an electroactive polymer transducer film 26 placed between rigid frame 8 where the electroactive polymer film 26 is exposed in openings of the frame 8. The exposed portion of the film 26 includes two working pairs of thin elastic electrodes 32 on either side of the cartridge 12 where the electrodes 32 sandwich or surround the exposed portion of the film 26. The electroactive polymer film 26 can have any number of configurations. However, in one example, the electroactive polymer film 26 comprises a thin layer of elastomeric dielectric polymer (e.g., made of acrylate, silicone, urethane, thermoplastic elastomer, hydrocarbon rubber, fluoroelastomer, styrenic copolymer elastomer, or the like). When a voltage difference is applied across the oppositely-charged electrodes 32 of each working pair (i.e., across paired electrodes that are on either side of the film 26), the opposed electrodes attract each other thereby compressing the dielectric polymer layer 26 therebetween. The area between opposed electrodes is considered the active area. As the electrodes are pulled closer together, the dielectric polymer 26 becomes thinner (i.e., the Z-axis component contracts) as it expands in the planar directions (i.e., the X- and Y-axes components expand) (See FIG. 1B for axis references).

(33) Furthermore, in variations where the electrodes contain conductive particles, like charges distributed across each electrode may cause conductive particles embedded within that electrode to repel one another, thereby contributing to the expansion of the elastic electrodes and dielectric films. In alternate variations, electrodes do not contain conductive particles (e.g., textured sputtered metal films). The dielectric layer 26 is thereby caused to deflect with a change in electric field. As the electrode material is also compliant, the electrode layers change shape along with dielectric layer 26. As stated hereinabove, deflection refers to any displacement, expansion, contraction, torsion, linear or area strain, or any other deformation of a portion of dielectric layer 26. This deflection may be used to produce mechanical work. As shown, the dielectric layer 26 can also include one or more mechanical output bars 34. The bars 34 can optionally provide attachment points for either an inertial mass (as described below) or for direct coupling to a substrate in the electronic media device.

(34) In fabricating a transducer, an elastic film 26 can be stretched and held in a pre-strained condition usually by a rigid frame or stretch frame 8. In those variations employing a four-sided frame, the film can be stretched bi-axially. It has been observed that pre-strain improves the dielectric strength of the polymer layer 26, thereby enabling the use of higher electric fields and improving conversion between electrical and mechanical energy, i.e., the pre-strain allows the film to deflect more and provide greater mechanical work. Preferably, the electrode material is applied after pre-straining the polymer layer, but may be applied beforehand. The two electrodes provided on the same side of layer 26, referred to herein as same-side electrode pairs, i.e., electrodes on the top side of dielectric layer 26 and electrodes on a bottom side of dielectric layer 26, can be electrically isolated from each other. The opposed electrodes on the opposite sides of the polymer layer form two sets of working electrode pairs, i.e., electrodes spaced by the electroactive polymer film 26 form one working electrode pair and electrodes surrounding the adjacent exposed electroactive polymer film 26 form another working electrode pair. Each same-side electrode pair can have the same polarity, whereas the polarity of the electrodes of each working electrode pair is opposite each other. Each electrode has an electrical contact portion configured for electrical connection to a voltage source.

(35) Examples of electroactive polymer films can be found in the commonly assigned patents and patent applications disclosed and incorporated by reference herein.

(36) Now turning to FIG. 3, where a conventional stretch frame 100 used in a conventional process is illustrated. As shown, the conventional stretch frame 100 includes a top frame element 102 and a bottom frame 104 element. The top frame element 102 is slightly smaller than the bottom frame element 104. With reference now to both FIGS. 3 and 4, a pre-strained dielectric film 106 is sandwiched between the top and bottom frame elements 102, 104 of the stretch frame 100. An adhesive tape 108 may be employed to bond the top and bottom frame elements 102, 104 together. This holds the pre-strained film 108 in place for subsequent lamination and printing processes. Once the printing process is completed, the individual electroactive polymer devices are removed, e.g., cut out (singulated), from the film 108 and removed from the stretch frame 100. The tape 108 and any film remnants must then be removed the stretch frame 100 before the stretch frame 100 can be reused. Removing the tape 108 and film remnants increases the manufacturing cycle time and adds labor costs for cleaning the stretch frame after each use. Although the top and bottom stretch frame elements 102, 104 can be made of any suitable materials such as metals and rigid plastics, generally these components are made of aluminum.

