CRUCIATE REPLACING ARTIFICIAL KNEE

Abstract

A prosthetic knee with an artificial ACL/PCL. The prosthetic knee includes a femoral component and a tibial component. The artificial ACL/PCL connects the femoral component and the tibial component and includes an anterior cruciate ligament portion connecting an anterior anchor point on the tibial component to a posterior anchor point on the femoral component, and a posterior cruciate ligament portion connecting a posterior anchor point on the tibial component to an anterior anchor point on the femoral component. The artificial ligament may be provided as single length of material and may be pre-assembled into an ACL/PCL module having portions that may be inserted into at least one of the femoral component or the tibial component. A system is also provided for total knee replacement that includes a selection of femoral components, tibial components, and one or more ACL/PCL modules of varying sizes,

Claims

1. An ACL/PCL module attachable to a prosthetic knee having a femoral component, an articular insert, and a tibial component, said module comprising: at least one of a femoral portion configured to be coupled to the femoral component and a tibial portion configured to be coupled to at least one of the articular insert and the tibial component; and at least one artificial ligament connecting the femoral component and the tibial component, the at least one artificial ligament comprising an anterior cruciate ligament portion connecting an anterior anchor point on the tibial portion or tibial component to a posterior anchor point on the femoral portion or femoral component, and a posterior cruciate ligament portion connecting a posterior anchor point on the tibial portion or tibial component to an anterior anchor point on the femoral portion or femoral component.

2. The ACL/PCL module of claim 1, wherein the anterior cruciate is ligament portion and the posterior cruciate ligament portion are discrete components that are not connected to one another.

3. The ACL/PCL module of claim 1 comprising the tibial portion, the tibial portion comprising an insert configured to be releasably coupled to the articular insert.

4. The ACL/PCL module of claim 1 comprising the tibial portion, the tibial portion comprising an insert configured to be releasably coupled to the tibial component.

5. The ACL/PCL module of claim 1 comprising the femoral portion,the femoral portion comprising an insert configured to be releasably coupled to the femoral component.

6. The ACL/PCL module of claim 1, wherein the at least one artificial ligament comprises a single length of material in which the anterior cruciate ligament portion and the posterior cruciate ligament are connected to one another.

7. The ACL/PCL module of claim 6 comprising the tibial portion, wherein each end of he single length of material is fastened to the tibial portion.

8. The ACL/PCL module of claim 6 comprising the femoral portion, wherein each end of the single length of material is fastened to the femoral portion.

9. The ACL/PCL module of claim 6, wherein the ends of the single length of material are attached to one another to form a continuous loop.

10. The ACL/PCL module of claim 1, wherein the femoral portion of the module is configured to slidably engage the femoral component or the tibial portion of the module is configured to slidably engage the tibial component.

11. The ACL/PCL module of claim 10, wherein the module is configured to be retained in engagement with the femoral component via a locking taper or retained in engagement with the tibial component via a locking taper.

12. A modular prosthetic knee comprising: a femoral component configured for fixation to the distal portion of a femur; a tibial component configured for fixation to the proximal portion of a tibia; and the ACL/PCL module according to claim 1.

13. A prosthetic knee comprising: a femoral component configured for fixation to the distal portion of a femur; a tibial component configured for fixation to the proximal portion of a tibia, the tibial component comprising an articular insert configured to be coupled to the tibial component and at least one artificial ligament connecting the femoral component and the tibial component, the at least one artificial ligament comprising an anterior cruciate ligament portion connecting an anterior anchor point on the tibial component to a posterior anchor point on the femoral component, and a posterior cruciate ligament portion connecting a posterior anchor point on the tibial component to an anterior anchor point on the femoral component, wherein the at least one artificial ligament comprises a single length of material in which the anterior cruciate ligament portion and the posterior cruciate ligament are connected to one another.

14. The prosthetic knee of claim 13, wherein each end of the single length of material is fastened to the tibial component.

