BED REGENERATION USING LOW VALUE STEAM

Abstract

Systems and methods are provided for regenerating a bed containing absorbed and/or adsorbed CO.sub.2 using a low value steam stream. The steam stream can have a pressure of 10 kPa-a to 50 kPa-a and a temperature of 46° C. to 81° C. The steam stream can be used to displace CO.sub.2 from the bed, resulting in formation of a low pressure stream including water vapor and CO.sub.2. The stream containing water vapor and CO.sub.2 is then passed through a liquid ring pump that includes an associated ring cooler. The ring pump provides the suction necessary to draw the low value steam stream through the bed to displace the CO.sub.2. Due to the nature of operation of the liquid ring pump, the majority of water in the steam containing H.sub.2O and CO.sub.2 can be removed within the liquid ring pump, resulting in production of a stream comprising 90 vol % or more of CO.sub.2 at a pressure of 90 kPa-a or more. An example of a bed that can be regenerated using a low value steam stream is a bed that corresponds to a liquid amine that is coated on/covering/impregnated into a porous solid, so that the liquid amine remains substantially in place during a cycle of sorption and desorption of CO.sub.2.

Claims

1. A method for desorption of CO.sub.2 from a sorbent bed, comprising: exposing a steam stream comprising a steam pressure of 4 kPa to 50 kPa to a sorbent bed comprising sorbed CO.sub.2 and a first average sorbent bed temperature of 0° C. to 150° C. to form an exhaust stream comprising steam and at least a portion of the sorbed CO.sub.2, the steam stream comprising a temperature of 30° C. to 81° C. prior to entering the sorbent bed; and passing at least a portion of the exhaust stream through a liquid ring pump comprising an associated ring cooler to form a CO.sub.2-containing stream comprising 90 vol % or more CO.sub.2.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the steam stream comprises a total pressure of 4 kPa-a to 60 kPa-a, or wherein the steam stream comprises 95 vol % or more of steam, or a combination thereof.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the CO.sub.2-containing stream comprises a pressure of 90 kPa-a or more.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid ring pump is operated at a pressure that is lower than the pressure of the steam stream by 1.0 kPa or more.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the average sorbent bed temperature during exposing the steam stream to the sorbent bed is 50° C. to 150° C.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising exposing an input stream comprising 0.01 vol % to 25 vol % CO.sub.2, relative to a volume of the input stream, to the sorbent bed at a second average sorbent bed temperature of 0° C. to 150° C. to adsorb CO.sub.2, absorb CO.sub.2, or a combination thereof, and to form a CO.sub.2-depleted stream comprising 10 mol % or less of the CO.sub.2 from the input stream.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein exposing the input stream to the sorbent bed and exposing the steam stream to the sorbent bed comprise a cyclic process, and wherein exposing the steam stream to the sorbent bed comprises exposing the sorbent bed to a molar amount of steam comprising 1.0 times to 20.0 times a maximum CO.sub.2 capacity of the sorbent bed.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein exposing the sorbent bed to the steam stream comprises exposing the sorbent bed to a molar amount of steam comprising 1.0 times to 20.0 times a molar amount of CO.sub.2 that was sorbed by the sorbent bed during the exposing the sorbent bed to the input stream.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein the input stream comprises a combustion flue gas.

10. The method of claim 6, wherein the input stream comprises a flue gas from a combustion zone of a power plant, and wherein the steam stream comprises steam generated by heat exchange with at least a portion of the flue gas.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the sorbent bed comprises an adsorbent, an absorbent, or a combination thereof.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the absorbent comprises an absorbent infused or encapsulated on a solid surface, covering a solid surface, or a combination thereof, the absorbent comprising a Performance Index of greater than 150 m.sup.−1.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the absorbent comprises an amine.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein the solid surface comprises a surface area of 0.001 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the steam stream comprises steam generated by an exhaust of a standalone gas-fired steam turbine; or wherein the steam stream comprises steam generated by a boiler; or a combination thereof.

16. A system for sorption and desorption of CO.sub.2 using a sorbent bed, comprising: a sorbent bed comprising an adsorbent, an absorbent, or a combination thereof, the sorbent bed comprising a first inlet, a steam inlet, a first outlet, and a desorption outlet; a combustion zone comprising a combustion outlet; a heat exchanger comprising a hot fluid inlet in fluid communication with the combustion outlet, a cooled fluid outlet, a water inlet, and a steam outlet, the first inlet of the sorbent bed being in fluid communication with the cooled fluid outlet, the steam inlet of the sorbent bed being in fluid communication with the steam outlet of the heat exchanger; and a liquid ring pump comprising an associated ring cooler in fluid communication with the desorption outlet.

17. The system of claim 16, wherein the absorbent comprises an absorbent infused or encapsulated on a solid surface, covering a solid surface, or a combination thereof, the absorbent comprising a Performance Index of greater than 150 m.sup.−1.

18. The system of claim 16, wherein the absorbent comprises an amine.

19. The system of claim 16, wherein the solid surface comprises a surface area of 0.001 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g.

20. The system of claim 16, wherein the steam inlet of the sorbent bed being in indirect fluid communication with the steam outlet of the heat exchanger via one or more steam turbines.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] FIG. 1 shows an example of a configuration for separating CO.sub.2 from a gas stream using a sorbent bed and a pump with associated ring cooler.

[0015] FIG. 2 shows an example of a configuration for integrating sorbent beds for CO.sub.2 capture with a combined cycle power plant.

[0016] FIG. 3 weight-normalized breakthrough time of CO.sub.2 during absorption at 106° C. with various sorbents.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] All numerical values within the detailed description and the claims herein are modified by “about” or “approximately” the indicated value, and take into account experimental error and variations that would be expected by a person having ordinary skill in the art.