(37) FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram 200 of a conventional process for stretching and laminating film onto the conventional stretch frame shown in FIG. 4. This process 200 will now be described in conjunction with FIGS. 3 and 4. The process 200 starts by providing 202 the bottom frame element 104. The film 106 is stretched 204 and laminated 206 onto the bottom frame element 104. The top frame element 102 is then provided and placed above the stretched film 106 and the bottom frame element 104. The tape 108 is applied to bond the top and bottom frame elements 102, 104 to hold the pre-strained film 108 during the manufacturing steps. The electroactive polymer devices are manufactured using the stretch frame 100. The devices are then removed 216 from the film 108. The excess film 108 is removed 218 and the tape 108 is removed and cleaned from the stretch frame 100.

(38) Having described the film stretching and laminating process for manufacturing electroactive polymer devices using a conventional stretch frame 100 and process 200, the disclosure now turns to FIG. 6, which illustrates an exploded view of a reusable stretch frame 300 according to one embodiment of the present invention and FIG. 7, which illustrates a sectional view of the stretch frame shown in FIG. 6 taken along section 7-7. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the reusable stretch frame 300 according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises a bottom stretch frame element 302, a permanent, or long term, release coating 304 applied to a top portion of the stretch frame element 302, and a pressure sensitive adhesive 306 applied to the release coating 304. The release coating 304 is reusable and generally is applied once to the stretch frame element 302. Although the stretch frame element 302 can be made of any suitable material, the stretch frame element 302 is generally made of aluminum.

(39) The reusable stretch frame 300 can be manufactured with thinner, narrower, stretch frame elements 302, which provides the additional advantage of increasing the pre-strained film 106 area available for printing the electroactive polymer components, for example. In other words, thinner or narrower stretch frame elements 302 increase the ratio of print area over the overall area defined by the stretch frame element 302.

(40) As shown in FIG. 8, the pre-strained film 106 is laminated onto the pressure sensitive adhesive material 306, which will hold the pre-strained film 106 during the electroactive polymer device manufacturing steps. Since the pre-strained film 106 is bonded to the stretch frame element 302 by the pressure sensitive adhesive 306, there is no need for a top stretch frame element 102 and tape 108 or other method to bond the top and bottom stretch frame elements 102, 104 as shown and described in connection with FIGS. 3 and 4.

(41) FIG. 9 illustrates an exploded view of a disposable stretch frame 400 according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 10 illustrates a sectional view of the stretch frame shown in FIG. 8 taken along section 10-10. The disposable stretch frame 400 comprises a stretch frame element 402 made of relatively inexpensive material (e.g., plastic) to make it economically feasible to make it disposable. A pressure sensitive adhesive 404 coating is applied to a top portion of the stretch frame element 402 but no release coating is necessary since the disposable stretch frame 400 will not be reused. FIG. 11 illustrates a pre-strained film 106 laminated onto the pressure sensitive adhesive 404 coating applied to the stretch frame element 402.

(42) Another embodiment of this invention is that at least a portion of the disposable stretch frame can be incorporated into the structure of the transducer cartridge. For example, an adhesive coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film with apertures could be laminated onto a pre-strained dielectric film, processed through printing stations to add electrodes, and singulated into individual transducers by die-cutting through the entire materials stack. Using the disposable stretch frame material in the final product could reduce product cost by eliminating the steps used to print a frame in an electroactive polymer cartridge.