15. The prosthetic knee of claim 13, wherein each end of the single length of material is fastened to the femoral component.

16. The prosthetic knee of claim 13, wherein the artificial ligament comprises at least one of polyethylene, carbon fiber, and PTFE.

17. The ACL/PCL module of claim 1, wherein the artificial ligament comprises at least one of polyethylene, carbon fiber, and PTFE.

18. A system for providing total knee replacement on a plurality of patients of different sizes, the system comprising: a plurality of femoral components, each femoral component configured for fixation to the distal portion of a femur, the plurality of femoral components comprising a plurality of differently sized femoral components each configured to accommodate a range of patient femoral anatomies; a plurality of tibial components, each tibial component configured for fixation to the proximal portion of a tibia, the plurality of tibial components comprising a plurality of differently sized tibial components each configured to accommodate a range of patient tibial anatomies; a plurality of articular inserts, each articular insert configured for installation between the distal portion of the femur on which one of the plurality of femoral components is fixed and the proximal portion of the tibia on which one of the plurality of tibial components is fixed; and at least one ACL/PCL module comprising at least one of a femoral portion configured to be coupled to one or more of the femoral components and a tibial portion configured to be coupled to one or more of the tibial components or one or more of the articular inserts, and at least one artificial ligament connecting the femoral component and the tibial component, the at least one artificial ligament comprising an anterior cruciate ligament portion connecting an anterior anchor point on the tibial portion or the tibial component to a posterior anchor point on the femoral portion or the femoral component, and a posterior cruciate ligament portion connecting a posterior anchor point on the tibial portion or tibial component to an anterior anchor point on the femoral portion or the femoral component.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein each of the articular inserts have a different size.

20. The system of claim 18, wherein the plurality of articular inserts are differently sized, and the at least one ACL/PCL module comprises a single ACL/PCL module in which the tibial portion of the module comprises an insert configured to be releasably coupled to each of the plurality of differently sized articular inserts.

21. The system of claim 18, wherein the at least one ACL/PCL module comprises a single ACL/PCL module in which the tibial portion of the module comprises an insert configured to be releasably coupled to each of the plurality of differently sized tibial components.

22. The system of claim 18, wherein the at least one ACL/PCL module comprises a single ACL/PCL module in which the femoral portion of the module comprises an insert configured to be releasably coupled to each of the plurality of differently sized femoral components.

23. The system of claim 18, wherein the femoral portion of the ACL/PCL module is configured to be slidably engaged by the femoral component or the tibial portion of the module is configured to be slidably engaged by the tibial component.

24. The system of claim 19, where the ACL/PCL module is configured to be retained in engagement with the femoral component via a locking taper or retained in engagement with the tibial component via a locking taper.

25. The system of claim 18, wherein the at least one artificial ligament comprises a single length of material in which the anterior cruciate ligament portion and the posterior cruciate ligament are connected to one another.

26. The system of claim 18, wherein the artificial ligament comprises at least one of polyethylene, carbon fiber, and PTFE.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0012] FIG. 1A is a side view of a femoral component for a knee joint prosthesis known by those of ordinary skill in the art;

[0013] FIG. 1B is a bottom view of the femoral component of FIG. 1A;

[0014] FIG. 2A is a top view of a tibial component for a knee joint prosthesis known by those of ordinary skill in the art;

[0015] FIG. 2B is a side view of the tibial component of FIG. 2A;

[0016] FIG. 3A is a top view of an articular insert for a knee joint prosthesis known by those of ordinary skill in the art;

[0017] FIG. 3B is a front view of the articular insert of FIG. 3B mounted on the baseplate of a tibial component;

[0018] FIG. 4 is a side view of a knee joint illustrating the anatomical location of the ACL and PCL and the configuration of an artificial material intended to replace the ACL and PCL according to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0019] FIG. 5 is a side view of a femoral component, articular insert, and artificial ligament for a TKR according to another embodiment of the present invention;