Overview

[0018] In various aspects, systems and methods are provided for regenerating a bed containing absorbed and/or adsorbed CO.sub.2. The systems and methods can take advantage of several unexpected synergies to allow a CO.sub.2 absorbent/adsorbent bed to be regenerated using a low value steam stream. The steam stream can have a pressure of 4 kPa-a to 50 kPa-a (or 4 kPa-a to 40 kPa-a, or 20 kPa-a to 50 kPa-a) and a temperature of 30° C. to 81° C. (or 30° C. to 70° C., or 55° C. to 81° C.). Preferably, the steam stream can include 90 vol % or more steam. The steam stream can be used to displace CO.sub.2 from the bed, resulting in formation of a low pressure stream including water vapor and CO.sub.2. The stream containing water vapor and CO.sub.2 is then passed through a liquid ring pump that includes an associated ring cooler. The ring pump provides the suction necessary to draw the low value steam stream through the bed to displace the CO.sub.2. The suction pressure provided by the liquid ring pump is lower than the steam pressure. For example, the liquid ring pump can operate at a pressure of 20 kPa-a when the steam stream is at 30 kPa-a. More generally, the liquid ring pump can operate at a pressure that is lower than the steam pressure by 1.0 kPa or more, or 10 kPa or more, such as up to 40 kPa lower than the steam pressure or possibly still lower. Due to the nature of operation of the liquid ring pump, the majority of water in the steam containing H.sub.2O and CO.sub.2 can be removed within the liquid ring pump, resulting in production of a stream comprising 90 vol % or more (or 95 vol % or more) of CO.sub.2 at a pressure of 90 kPa-a or more (or 100 kPa-a or more). Optionally but preferably, the low value steam stream can be used for regeneration of a bed that corresponds to a liquid amine that is coated on/covering/impregnated into a porous solid, so that the liquid amine remains substantially in place during a cycle of sorption and desorption of CO.sub.2.

[0019] Conventionally, selecting just the conditions for sorption of CO.sub.2 or just the conditions for desorption of CO.sub.2 during a regeneration step is relatively straightforward. For sorption (adsorption or absorption), the goal is to select conditions that provide a high likelihood of sorption when a CO.sub.2 encounters an adsorption or absorption site. For desorption, the goal is to select conditions that allow substantially all of the CO.sub.2 to desorb during a regeneration step.

[0020] Typically, the difficulties in setting up a commercial scale adsorption/desorption cycle are related to selecting a combination of adsorption and desorption conditions that 1) provide good adsorption, 2) provide good desorption during regeneration, 3) reduce or minimize the energy costs associated with the adsorption/desorption cycle, and 4) reduce or minimize the amount of time that an adsorbent bed requires for regeneration. Selecting a combination of adsorption and desorption conditions that balance all of these factors remains an ongoing challenge.

[0021] Conventionally, there are two main types of strategies for desorption of CO.sub.2 during regeneration of a sorbent (adsorbent or absorbent) bed. One strategy is to use steam during the desorption step, where the steam is at a higher temperature than the sorption step. In addition to raising the temperature so that the steam can act as a sweep gas, water in a steam sweep gas can also displace CO.sub.2 to further facilitate desorption. In order to decrease the time needed for heating the bed and/or for the desorption of CO.sub.2, steam sweep gas can typically be at a pressure substantially greater than 100 kPa. While this can be effective, using steam to swing the temperature of a sorbent bed also has some drawbacks. First, generation of steam to heat the sorbent bed requires a substantial amount of energy. The high pressure and temperature steam which can be used to generate electricity is normally taken from the input of a steam turbine in a power plant, substantially reducing the power output. In addition, the need to then rapidly cool the bed to be ready for the next sorption step means that a substantial amount of waste heat will be lost. Additionally, after desorbing the CO.sub.2, if the CO.sub.2 is going to be sequestered, the CO.sub.2 needs to be separated from the water in the desorption output gas. This typically means cooling the gas stream to condense the water, using refrigeration approaches. Such cooling corresponds to another temperature cycle that requires still more energy that will basically be lost as waste heat to the environment.

[0022] As an alternative to temperature swings, a combination of substantial pressure swing and sweep gas can be used to desorb CO.sub.2 from a sorbent. One advantage of using pressure swings is that large pressure changes can be achieved relatively rapidly, which can reduce the amount of time the reactor spends outside of the sorption step. However, when attempting to limit the temperature swing, it is conventionally believed that pressure swings on the order of 200 kPa or more (relative to the adsorption step) are needed in order to facilitate desorption. A steam sweep gas can also be used in conjunction with pressure swings. In order to facilitate displacement by H.sub.2O, it is conventionally believed to be desirable for the sweep gas to be at a higher pressure than 100 kPa-a, in order to increase the density of available H.sub.2O for displacing CO.sub.2. As noted above, while such a sweep gas can be effective for desorption of CO.sub.2, additional separations are then required to recover a high purity CO.sub.2 stream from the mixture of CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2O in the desorption exhaust.

[0023] Combination of temperature swing and vacuum to regenerate the bed, in principle, can also be applied. In this case, low vacuum pressure (lower than 10 kPa-a) is required. Generation of a low vacuum pressure is costly and requires high capital expenditure.

[0024] In contrast to conventional conditions, in various aspects, it has been discovered that desorption of CO.sub.2 from some types of sorbents can be performed using low value steam at pressures of less than 100 kPa-a. The low value steam can correspond to steam at a temperature of 30° C. to 81° C. (or 30° C. to 70° C., or 55° C. to 81° C.) and at a pressure of 4 kPa-a to 50 kPa-a (or 4 kPa-a to 40 kPa-a, or 20 kPa-a to 50 kPa-a). The stream containing the steam can include 90 vol % or more of H.sub.2O (or 95 vol % or more, or 99 vol % or more, such as up to being substantially composed of only steam). This can simplify forming a high purity CO.sub.2 stream after desorption of the CO.sub.2 from the sorbent. In aspects where compounds other than steam are present in the low pressure steam stream, the total pressure of the steam stream can be 4 kPa-a to 60 kPa-a, or 4 kPa-a to 55 kPa-a, or 4 kPa-a to 50 kPa-a.

[0025] Due to the low pressure of the steam stream, the total heat capacity of the stream is relatively low. This means that the steam stream will have limited ability to modify the existing temperature in a sorbent bed. Thus, the steam can have a reduced or minimized impact on the temperature of the sorbent bed. As a result, the temperature of the steam stream may not necessarily correspond to the average temperature of the bed during the desorption step. In some aspects, the average bed temperature of the sorption bed during the corresponding sorption step can be similar to the temperature of the steam used for desorption. In such aspects, the corresponding sorption step for adsorbing the CO.sub.2 can be operated at an average bed temperature of 0° C. to 150° C., or 40° C. to 100° C., or 50° C. to 80° C., or 50° C. to 70° C. In other aspects, the corresponding sorption step can be operated at a higher average bed temperature than the temperature of the steam stream. In such aspects, the corresponding sorption step can be operated at an average bed temperature of 50° C. to 150° C., or 100° C. to 150° C. In such aspects, even though the steam used during the desorption step is at a lower temperature than the temperature from the sorption step, because of the relatively low thermal mass of the steam stream the sorption bed remains at a temperature near the temperature of the sorption step. When using low-pressure steam, the driving force for desorbing CO.sub.2 is believed to correspond to a low partial pressure of CO.sub.2 which is established by flowing high purity steam over the bed at desorption temperature. It is noted that a sorption bed temperature that is substantially lower than the temperature of the steam stream is not preferred, as this can potentially result in condensation of H.sub.2O within the sorbent bed.