(43) Although the reusable and disposable stretch frames 300, 400 are illustrated as having a generally rectilinear shape, the shape of these stretch frames 300, 400 should not be limited as such. In general, the stretch frames 300, 400 may be implemented using any suitable triangular, square, rectangular, rhomboidal, polygonal, circular, oval, irregular, or other suitable shape.

(44) FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic diagram of a stretcher 500 for stretching film and laminating the pre-strained film on the stretch frames 300, 400 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The film 106 is initially rolled out and clamped on either side. As the film 106 advanced the clamps follow a track that widens and stretches the film 106. During the process, after the film 106 has been stretched, the film 106 is laminated onto the pressure sensitive adhesive coating applied to the reusable stretch frame 300 or the disposable stretch frame 400. After the pre-strained film 106 is laminated onto the stretch frames 300 (400), the frames are removed, e.g., cut out, from the film web and routed to an electroactive polymer device manufacturing stage, where the various components of the electroactive polymer device are printed or applied to the pre-strained film 106 bonded to the stretch frame 300 (400).

(45) The cleaning process is simple. After the device or plurality of devices is removed from the pre-strained film 106, the pressure sensitive adhesive 306 and film remnants are peeled easily from the release coating 304. The reusable stretch frame 300 with the release coating 304 is reusable. For materials selection, consideration is given to the tack and peel adhesion properties of the pressure sensitive adhesive 306 as well as the release properties of the pressure sensitive adhesive 306. In other words, the pressure sensitive adhesive 306 should not be too easily released from the release coating 304 so it will remain during the manufacturing process, but should be easily released for the cleaning process. For making the release coating 306 permanent, an adhesion promoter can be applied to a portion of the stretch frame 300 prior to applying the release coating 304 thereon.

(46) Various materials can be employed for the pressure sensitive adhesive 306 and the release coating 304. In one embodiment the pressure sensitive adhesive 306 is a Dow Corning 2013 (a solvent-free silicone pressure sensitive adhesive that, when used with SYL-OFF 4000 catalyst (a blend of platinum catalyst and vinyl functional silicone polymer), offers the ability to prepare pressure sensitive constructions at low curing temperatures) material, among other materials, for example; the release coating 304 is a Dow Corning SYL-OFF Q2-7785 (an 88% active solids dispersion of fluorofunctional silicone polymer in heptane), among other materials, for example; and optionally, an adhesion promoter for the release coating 304 to aluminum stretch frame 302 is NuSil CF2-135 (silicone primer), among other materials, for example.