[0020] FIG. 6A is a top view of a cross-section along line I-I of FIG. 5;

[0021] FIG. 6B is a bottom view of a cross-section along line I-I of FIG. 5;

[0022] FIG. 7A is a top perspective view of an ACL/PCL module of an embodiment of the present invention;

[0023] FIG. 7B is a top perspective view of an ACL/PCL module of another embodiment of the present invention;

[0024] FIG. 7C is a top perspective view of an ACL/PCL module of yet another embodiment of the present invention;

[0025] FIG. 8 is a top perspective view of the femoral portion of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7A with a femoral component;

[0026] FIG. 9A is a top perspective view of a tibial portion according to another embodiment of the present invention;

[0027] FIG. 9B is a top view of an articular insert that may be combined with the tibial portion of FIG. 9A;

[0028] FIG. 10A is a top view of a tibial portion according to yet another embodiment of the present invention;

[0029] FIG. 10B is a side view of the tibial portion of FIG. 10A; and

[0030] FIG. 10C is an articular insert that may be combined with the tibial portion of FIG. 10A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] In order to provide a more anatomically correct TKR, prosthesis embodiments that replicate the function provided by both the ACL and PCL are desirable. Referring to FIG. 4, a healthy human knee is illustrated with a loop 30, representing an exemplary artificial ACL/PCL ligament, drawn over the location of the original anatomical ACL and PCL. The section of the loop 30 constituting the artificial PCL is bounded by points 26A and 26B. The section of the loop 30 constituting the artificial ACL is bounded by points 28A and 28B.

[0032] Generally, the present invention provides various methods of utilizing an artificial material, preferably a synthetic fiber or cord, to replace an ACL and PCL, such that the artificial material is configured similarly to the respective orientation and location of the ACL and PCL in a normal knee. It should be understood, however, that the term “artificial” means only that it is not the original anatomical ACL or PCL ligament in its original form prior to the TKR, and should not be interpreted as a limitation to the use of only synthetic materials. Accordingly, the artificial ligament, may comprise “natural” materials, such as materials fashioned from biologically created materials and/or may comprise a hybrid of synthetic and natural materials. Specifically, the configuration is such that the origin and insertion points of the artificial material in a TKR is similar to the origin and insertion points of the ACL and PCL in a normal knee.

[0033] For example, according to various embodiments of the present invention, the artificial material in the form, for example, of artificial ligament may be incorporated into the TKR either at the time of surgery or the TKR may be pre-assembled with the artificial material in advance of surgery. At the time of the surgical procedure, the surgeon may use either a single strand of artificial ligament that is woven between the femoral component and articular insert with attachment points on either the femoral component or the articular insert of the TKR, or the surgeon may use two lengths of artificial material, one for the ACL and the other for the PCL. Alternatively, the TKR may be preassembled in a similar fashion in advance of surgery.

[0034] Once the artificial material is in place, metallic pieces may be used to crimp and permanently grip the ends. These metal pieces, however then preferably lock into the appropriate anatomical end points of an ACL and PCL in a manner such that the ends of the artificial material do not move or fret. Alternatively the ends of the artificial material may be brought in proximity of one another and tied or sewn together into a continuous loop. In another embodiment, smooth round metal balls may be used to crimp the artificial material and anchor the ends of the artificial material into the articular insert. The round shape of the balls allows the artificial material to move very slightly, reducing stress at the attachment point. Using a spherical anchor that has a diameter larger than the diameter of the artificial material and the diameter of the exit hole in the articular insert may also reduce impingement and stress at these points. It is preferable to include a smooth tunnel in the articular insert, tibial component, and/or femoral component through which the artificial material may be inserted, with the ends of the tunnel located in the approximately correct anatomical location of the endpoints of the ACL and PCL in the knee. Preferably, the opening of each side of the tunnel is also smooth. A smooth tunnel may protect the artificial material from the bone and prevent other potential problems, such as impingement and fretting of the artificial material during movement of the TKR.