[0026] In some aspects, the corresponding sorption step can be performed at a pressure that is near ambient pressure. For example, the pressure during the corresponding sorption step can be 95 kPa-a to 150 kPa-a, or 95 kPa-a to 130 kPa-a. In some aspects, the difference in total pressure between the sorption step and the desorption step can be 120 kPa or less, or 100 kPa or less, such as down to 50 kPa or possibly still lower. During desorption using low value steam, the molar amount of steam passed through the bed can correspond to 1.0 to 20.0 times the maximum sorption capacity for the bed at the temperature of the bed. Additionally or alternately, the molar amount of steam can correspond to 1.0 to 20.0 times the amount of CO.sub.2 that was sorbed during a prior sorption step. As noted above, due to the relatively low heat capacity and thermal mass of the steam stream relative to the heat capacity and the thermal mass of the sorption bed, the temperature of the bed may correspond to the temperature of the corresponding sorption step, and therefore may be different from the temperature of the steam used during the desorption step. The maximum sorption capacity of a bed at a temperature and a desired CO.sub.2 partial pressure is defined herein based on the following procedure. First, the bed is purged for 5.0 minutes using steam or non-absorbing gas such as N.sub.2 at above the ambient pressure, preferably at 200 kPa-a and the specified temperature. The bed is then exposed to a CO.sub.2/N.sub.2 gas mixture flow containing the desired CO.sub.2 partial pressure at total pressure of 1 atm. The flow is continued until less than 90 vol % of the CO.sub.2 is sorbed, which corresponds to breakthrough due to saturation of the sorbent. The molar amount of CO.sub.2 sorbed by the adsorbent at breakthrough can then be calculated. This is defined as the maximum sorption capacity at the desired temperature and CO.sub.2 partial pressure.

[0027] One benefit of using low-pressure steam as the sweep gas for desorption of CO.sub.2 is that the amount of waste heat generated during the desorption process can be reduced or minimized. The low pressure of the steam (less than 100 kPa-a) can greatly reduce the amount of energy that is required to generate the stream. Additionally, in some aspects, the low pressure steam stream can be generated as a by-product from a heat recovery process for another system. For example, one application for using a CO.sub.2 sorption/desorption cycle is for capturing CO.sub.2 from the exhaust of a gas-fired turbine in a power plant. In such a power plant, the excess heat from the gas turbine is usually used to raise steam, which can then be used to drive one or more steam turbines for additional electrical power generation. Depending on the configuration of the heat recovery system, the state of the steam after the final turbine can correspond to steam with a pressure below 100 kPa-a and a temperature of 30° C. to 80° C. This steam after the final turbine corresponds to steam where the substantial majority of the energy content has already been recovered. Thus, any energy lost by using such a steam stream to facilitate CO.sub.2 desorption represents a reduced or minimized loss of waste heat to the environment. Alternatively, low pressure steam can be generated from an exhaust of a standalone gas-fired steam turbine. This approach provides the required steam while generating an additional electricity.

[0028] The low pressure of the steam stream can also provide another unexpected benefit. Traditionally, the low pressure of the steam stream would be viewed as a disadvantage. For example, in order to get such a low pressure stream to flow through the bed, an additional pump is needed on the exit side of the bed to provide a driving force for drawing the low pressure stream through the bed. However, when a low pressure steam stream is used as a sweep stream during desorption of CO.sub.2, it has been discovered that this disadvantage can be minimized or even eliminated by using a liquid ring pump as the pump to draw the low pressure stream through the bed. Due to the nature of operation of the liquid ring pump, a substantial amount of the water vapor present in the sweep stream is removed as the stream passes through the ring pump. As a result, the ring pump outputs a stream with a pressure of roughly 100 kPa-a that has a CO.sub.2 content of 90 vol % or more, or 95 vol % or more. Thus, by using a steam stream with a pressure less than 100 kPa-a as the sweep gas for CO.sub.2 desorption, the pump used for drawing the sweep stream through the bed can also perform a separation to generate a high purity CO.sub.2 stream. This can substantially reduce the cost of recovering a high purity CO.sub.2 stream from the desorption effluent stream.

Definitions

[0029] In this discussion, sorption is defined as including both adsorption and absorption. Adsorption refers to physical association of a compound with a surface or active site, such as physisorption of CO.sub.2 on a solid surface. Absorption corresponds to a physical or chemical incorporation of compound into a different phase, such as incorporation of gas phase CO.sub.2 into a complex with a liquid phase amine. Desorption is defined as separation of an adsorbed or absorbed compound from the adsorption surface or absorption phase.

[0030] In this discussion, a sorbent is defined as solid or liquid that can be used as an adsorbent or an absorbent. A sorbent bed corresponds to a structure that a fluid flow can be passed over and/or through that includes an adsorbent or absorbent.

[0031] In this discussion, the average temperature of a sorption bed is defined as the average of the temperature of the bed at the flow inlet and the flow outlet. It is noted that separate flow inlets and/or outlets may be used at different times during a sorption/desorption cycle. The average bed temperature can be measured based on the average of the temperature of the flow inlet(s) and the flow outlet(s) that are in use during a given step. Depending on the aspect, the average bed temperature can be from 0° C. to 150° C.

[0032] The terms “coating” or “covering” as used herein, unless the context indicates otherwise, describes covering of the solids by an infused or encapsulating liquid. The solid surface is impregnated with liquid (infused or encapsulating liquid) by appropriate solid surface functionalization that includes chemical functionalization and in some cases textured/physical functionalization. In some instances, roughness of the surface acts as the intrinsic surface texture. The impregnating liquid is covering the solid surface and keeps its liquid nature. It is this liquid nature that can provide medium for separation and extraction. The liquid is able to infuse into the surface of the solids or encapsulate the entire solid surface because its chemistry allows the liquid to substantially spread onto the solid fully. The spreading is measured using the liquid contact angle on the solid.

[0033] In some aspects, the Performance Index (PI) of the porous liquid is greater than 150.0 m.sup.−1, or greater than 500.0 m.sup.−1, such as up to 3000 m.sup.−1 or possibly still higher. PI is defined as PI=(Vl/V)(Al/V), where Vl and Al is the volume and surface area of the impregnating liquid, respectively. V is the system volume which is defined as the volume that holds the solid structure and all of the void space within it. In many cases where the impregnating liquid spreading over the surface without generating liquid bridge, Al is the same as the projected surface area of the solid substrate. Porous liquid with PI greater than 150 m.sup.−1 provides smaller system volume, and thus lower capital cost.