(47) Other materials that may be employed for the pressure sensitive adhesive 304 include: Dow Corning 280A (a dispersion of polydimethylsiloxane gum and resin diluted with xylene to 55% silicone solids content.), Dow Corning 282 (a dispersion of polydimethyldisiloxane gum and resin diluted with xylene to 55% silicone solids content), Dow Corning 7355 (a dispersion of polydimethylsiloxane gum and resin diluted with xylene and toluene to an average 56.5 percent silicone solids content), Dow Corning 7358 (a dispersion of polydimethylsiloxane gum and resin diluted with xylene and toluene to an average 56.5 percent silicone solids content), Dow Corning 7388 (a dispersion of polydimethylsiloxane gum and resin diluted with xylene to 55% to 58% silicone solids content), Dow Corning 7651, 7652, 7657, Dow Corning SYL-OFF Q2-7566 (a dispersion of polydimethylsiloxane gum and resin diluted with xylene to 55% silicone solids content), Dow Corning SYL-OFF Q2-7735 (a peroxide-curable silicone pressure sensitive adhesive designed to provide low, stable release from liners made with Dow Corning SYL-OFF Q2-7785 Release Coating, while maintaining high subsequent tack and adhesion properties; the adhesive is a dispersion of siloxane gum and silicone resin diluted with xylene to 55% silicone solids content), Dow Corning SYL-OFF Q2-7406 (a polydimethylsiloxane gum and resin dispersion), Momentive SILGRIP PSA529 (silicone pressure sensitive adhesive), Momentive SILGRIP PSA590 (a silicone pressure sensitive adhesive based on a toluene solution of polysiloxane gum and resin and supplied at 60% silicone solids and may be further diluted with aromatic, aliphatic or chlorinated solvents), Momentive SILGRIP PSA595 (a silicone pressure sensitive adhesive based on a xylene solution of polysiloxane gum and resin and supplied at 55% silicone solids and may be further diluted with aromatic, aliphatic or chlorinated solvents), Momentive SILGRIP PSA6573A (a silicone pressure sensitive adhesive based on a toluene solution of polysiloxane gum and resin and supplied at 60% silicone solids and may be further diluted with aromatic, aliphatic or chlorinated solvents), Momentive SILGRIP PSA6574 (a silicone pressure sensitive adhesive based on a toluene solution of phenyl based polysiloxane gum and resin supplied at 55% silicone solids and may be further diluted with aromatic, aliphatic or chlorinated solvents), NuSil PSA-1170 (a silicone based pressure sensitive adhesive), among other materials, for example. Other adhesives may also be employed that are not pressure sensitive adhesives such as hot-melt, liquid, thermal curing, UV curing, and B-staged adhesives. A wide range of adhesives can be used including silicones, fluorosilicones, acrylates, polyurethanes, olefins, hydrocarbon rubbers, styrene copolymers, epoxies, hot-melt adhesives, pressure sensitive adhesives, thermal curing adhesives, UV curing adhesives, liquid adhesives, and any combinations thereof, among other materials.

(48) Materials that may be employed for the release coating 304 include: Momentive FSR2000 (a fluorosilicone polymer containing platinum catalyst), epoxy silicone, fluoropolymer, fluorosilicone, among other materials, for example. The choice of the release coating is highly dependent on the materials used for the stretch frame, adhesive, and stretched dielectric film.

(49) Additional materials that have been tested but have not performed as well as the above listed materials for a silicone film design include, for the release coating 304: Magnaplate coatings including polymer-based LECTROFLUOR, TUFRAM surface enhancement coating, and TEFLON (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene), mold release, EASE RELEASE 200, among other materials. These materials may find utility for other chemistries, however.

(50) Portions of the surface of the stretch frame may be pre-treated prior to the application of the release coating to improve the formation and adhesion of a strong, durable release coating. Treatment agents include solvents, primers, coupling agents, and etchants. An exemplary adhesion promoter for a fluorosilicone release coating 304 to the aluminum stretch frame 302 is NuSil MED1-161 (silicone primer specially formulated primer designed for use with platinum-cured systems where conventional silicone primers are insufficient.

(51) FIG. 13 illustrates a flow diagram 600 of a film stretching and laminating process according to one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 13, a stretch frame 300 (400) is provided 602 and a pressure sensitive adhesive 306 is applied thereto. In one embodiment, the reusable stretch frame 300 is made of aluminum, or other reusable material. The release coating 304 is applied to the aluminum reusable stretch frame 300 prior to its introduction into the process depicted in the flow diagram 600. When a disposable stretch frame 400 is employed, then the pressure sensitive adhesive 306 can be applied directly to the disposable stretch frame 400 material. Once the pressure sensitive adhesive 306 coating is applied, the film 106 stretched and the pre-strained film 106 is laminated onto the stretch frame 300 (400). After lamination the stretch frame 300 (400) with the pre-strained film 106 is employed to manufacture 610 the electroactive polymer devices as described in connection with FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B. The devices are then removed, e.g., cut 612, from the pre-strained film 106 bonded to the stretch frame 300 (400) by the pressure sensitive adhesive 306. When a reusable stretch frame 300 is employed, the excess film 106 and the pressure sensitive adhesive 306 are simply peeled away from the release coating 304, making clean up easy and preparation of the stretch frame 300 for the next process run more efficient. When a disposable stretch frame 400 is employed, the entire stretch frame 400 is disposed of.