[0035] In one method according to the present invention, the artificial material, such as an artificial ligament, may be provided separately from the TKR. During the replacement procedure, the surgeon may weave the ligament through the femoral component and articular insert and fasten the ends. Care should be taken when using this method in order to limit the potential error that may result, for example, from inadequate fastening or leaving an inappropriate length of artificial ligament when fastening is completed.

[0036] In another embodiment of the present invention, a single strand of artificial ligament may be weaved through a channel in the femoral component of a TKR and the ends of the artificial ligament may be attached to a tibial insert that locks into the tibial baseplate. The articular insert may then be provided with cut-outs to allow passage of the artificial ligament to the femoral component from the tibial insert. The femoral component of the TKR of this embodiment may be pre-assembled with the artificial ligament and the tibial insert. The tibial insert may be standardized to fit into any size tibial component of a TKR. However, the length of the artificial ligament may be variable to accommodate different size femoral components and articular inserts.

[0037] Alternatively, the artificial material may be attached to the articular insert, such that the articular insert, artificial material, and the femoral component are pre-assembled together. During the TKR after the femoral component and the tibial component are in place, the articular insert may be snapped onto the tibial component in typical fashion. However, because articular inserts and femoral components are provided in different sizes, multiple combinations of the femoral components and articular inserts may result in a large inventory of different pre-assemblies.

[0038] In yet another embodiment, one or more artificial ligaments may be woven through and/or the ends anchored to one or more modular inserts. The modular inserts may be inserted into one or more of the femoral component, tibial component, and articular insert of the TKR.

[0039] Referring now to FIGS. 5, 6A, and 6B illustrating a first embodiment of the present invention, the connection points 26a, 26b, 28a, and 28b of the artificial material, provided as ligament 44, and the lengths spanning between the connection points, provided as an outline of the artificial ligament 44, are configured to simulate the dimensions and attachment points of the ACL and PCL in a human knee, as illustrated in FIG. 4. At least one length of artificial ligament, such as for example the material disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,133, may be provided to connect the articular insert and femoral component of a TKR. The ligaments may be strung during surgery and fastened.

[0040] In a preferred embodiment, the artificial ligaments comprise a cord-like material. Preferred ligament materials are non-elastic or minimally elastic, similar to a natural ligament. Exemplary materials may comprise a variant of a woven polyethylene similar to material previously marketed as SecureStrand® cable, a braided, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) cable used for surgical fixation in posterior spinal reconstruction, material currently marketed as Super Cables® (Kinamed, Inc., Camarillo, Calif.) made from UHMWPE and Nylon 6/6,6, Gore-tex® (PTFE fiber manufactured by W. L. Gore and Associates, Inc. Newark, Del.), carbon fiber, or other similar woven materials.

[0041] In one embodiment, the artificial ligament 44 comprises a single length of material that weaves between the femoral component 34 and articular insert 32. For example referring to FIGS. 5, 6A, and 6B, a single length of artificial ligament may extend from a first end disposed adjacent an upper inner surface of femoral component 34 at an attachment point 26b in the femoral component 34 to and through the top surface of the articular insert 32 through opening 26a, The underside of the articular insert 32 may have a groove (not shown) or a bore within the thickness of the insert 32 to define a path lo between openings 26a and 28a to receive ligament 44, which then extends from the underside of articular insert 32 through opening 28a to an attachment point 28b in the femoral component 34, such that the second end of the ligament 44 is also disposed on the upper inner surface of the femoral component. The ends of the artificial ligament 44 may be fastened to the femoral component using any fastening means known in the art, such as but not limited to a clip or a knot. Alternatively, each end of the artificial ligament 30 may define a loop, and the fastening means may include a hook on a surface of the femoral component 34 or one or more fasteners, such as a screw or nail inserted through the loops and into the femoral or tibial component. Alternatively, the ends of the artificial ligament may be connected to each other to form a continuous loop.