Configuration Example

[0034] FIG. 1 shows an example of a sorbent bed system that is configured to allow for desorption of CO.sub.2 using low value steam as part of a cyclic sorption/desorption process. In FIG. 1, sorbent bed 110 corresponds to a bed that includes an adsorbent and/or absorbent for CO.sub.2. During a sorption step, a CO.sub.2-containing stream 105 is introduced into sorbent bed 110 for removal of CO.sub.2 from the stream. This results in formation of a CO.sub.2-depleted stream 115. The CO.sub.2-containing stream 105 can correspond to an exhaust flow from a gas turbine, a flue gas from a furnace, or any other convenient stream that contains between 0.01 vol % and 25 vol % CO.sub.2 relative to the volume of the CO.sub.2-containing stream 105, or 0.01 vol % to 20 vol %, or 0.01 vol % to 10 vol %, or 0.5 vol % to 25 vol %, or 0.5 vol % to 20 vol %, or 0.5 vol % to 10 vol %, or 2.0 vol % to 25 vol %, or 2.0 vol % to 20 vol %, or 2.0 vol % to 10 vol %. During the sorption step of operation of the sorption bed 110, the sorption bed 110 can remove 90 vol % or more of the CO.sub.2 present in the CO.sub.2-containing stream 105, or 95 vol % or more, or 98 vol % or more, such as up to removing substantially all of the CO.sub.2 present in the CO.sub.2-containing stream. This level of sorption results in a CO.sub.2-depleted stream that contains 3.0 vol % or less of CO.sub.2 relative to the volume of the CO.sub.2-depleted stream, or 2.0 vol % or less, or 1.0 vol % or less, such as down to containing substantially no CO.sub.2 (i.e., 0.01 vol % or less).

[0035] After the adsorption step is finished, the flow of the CO.sub.2-containing stream can be stopped. The desorption step can then be started, optionally after an intermediate purge step. During a desorption step, a low-pressure steam stream 121 can be passed through sorbent bed 110. The low pressure steam stream 121 can be generated in any convenient manner. For example, stream 121 can correspond to a steam stream from a boiler, a steam stream passed out of a heat recovery system, a steam stream used to drive a steam turbine, or another convenient type of low-pressure steam stream. The low-pressure steam stream 121 is shown in FIG. 1 as flowing in the same direction (co-current) as the direction of flow for CO.sub.2-containing stream 105. In other aspects, low-pressure steam stream 121 can be passed into sorbent bed 110 in any convenient manner, such as flowing counter-current to the direction of flow of CO.sub.2-containing stream 105. The low-pressure steam stream can facilitate desorption of CO.sub.2 previously absorbed or adsorbed in the sorbent bed to form an exhaust stream 125 that contains CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2O. The low-pressure steam stream 121 can be introduced into sorbent bed 110 at a pressure of 4 kPa-a to 50 kPa-a. In order to cause this low-pressure steam stream 121 to flow through sorbent bed 110, a liquid ring pump 130 can be used on the far side of sorbent bed 110 to create a pressure below the pressure of the low-pressure steam stream. For example, if the low-pressure steam stream is at a pressure of 30 kPa-a, the ring pump can be used to reduce the pressure on the exit side of sorbent 110 to 20 kPa-a. Exhaust stream 125 passes through liquid ring pump 130, which results in separation of exhaust stream 125 to form water 132 and a high purity CO.sub.2 stream 135. The high purity CO.sub.2 stream 135 can include 90 vol % or more CO.sub.2 relative to a volume of high purity CO.sub.2 stream 135, or 95 vol % or more, such as up to substantially containing only CO.sub.2.

Integration of Sorbent Bed with Power Plant

[0036] FIG. 2 shows an example of integration of a plurality of sorbent beds with combustion source so that CO.sub.2 generated by the combustion source can be continuously separated using the sorbent beds. In the configuration shown in FIG. 2, the combustion source corresponds to the combustion chamber of a gas-powered turbine in a combined cycle power plant. In other aspects, any convenient combustion source could be used to provide a CO.sub.2-containing stream, such as a boiler, a furnace, and/or a turbine driven using another type of hydrocarbon fuel (including coal).

[0037] In the configuration shown in FIG. 2, the steam stream 221 used for desorption of CO.sub.2 corresponds to at least a portion of the steam generated by heat exchange from the exhaust of a combined cycle gas-powered turbine. Such steam can be used to power one or more steam turbines in order to convert the steam into a low-pressure steam stream. In other aspects, any convenient source of steam can be used, so long as the steam is at a desirable pressure (e.g., 4 kPa-a to 50 kPa-a) and temperature (e.g., 30° C. to 81° C.) for use as a steam stream for desorption of CO.sub.2.

[0038] FIG. 2 shows a process flow where 4 sorption beds 210 are used for CO.sub.2 capture. Using a plurality of sorption beds can allow for continuous operation by having at least one bed available for CO.sub.2 removal from a gas stream while one or more other beds are in other stages of the sorption/desorption cycle. The sorption beds can be adsorption beds or absorption beds, such as absorption beds using porous liquid amine. In the example shown in FIG. 2, the current status of the sorbent beds 210 is that one sorbent bed is operating under an adsorption/absorption condition while the other three beds are in the desorption mode.

[0039] In the example shown in FIG. 2, air 281 is fed into a compressor 289 to form a compressed air stream. The compressed air is fed into combustor or combustion zone 290 along with fuel 282 (such as natural gas) in order to power turbine 280. This also results in production of a flue gas stream 285. The flue gas stream is passed through a heat recovery steam generator 260 to allow for formation of high pressure, high temperature steam stream 265 and a cooled flue gas 205.

[0040] The flue gas 205 corresponds a CO.sub.2-containing stream that can be passed into sorption bed(s) 210. In FIG. 2, one sorption bed is shown as operating in sorption step of a sorption/desorption cycle. This bed generates a CO.sub.2-lean gas stream 215 that can be optionally further processed prior to being used in a convenient manner, such as being exhausted to the atmosphere. Optionally, a heat exchanger can be used to transfer heat from CO.sub.2-lean gas stream 215 to steam stream 221, if it is desired to raise the temperature of steam stream 221.