(52) FIG. 14 illustrates one embodiment of a semiautomatic stretcher 700 being used to stretch film 106 and to laminate the stretched film 106 onto a stretch frame 300 (400) according to one embodiment of the present invention. The semiautomatic stretcher 700 is being used to stretch the film 106 and for film-frame lamination on the film stretcher 500 (as shown in FIG. 12). As shown in FIG. 14, an operator 702 is in the process of laminating the film 106 onto the frames 300 (400) that were coated with the pressure sensitive adhesive 306, as described in connection with FIGS. 6-8. Although a manual lamination process is shown, embodiments of the present invention encompass a fully automatic process where a roller or other means are employed to perform the lamination function. Also, the film 106 stretcher 500 can be advanced continuously or indexed by a single frame 300 (400) or a predetermined number of frames 300 (400).

(53) FIG. 15 illustrates one embodiment of a semiautomatic stretcher 800 for stretching film 106 with the film stretcher 500 (as shown in FIG. 12) and laminating the stretched film 106 onto a stretch frame 300 (400) according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 16 illustrates a side view of the semiautomatic stretcher 800. With reference now to FIGS. 15, and 16, the semiautomatic stretcher 800 comprises a base material roll 802, a machine direction orientation roll 808, a first scrap winder 810, and a second scrap winder 812. The base material roll 802 comprises a dielectric film 106 layer sandwiched between a polyethylene terephthalate layer 804 and a polyethylene (PE) interleave layer 806. In operation, as the base material roll 802 rotates the polyethylene terephthalate layer 804 is wound by the first scrap winder 810 and the PE interleave layer 806 is wound by the second scrap winder 812. The dielectric film layer 106 is advanced to the film stretcher 500 portion. A tape unwind spool 814 can be employed to apply tape 816 to the edges of the edges of the dielectric film 106 to reinforce the film 106 during the stretching phase.

(54) As previously discussed, the various embodiments of the stretch frames 300 (400) and process 601) for stretching and laminating the film 106 onto the stretch frames 300 (400) provide several advantages over the conventional stretch frame 100 and process 200. Such advantages include, without limitation, cost reduction, improved lamination integrity, enables use of narrower frames to increase the film area available for printing, efficient use of silicone film, and increase throughput. Also, printing after the lamination process becomes easier with thinner stretch frames.

(55) As for other details of the present invention, materials and alternate related configurations may be employed as within the level of those with skill in the relevant art. The same may hold true with respect to process-based aspects of the invention in terms of additional acts as commonly or logically employed. In addition, though the invention has been described in reference to several examples, optionally incorporating various features, the invention is not to be limited to that which is described or indicated as contemplated with respect to each variation of the invention. Various changes may be made to the invention described and equivalents (whether recited herein or not included for the sake of some brevity) may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. Any number of the individual parts or subassemblies shown may be integrated in their design. Such changes or others may be undertaken or guided by the principles of design for assembly.

(56) Also, it is contemplated that any optional feature of the inventive variations described may be set forth and claimed independently, or in combination with any one or more of the features described herein. Reference a singular item, includes the possibility that there are plural of the same items present. More specifically, as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” “said,” and “the” include plural referents unless the specifically stated otherwise. In other words, use of the articles allow for “at least one” of the subject item in the description above as well as the claims below. It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely,” “only” and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative” limitation. Without the use of such exclusive terminology, the term “comprising” in the claims shall allow for the inclusion of any additional element irrespective of whether a given number of elements are enumerated in the claim, or the addition of a feature could be regarded as transforming the nature of an element set forth in the claims. Stated otherwise, unless specifically defined herein, all technical and scientific terms used herein are to be given as broad a commonly understood meaning as possible while maintaining claim validity.