[0042] The location of the ends and the order in which artificial ligament 44 weaves among points 26a, 26b, 28a, and 28b is not limited to any particular configuration, as long as the ACL/PCL structure creates at least one connection between openings 26a and 26b and at least one connection between openings 28a and 28b, as illustrated in FIG. 4. For example rather than starting at either attachment point 26b or 28b in the femoral component 34, as illustrated in FIG. 5, the starting and ending points may be 26a or 28a in the articular insert. The use of a single strand in various embodiments of the present invention is preferable because it reduces the number of parts needed to fabricate the artificial ACL/PCL of the TKR; however, two or more lengths of the artificial ligament 44 may also be used.

[0043] Referring again to FIGS. 1A to 3B, it is common for manufacturers to provide knee prostheses of varying sizes and shapes in order to accommodate different patients, For example the dimensions of the femoral component 10, tibial component 16, and articular insert 22 labeled as A to H and J to T may vary with respect to a plurality of sizes to accommodate variations in human anatomy. For example, a particular TKR system design may feature a plurality of standard size tibial components (e.g. 10, for a Journey® Knee by Smith & Nephew), a plurality of standard size femoral components (e.g. 10, for a Journey® Knee by Smith & Nephew), and a plurality of standard size articular inserts (e,g. 4, for a Journey® Knee by Smith & Nephew), forming a vast number of acceptable combinations and permutations. The physician before and during surgery typically measures and selects the correct size components to include in the TKR, based upon the size of the individual receiving the TKR and their relevant bone and joint structures. Therefore, in some embodiments, artificial ligament 44 may not be placed between the femoral component and the articular insert until after the correct size components have been selected.

[0044] Knee replacement surgery requires the use of anesthetics. In order to ensure patient safety, doctors strive to perform the TKR procedure as quickly and efficiently as possible. During the procedure, the position of the various components of the prosthetic knee joint may be manipulated on the femur and tibia until the final position is set. Accordingly, it may be preferable to avoid connecting the femoral component and articular insert with an artificial ligament until close to the end of the procedure, when the components are in place on the patient. Because it may be difficult to weave the artificial ligament between the femoral component and the articular insert after the components have been installed, another embodiment of the present invention provides a removable ACL/PCL module that is separate from the femoral component and articular insert. The ACL/PCL module may be pre-assembled and may house the artificial ligaments, such that when the femoral component and tibial component of a TKR are in place, the ACL/PCL module may then be easily inserted and fastened between the two components.

[0045] An ACL/PCL module according to various embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in FIGS. 7A-10C. The module 36 includes at least one of an upper femoral portion 40 and a lower tibial portion 42 connected by an artificial ligament 44. The artificial ligament 44 may be one or more strands, preferably a single strand woven between the two portions. For example, the artificial ligament 44 may have an end 37B that is fastened to one upper inner side of the upper femoral portion 40. The artificial ligament 44 may then extend from one side of the femoral portion 40, through the posterior part of the tibial portion 42 (substituting for the PCL), from the posterior to the anterior along the undersurface of the tibial portion 42, through the anterior of the tibial portion 42 (substituting for the ACL), and then fastened to another upper inner surface of the femoral portion 40 at end 37A. The resulting upper femoral portion 40 and lower tibial portion 42 therefore are attached to form one linked piece, for example, by one band. Other configurations for connecting artificial ligaments between the femoral and tibial portions of the module may also be used. For example, multiple artificial ligaments, such as segments 44a and 44b in FIG. 7B, may be used to connect the respective parts of the module rather than a single ligament or the starting and ending positions may differ for a single ligament configuration.