[0041] Heat recovery steam generator 260 transfers heat from flue gas stream 285 to water-containing stream 256 in order to form high pressure, high temperature steam stream 265. The high pressure, high temperature steam stream 265 can then be used to power one or more steam turbines 270. In the example shown in FIG. 2, three steam turbines are shown, but any convenient number of turbines can be used. In addition to generating electricity, the one or more steam turbines 270 can convert high pressure, high temperature steam stream 265 into a low pressure steam stream 221. Low pressure steam stream 221 can have a pressure of 4 kPa-a to 50 kPa-a and a temperature of 30° C. to 81° C.

[0042] It is noted in conventional approach the steam from the exhaust of the medium pressure turbine, such as steam 275, is used for bed desorption. However, the pressure of this steam stream is substantially higher than the atmospheric pressure and it possesses a significant amount of energy. This steam stream is the input to the low pressure steam turbine for further generation of electricity. Therefore, using this energetic steam for desorption of the bed significantly reduces the output electricity of the power plant, making the conventional approach costly. By contrast, in various aspects low pressure steam stream 221 can be used as the steam stream for desorption. This allows for additional electrical power generation by recovery of energy from steam 275.

[0043] In FIG. 2, three of the sorption beds from sorption beds 210 are shown as being in the desorption step of a sorption/desorption cycle. During desorption, low pressure steam stream 221 is passed through sorption bed(s) 210 to desorb CO.sub.2 that was added to the sorption bed(s) 210 during a prior sorption step. This results in formation of exhaust stream 225 that contains water and CO.sub.2. Water can then be removed from exhaust stream 225 in order to form a high purity CO.sub.2 stream 235 with a CO.sub.2 concentration of 90 vol % or more. In FIG. 2, this is accomplished by first passing exhaust stream 225 through a fin fan 240. This cools exhaust stream 225, resulting in formation of cooled exhaust stream 245 and condensation of some water to form water stream 242. The cooled exhaust stream 245 is then passed through liquid ring pump 230, which is cooled by ring cooler 231. This results in formation of high purity CO.sub.2 stream 235 at a pressure of roughly 100 kPa-a while removing additional water stream 232. Water stream 232 and water stream 242 can then be passed through optional deaerator 250 to form deaerated water stream 255. The deaerated water stream 255 can then be recycled (optionally after additional processing) for use as input water 256 for the heat recovery steam generator 260.

[0044] It is noted that FIG. 2 shows an example of a combustion source where steam is generated as part of the operation of the combustion source. In other aspects, a combustion source may not have an associated source of low pressure steam, or it may not be desirable to use an existing source of steam. In such aspects, a separate boiler (not shown) can be used to provide low pressure steam to facilitate processing of a CO.sub.2-containing flue gas using a sorption/desorption cycle as described herein.

[0045] In a configuration such as FIG. 2, the various elements can be referred to as being in fluid communication with one another. Fluid communication can correspond to direct fluid communication or indirect fluid communication. As an example, in FIG. 2, heat recovery steam generator 260 is in direct fluid communication with steam turbines 270 via the conduit that carries high temperature steam stream 265. The heat recovery steam generator 260 is in indirect fluid communication with sorbent beds 210 via steam turbines 270. It is noted that the valves shown in FIG. 2 can allow some fluid communication to be intermittent, such as the fluid communication with the sorbent beds. At a given point in time, a sorbent bed 210 will typically be in fluid communication with either steam turbines 270 or combustion zone 290, but not both. (It is also possible for a sorbent bed to be in an intermediate state without fluid communication to the steam turbines 270 or combustion zone 290.)

Example of Sorbent Bed—Liquid Amine Supported on High Surface Area Support

[0046] Low value steam can be used during the desorption step of a sorption/desorption cycle with any convenient type of sorbent that a) can provide a desirable level of sorption of CO.sub.2 at a temperature similar to or greater than the temperature of the low value steam stream, and b) that can desorb CO.sub.2 at a temperature similar to the sorption temperature when exposed to steam at a pressure of 50 kPa-a or less.

[0047] In some aspects, an example of a suitable sorbent for use with a desorption step based on low pressure steam can be a sorbent based on a film of liquid amine coated on, covering, and/or otherwise supported on a high surface area support. U.S. Patent Application Publication 2020/0147545 describes an example of such an absorbent, which is described as a “porous liquid”. U.S. Patent Application Publication 2020/0147545 is incorporated herein by reference for the limited purpose of describing sorbents that are suitable for CO.sub.2 absorption.

[0048] For example, as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2020/0147545, a liquid film of a suitable liquid amine can be used to encapsulate or infuse into, wet, and stably cover the surface of a high surface area solid, with the Performance Index (PI) of the porous liquid being greater than 150 m.sup.−1, or greater than 500 m.sup.−1, such as up to 3000 m.sup.−1 or possibly still higher. In some aspects, the high surface area solid can correspond to a rough, porous, roughened, and/or textured surface. The liquid film can encapsulate or infuse into, wet, and stably cover the high surface area solid if the solid has sufficient surface roughness, large surface area, and physical and/or chemical affinity (e.g., the high surface area solid may be activated prior to the application of the liquid film) for the liquid film. The degree of roughness and/or texture required to stably cover the high surface area solid will depend on the formulation of the liquid film and the chemical make of the surface of the high surface area solid. Examples of suitable surfaces includes wools and/or fibers (such as quartz wool/fiber, polyethylene wool/fiber, etc.) that have a roughness and physical structure that is sufficient for use as a high surface area solid. Other examples can include 3D printed structures that have a roughness that is sufficient to hold liquid. The roughness surface of the high surface area solid (whether it is rough, porous, or textured by nature and/or subsequently roughened and/or textured), R, defined as the ratio between the actual and projected/protruded and/or indented/depressed areas of the surface, may be any value greater than 1 (as 1 represents a flat surface). For example, the roughness of the surface is at least 1.01, at least 1.1, at least 1.2, at least 1.3, at least 1.4, at least 1.5, at least 1.6, at least 1.7, at least 1.8, at least 1.9, at least 2, at least 2.25, at least 2.5, at least 2.75, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, or more such as up to 20.

[0049] In certain aspects, the high surface area solid includes at least one of a rough surface, a textured surface, or both. Thus, a high surface area solid may be prepared with a surface that has a matrix of solid features or a rough surface. The matrix of solid features may include microstructures and/or nanostructures that protrude or extend from the surface of the high surface area solid. The texture (e.g., the micro-structures and/or nano-structures) may be applied to the surface of the high surface area solid.