[0046] The locking mechanism for the ends of the artificial ligaments are not limited to any particular construction. For example, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7B, the ends of ligament sections 44a, 44b within the tibial portion 42 are anchored with a spherical retainer 38. The spherical retainer 38 preferably has a diameter which is larger than the opening in the tibial portion 42 through which the ligament sections 44a, 44b are inserted. The retainer may be applied to the ends of the ligament sections 44a, 44b by any methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, the spherical retainer 38 may be crimped onto the ends of the ligament sections 44a, 44b. Another example of a locking mechanism is illustrated at end 37a of ligament section 44a, The end 37a is attached to the femoral portion 40 by inserting the end 37a through a loop 39 attached to the upper inner surface femoral portion 40. The another type of retainer 47, such as a metal clip having a width greater than the inner dimension of the loop 39, may be attached to the end 37a to maintain the ligament section 44a within the loop 39. Alternatively, the retainer 47 may be used to join the two upper ends of the ligament sections 44a, 44b. As previously mentioned, the mechanism may also be provided in the form of a hook 48, as illustrated in FIG. 7C, and the retainer 47 may instead be used to form a loop in the end 37a of the ligament section 44a. The ligament loop may then be secured to the hook 48. Alternatively, loops present on one or both ends of the artificial ligament may be fastened to one or both of the femoral portion and tibial portion of the ACL/PCL module with a fastener, such as a nail or screw. For example, a fastener 49 in the form of a nail illustrated in FIG. 7C is inserted through loops at the ends of the artificial ligament 44 in the tibial portion 42 of the module. As would be understood by one of skill in the art, the ACL/PCL modules according to the present invention may utilize different combinations of fastening mechanisms and are not limited to the combinations illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7C.

[0047] The upper and lower portions of the ACL/PCL module may be made of the same or similar material as the femoral component, tibial component, and/or articular insert, or a different material. In general, however, all materials are preferably inert, not prone to cause infection, and otherwise safe and approved for use as a surgical implant. Exemplary materials include polyethylene, surgically approved metal alloys, surgically approved ceramic materials, or a combination thereof. Any well-known materials in the field of surgical implants may be used to fabricate any of the various embodiments or portions thereof according to the present invention.

[0048] One aspect of the exemplary embodiment comprising both an artificial ACL and PCL in a modular construction, is that the module may be easily and removably secured to the is femoral component of a TKR. As illustrated in FIG. 8, a gap 54 may be provided in the femoral component 50 between medial 52A and lateral 526 portions intended to replicate the medial and lateral condyle and the intercondylar fossa of the femur. The width of the gap 54 may be substantially equal to the width 43 of the upper femoral portion 40 of the ACL/PCL module, to permit the attending physician to slide the module into place, such that the side walls 41A and 416 frictionally engage the medial and lateral portions 52A and 526 of the femoral component 50.

[0049] In another aspect of this exemplary embodiment, lower tibial portion 42 may be easily and removably inserted into an articular insert 60. The top surface 62 of the articular insert 60 may include a groove 61. The sides 64A, 646 of the groove 61 may optionally converge to provide a taper. The bottom tibial portion 42 of the ACL/PCL module may have side walls 45A, 456 with optional recesses 46a, 46b that mate with sides 64a, 64b of groove 61. Side walls 45a, 45b of the bottom tibial portion 42 may be parallel or converge to a lesser degree than the sides 64a, 64b of the groove 61 to secure the bottom tibial portion 42 to the articular insert 60 in a self-locking taper configuration, such as what is commonly referred to as a Morse taper. Instead of providing the groove 61 in the articular insert 60, the groove 61 may alternatively be provided in the top surface of an tibial component of a TKR, such as the tibial component 16 in FIGS. 2A and 2B; however, an articular insert used with such a modified tibial component comprises a corresponding cutout, for example, such as the articular insert 72 of FIG. 10C described in more detail below. The ligament 44 attached, embedded, and/or inserted in the tibial portion 42 illustrated in FIG. 9A may be directly connected to a femoral component of a TKR or to a femoral portion of an ACL/PCL module, such as the femoral portion 40 illustrated in FIG. 7B.