[0050] When a matrix of solid features is present, the solid features (e.g., micro-structures and/or nano-structures) may have an average characteristic dimension (i.e., length for roughly rod-shaped objects, thickness, depth, height, or combinations thereof) of 0.1 μm to 1000 μm (e.g., 1 μm to 200 μm or 10 μm to 50 μm). For example, the average characteristic dimension of the solid features may be 0.1 μm to 1000 μm, 0.1 μm to 900 μm, 0.1 μm to 800 μm, 0.1 μm to 700 μm, 0.1 μm to 600 μm, 0.1 μm to 500 μm, 0.1 μm to 400 μm, 0.1 μm to 300 μm, 0.1 μm to 200 μm, 0.1 μm to 100 μm, 0.1 μm to 50 μm, 25 μm to 1000 μm, 25 μm to 900 μm, 25 μm to 800 μm, 25 μm to 700 μm, 25 μm to 600 μm, 25 μm to 500 μm, 25 μm to 400 μm, 25 μm to 300 μm, 25 μm to 200 μm, 25 μm to 100 μm, 75 μm to 1000 μm, 75 μm to 900 μm, 75 μm to 800 μm, 75 μm to 700 μm, 75 μm to 600 μm, 75 μm to 500 μm, 75 μm to 400 μm, 75 μm to 300 μm, 75 μm to 200 μm, 150 μm to 1000 μm, 150 μm to 900 μm, 150 μm to 800 μm, 150 μm to 700 μm, 150 μm to 600 μm, 150 μm to 500 μm, 150 μm to 400 μm, 150 μm to 300 μm, 300 μm to 1000 μm, 300 μm to 900 μm, 300 μm to 800 μm, 300 μm to 700 μm, 300 μm to 600 μm, 300 μm to 500 μm, 300 μm to 400 μm, 400 μm to 1000 μm, 400 μm to 900 μm, 400 μm to 800 μm, 400 μm to 700 μm, 400 μm to 600 μm, 400 μm to 500 μm, 500 μm to 1000 μm, 500 μm to 900 μm, 500 μm to 800 μm, 500 μm to 700 μm, 500 μm to 600 μm, 600 μm to 1000 μm, 600 μm to 900 μm, 600 μm to 800 μm, 600 μm to 700 μm, 700 μm to 1000 μm, 700 μm to 900 μm, 700 μm to 800 μm, 800 μm to 1000 μm, 800 μm to 900 μm, or 900 μm to 1000 μm. In various aspects, the solid features (e.g., microstructures and/or nano-structures) are arranged with average spacing of 0.1 μm to 500 μm (e.g., 5 μm to 200 μm or 10 μm to 30 μm) between adjacent solid features. For example, the average space between solid features may be 0.1 μm to 500 μm, 0.1 μm to 500 μm, 0.1 μm to 450 μm, 0.1 μm to 400 μm, 0.1 μm to 350 μm, 0.1 μm to 300 μm, 0.1 μm to 250 μm, 0.1 μm to 200 μm, 0.1 μm to 150 μm, 0.1 μm to 100 μm, 0.1 μm to 50 μm, 0.1 μm to 30 μm, 1 μm to 500 μm, 1 μm to 450 μm, 1 μm to 400 μm, 1 μm to 350 μm, 1 μm to 300 μm, 1 μm to 250 μm, 1 μm to 200 μm, 1 μm to 150 μm, 1 μm to 100 μm, 1 μm to 50 μm, 1 μm to 30 μm, 5 μm to 500 μm, 5 μm to 450 μm, 5 μm to 400 μm, 5 μm to 350 μm, 5 μm to 300 μm, 5 μm to 250 μm, 5 μm to 200 μm, 5 μm to 150 μm, 5 μm to 100 μm, 5 μm to 50 μm, 5 μm to 30 μm, 10 μm to 500 μm, 10 μm to 450 μm, 10 μm to 400 μm, 10 μm to 350 μm, 10 μm to 300 μm, 10 μm to 250 μm, 10 μm to 200 μm, 10 μm to 150 μm, 10 μm to 100 μm, 10 μm to 50 μm, 25 μm to 500 μm, 25 μm to 450 μm, 25 μm to 400 μm, 25 μm to 350 μm, 25 μm to 300 μm, 25 μm to 250 μm, 25 μm to 200 μm, 25 μm to 150 μm, 25 μm to 100 μm, 50 μm to 500 μm, 50 μm to 450 μm, 50 μm to 400 μm, 50 μm to 350 μm, 50 μm to 300 μm, 50 μm to 250 μm, 50 μm to 200 μm, 50 μm to 150 μm, 50 μm to 100 μm, 100 μm to 500 μm, 100 μm to 450 μm, 100 μm to 400 μm, 100 μm to 350 μm, 100 μm to 300 μm, 100 μm to 250 μm, 100 μm to 200 μm, 100 μm to 150 μm, 150 μm to 500 μm, 150 μm to 450 μm, 150 μm to 400 μm, 150 μm to 350 μm, 150 μm to 300 μm, 150 μm to 250 μm, 150 μm to 200 μm, 200 μm to 500 μm, 200 μm to 450 μm, 200 μm to 400 μm, 200 μm to 350 μm, 200 μm to 300 μm, 200 μm to 250 μm, 250 μm to 500 μm, 250 μm to 450 μm, 250 μm to 400 μm, 250 μm to 350 μm, 250 μm to 300 μm, 300 μm to 500 μm, 300 μm to 450 μm, 300 μm to 400 μm, 300 μm to 350 μm, 350 μm to 500 μm, 350 μm to 450 μm, 350 μm to 400 μm, 400 μm to 500 μm, or 450 μm to 500 μm.

[0051] In some aspects, the solid features are rough. For example, the solid features of the high surface area solid can have an average surface roughness R of 1.1 to 10.

[0052] The texture or roughness may be imparted through extrusion, electrospinning, blow-molding of a mixture of materials (e.g., glass, polyethylene, a continuous polymer blend, or mixture of a polymer and particles), or additive manufacturing such as 3D printing laser metal deposition. One of the materials may be subsequently dissolved, etched, melted, or evaporated away, leaving a textured, and/or rough surface behind. The texture or roughness may be imparted by mechanical roughening (e.g., tumbling with an abrasive), spray-coating or polymer spinning, deposition of particles from solution (e.g., layer-by-layer deposition, evaporating away liquid from a suspension of liquid and particles), and/or additive manufacturing such as 3D printing laser metal deposition. Other possible methods for imparting the texture or roughness include: deposition of a polymer from a solution (e.g., the polymer forms a rough, porous, or textured surface behind); extrusion or blow-molding of a material that expands upon cooling, leaving a wrinkled surface (e.g., wool, including glass wool, polyethylene wool, quartz wool, and other fibers); and application of a layer of a material onto a surface that is under tension or compression, and subsequently relaxing the tension or compression of surface beneath, resulting in a textured surface.

[0053] Optionally, the surface of the high surface area solid may be roughened.

[0054] In various aspects, the surface area of the high surface area solid is defined as the apparent surface area, which is defined as the total geometric area if there were no texture or roughness on the surface. In some aspects, the surface area of the high surface area solid can be greater than 0.001 m.sup.2/g, greater than 0.01 m.sup.2/g, greater than 0.1 m.sup.2/g, or greater than 0.2 m.sup.2/g, such as up to 45 m.sup.2/g or possibly still higher For example, the high surface area solid has a surface area of 0.001 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g, 0.001 m.sup.2/g to 40 m.sup.2/g, 0.001 m.sup.2/g to 35 m.sup.2/g, 0.001 m.sup.2/g to 30 m.sup.2/g, 0.001 m.sup.2/g to 25 m.sup.2/g, 0.001 m.sup.2/g to 20 m.sup.2/g, 0.001 m.sup.2/g to 15 m.sup.2/g, 0.001 m.sup.2/g to 10 m.sup.2/g, 0.001 m.sup.2/g to 5 m.sup.2/g, 0.001 m.sup.2/g to 1.0 m.sup.2/g, 0.01 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g, 0.01 m.sup.2/g to 40 m.sup.2/g, 0.01 m.sup.2/g to 35 m.sup.2/g, 0.01 m.sup.2/g to 30 m.sup.2/g, 0.01 m.sup.2/g to 25 m.sup.2/g, 0.01 m.sup.2/g to 20 m.sup.2/g, 0.01 m.sup.2/g to 15 m.sup.2/g, 0.01 m.sup.2/g to 10 m.sup.2/g, 0.01 m.sup.2/g to 5 m.sup.2/g, 0.01 m.sup.2/g to 1.0 m.sup.2/g, 0.1 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g, 0.1 m.sup.2/g to 40 m.sup.2/g, 0.1 m.sup.2/g to 35 m.sup.2/g, 0.1 m.sup.2/g to 30 m.sup.2/g, 0.1 m.sup.2/g to 25 m.sup.2/g, 0.1 m.sup.2/g to 20 m.sup.2/g, 0.1 m.sup.2/g to 15 m.sup.2/g, 0.1 m.sup.2/g to 10 m.sup.2/g, 0.2 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g, 0.2 m.sup.2/g to 40 m.sup.2/g, 0.2 m.sup.2/g to 35 m.sup.2/g, 0.2 m.sup.2/g to 30 m.sup.2/g, 0.2 m.sup.2/g to 25 m.sup.2/g, 0.2 m.sup.2/g to 20 m.sup.2/g, 0.2 m.sup.2/g to 15 m.sup.2/g, 0.2 m.sup.2/g to 10 m.sup.2/g, 0.5 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g, 0.5 m.sup.2/g to 40 m.sup.2/g, 0.5 m.sup.2/g to 35 m.sup.2/g, 0.5 m.sup.2/g to 30 m.sup.2/g, 0.5 m.sup.2/g to 25 m.sup.2/g, 0.5 m.sup.2/g to 20 m.sup.2/g, 0.5 m.sup.2/g to 15 m.sup.2/g, 0.5 m.sup.2/g to 10 m.sup.2/g, 5 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g, 5 m.sup.2/g to 40 m.sup.2/g, 5 m.sup.2/g to 35 m.sup.2/g, 5 m.sup.2/g to 30 m.sup.2/g, 5 m.sup.2/g to 25 m.sup.2/g, 5 m.sup.2/g to 20 m.sup.2/g, 5 m.sup.2/g to 15 m.sup.2/g, 10 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g, 10 m.sup.2/g to 40 m.sup.2/g, 10 m.sup.2/g to 35 m.sup.2/g, 10 m.sup.2/g to 30 m.sup.2/g, 10 m.sup.2/g to 25 m.sup.2/g, 10 m.sup.2/g to 20 m.sup.2/g, 15 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g, 15 m.sup.2/g to 40 m.sup.2/g, 15 m.sup.2/g to 35 m.sup.2/g, 15 m.sup.2/g to 30 m.sup.2/g, 15 m.sup.2/g to 25 m.sup.2/g, 20 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g, 20 m.sup.2/g to 40 m.sup.2/g, 20 m.sup.2/g to 35 m.sup.2/g, 20 m.sup.2/g to 30 m.sup.2/g, 25 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g, 25 m.sup.2/g to 40 m.sup.2/g, 25 m.sup.2/g to 35 m.sup.2/g, 30 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g, 30 m.sup.2/g to 40 m.sup.2/g, or 35 m.sup.2/g to 40 m.sup.2/g.

[0055] In order to be effective for sorption/desorption of CO.sub.2, the liquid film can include at least one of an amine, monoethanolamine, tetraethylenepentamine, an alkali metal hydroxide (e.g., potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, or combinations thereof), potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, or combinations thereof; a porous liquid with one of the aforementioned compounds may be used to extract carbon dioxide from a gaseous mixture (such as flue gas, or a chemical or refinery gas).

[0056] In various aspects, the liquid film has a thickness from the bottom of the roughness or the texture to the top surface of the liquid film no greater than 1400 μm (e.g. a thickness no greater than 1000 μm, 10 μm to 1000 μm, or 10 μm to 100 μm). For example, in any aspect or embodiment described herein, the thickness of the liquid film on substantially covering the high surface area solid is ≤1400 μm, ≤1300 μm, ≤1200 μm, ≤1100 μm, ≤1000 μm, ≤900 μm, ≤800 μm, ≤700 μm, ≤600 μm, ≤500 μm, ≤400 μm, ≤300 μm, ≤200 μm, ≤100 μm, 10 μm to 1400 μm, 10 μm to 1200 μm, 10 μm to 1000 μm, 10 μm to 800 μm, 10 μm to 900 μm, 10 μm to 700 μm, 10 μm to 600 μm, 10 μm to 500 μm, 10 μm to 400 μm, 10 μm to 300 μm, 10 μm to 200 μm, 10 μm to 100 μm, 100 μm to 1400 μm, 100 μm to 1200 μm, 100 μm to 1000 μm, 100 μm to 800 μm, 100 μm to 900 μm, 100 μm to 700 μm, 100 μm to 600 μm, 100 μm to 500 μm, 100 μm to 400 μm, 100 μm to 300 μm, 100 μm to 200 μm, 250 μm to 1400 μm, 250 μm to 1200 μm, 250 μm to 1000 μm, 250 μm to 800 μm, 250 μm to 900 μm, 250 μm to 700 μm, 250 μm to 600 μm, 250 μm to 500 μm, 500 μm to 1400 μm, 500 μm to 1200 μm, 500 μm to 1000 μm, 500 μm to 800 μm, 500 μm to 900 μm, 500 μm to 700 μm, 750 μm to 1400 μm, 750 μm to 1200 μm, 750 μm to 1000 μm, 100 μm to 1400 μm, 1000 μm to 1200 μm, or 1200 μm to 1400 μm.