[0050] A particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 10A-10C. In the embodiment of FIGS. 10A-10C, the artificial ligament 44 is embedded, attached, and/or inserted in a raised platform section 78 of a tibial baseplate 76. A fastener 74 may extend from the bottom surface of the tibial baseplate 76. The fastener 74 may be attached to a rod, such as a typical rod 18 associated with a tibial component of a TKR, as illustrated in FIG. 2B. Any means known to those of skill in the art may be used to fasten the tibial portion 76 to a rod. For example, the fastener 74 may be in the form of a screw with corresponding threads provided in the rod or a Morse taper may be used to combine the components. This embodiment therefore allows for the selection of various rod lengths (identified as dimension N in FIG. 2B).

[0051] In order to insert an articular insert between the tibial portion 76 illustrated in FIGS. 10A and 10B and the femoral component of a TKR, the articular insert 72 may be provided with a cutout 80, as illustrated in FIG. 10C. The cutout 80 may have the same or a similar shape as the raised platform section 78. The cutout 80 therefore allows the articular insert 72 to be inserted from the anterior side of the tibial baseplate 76 after the artificial ligaments have been secured. The ligaments 44 attached, embedded, and/or inserted in the raised platform section 78 may be directly connected to a femoral component of a TKR or to a femoral portion of an ACL/PCL module, such as the femoral portion 40 illustrated in FIG. 7B.

[0052] The shape, size, and orientation of the upper and lower portions of the ACL/PCL module is not limited. For example both the upper and lower portion may be shaped like the lower portion 42 illustrated in FIG. 9A and the femoral component 50 may be provided with a groove similar to groove 61 of the articular insert 60. Such a construction may simplify manufacturing by reducing the number of different components. In another embodiment, rather than have a two-piece tibial baseplate, the lower portion may be a one-piece design, such as in the form of an articular insert similar to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, with a different anchoring feature that allows attachment of the artificial ligaments to the lower portion. Preferably, in this embodiment, two artificial ligaments connect the standard articular insert and the modular femoral portion together, such that the attending physician may slide the entire insert into place during the surgical procedure. In another iteration, the artificial ligament may be anchored in the articular insert at one end, extend through a tunnel in the femoral component, return through the tibial component to an anchor at the other end. The type of fastening mechanism used to attach each portion of the module to the femoral component and articular insert or tibial component may also include any of one or more means known in the art for attachment. For example, the femoral portion of the module may use a Morse taper, a screw-in fastener, or both. Any combination and order of connecting the cord-like material between the two parts of the module may be acceptable, as long the result is a TKR having an artificial ACL and PCL.

[0053] The use of an ACL/PCL module in various embodiments of the present invention is preferable because not only does the module allow the individualized selection of a femoral component, tibial component, and articular insert for a patient who will undergo a TKR procedure, but it also provides a standard ACL/PCL module that may be used with any combination of components. For example, all of the femoral components made and sold by a manufacturer may include the same size gap 54 illustrated in FIG. 8 to accommodate a standard size femoral portion 40 of an ACL/PCL module, regardless of the other dimensions of the femoral component, for example dimensions A,B, and D-H in FIGS. 1A and 1B. The relative distance between the top of the tibial component and the bottom of the femoral component of the prosthetic knee is generally constant; therefore, the ligaments may have a constant length, regardless of the other dimensions of the components. Therefore, only a minor modification to an existing product line may be needed to incorporate an ACL/PCL module according to the present invention, and only a single or a limited number of modules may be provided to accommodate all of the various acceptable combinations and permutations of existing components. While it may be particularly advantageous to have only a single modular component size, it may be found that providing multiple sizes provides advantages, so the modular embodiment is not limited to only a single size embodiment.

[0054] While preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be understood that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the appended claims cover all such variations that fail within the spirit and scope of the invention.