Example—Energy Comparison of Sorption/Desorption of CO.SUB.2 .Versus Conventional Amine Tower

[0057] Modeling calculations were used to determine the energy consumption for performing CO.sub.2 removal from the flue gas of a gas turbine from a combined cycle power plant having a configuration similar to FIG. 2. In the model calculations, the total power output of the turbines from the natural gas combined cycle power plant is 630 MW with a lower heating value LHV plant efficiency of 57%. Based on combustion of natural gas with LHV of 47,454 kJ/kg, generation of this amount of power via a combined cycle power plant results in generation of 212.9 tons/hr of CO.sub.2. Based on a design basis of using a sweep gas corresponding to 5 moles of steam per mole of CO.sub.2 that is captured by the sorbent beds, the steam generated by the combined cycle plant is more than enough to provide the low pressure steam stream for the CO.sub.2 desorption step of the sorption/desorption cycle. The power penalty of taking steam from the exhaust of the low pressure turbine (LPT) at 300 mbara and 70° C. is 25 MW which is 4.0% of the net power plant output.

[0058] The energy penalty of 25 MW due to using exhaust of the low pressure steam turbine is 15 MW lower (about 38% lower) than the energy penalty proposed by an NETL case study (US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, “Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants, Volume 1a: Bituminious Coal (PC) and Natural Gas to Electricity, Jul. 6, 2015, case 31A) where the steam is taken from the output of the medium pressure steam turbine/the input of the low pressure steam turbine. The NETL case study calculations are known to be more efficient than the current practiced/conventional approach. This demonstrates the unexpectedly large benefit that can be achieved by using low pressure steam for CO.sub.2 desorption, in contrast to conventional methods.

[0059] The liquid ring cooler and associated liquid ring pump require and fin fan an additional 5.4 MW for operation to process the steam and CO.sub.2 mixture that is exhausted from the sorbent beds. Addition of 15 MW energy is also required to compress CO.sub.2 to a pressure suitable for transport. This corresponds to a total power requirement of 51 MW, or roughly 8% of the total power of the plant. This corresponds to roughly 1.59 GJ/ton of CO.sub.2 that is removed from the flue gas. The pump and associated ring cooler generates a stream containing 95 vol % CO.sub.2 at roughly 100 kPa-a. As a comparison, this is about 30% lower than the noted ideal NETL case study amine scrubber unit of the same size to handle the flue gas from the same combined cycle plant. The current approach consumes about two times lower energy than the conventional approach.

Example—Removing CO.sub.2 from a Gas Stream Using Porous Liquid Amine on High Surface Area Support

[0060] Two 3D printed structures were cleaned with solvent and then with plasma. A total of 619 mg (0.623 cc) of TEPA (triethylenepentamine) was introduced to the two 3D printed structures, generating PI=157.1 m.sup.−1. The plasma treatment increased the surface energy of the 3D structures. The high surface energy and the roughness allowed the 3D structures to be fully wetted by the liquid amine and hold the liquid on its surfaces. The two porous liquid TEPAs were then mounted in an experimental tube where a 50:50 mixture of CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 passed through the porous liquid TEPAs by sending the gas mixture into the entrance port of the tube. The temperature of the experimental tube was kept at 106° C. using a block heater during the gas flow. The outlet port of the tube was connected to a mass spectrometer (MS) for gas analysis.

[0061] FIG. 3 shows the variation of the normalized (divided by its maximum intensity) mass spectroscopy signal of CO.sub.2 with time, also normalized to the weight of the amine. Time zero (location 305) is set when N.sub.2 gas is detected at above the background level, preferably at 5% of its maximum intensity. The weight-normalized breakthrough time, tbw, is defined when CO.sub.2 was detected at above the background level, preferably at 5% of its maximum intensity. Line 310 in FIG. 3 corresponds to the average of the CO.sub.2 intensity for the porous liquid TEPAs as a function of time. In FIG. 3, line 310 shows that for a significant amount of time (tbw=210 seconds/g), no CO.sub.2 was able to escape the porous liquid TEPAs. The tbw of 210 seconds/g is equivalent to the volume normalized breakthrough time, tbv=22 seconds/cc. The time axis in FIG. 3 represents the time per gram of amine when TEPA was used. The ability of amine to capture CO.sub.2 at 106° C. is very surprising. Normally temperatures above 100° C. have been used to desorb CO.sub.2 from amine. However, the ability of the porous liquid TEPA at 106° C. may be due to the liquid property of the infused amine in the porous liquid TEPA. At the elevated temperature, although the chemical reaction between CO.sub.2 and amine is weak, the viscosity of the amine is also low. Low viscosity provides a greater diffusion length of CO.sub.2 in the infused amine liquid and thus makes more amine available to react with CO.sub.2 for removal. This behavior is solely due to the ability of the preserving liquid within the porosity of the surface in the porous liquid TEPA. FIG. 3 also shows the results of an experiment (line 320) when the said 3D printed structure were prepared as before but this time no amine was introduced to the structure (control). Results indicate that when no amine is infused within the roughness of the 3D printed structure the amount of CO.sub.2 removed by the structure is undetectable.

ADDITIONAL EMBODIMENTS

[0062] Embodiment 1. A method for desorption of CO.sub.2 from a sorbent bed, comprising: exposing a steam stream comprising a steam pressure of 4 kPa to 50 kPa to a sorbent bed comprising sorbed CO.sub.2 and a first average sorbent bed temperature of 0° C. to 150° C. to form an exhaust stream comprising steam and at least a portion of the sorbed CO.sub.2, the steam stream comprising a temperature of 30° C. to 81° C. prior to entering the sorbent bed; and passing at least a portion of the exhaust stream through a liquid ring pump comprising an associated ring cooler to form a CO.sub.2-containing stream comprising 90 vol % or more CO.sub.2.

[0063] Embodiment 2. The method of Embodiment 1, wherein the steam stream comprises a total pressure of 4 kPa-a to 60 kPa-a, or wherein the steam stream comprises 95 vol % or more of steam, or a combination thereof.

[0064] Embodiment 3. The method of any of the above embodiments, wherein the CO.sub.2-containing stream comprises a pressure of 90 kPa-a or more.

[0065] Embodiment 4. The method of any of the above embodiments, wherein the liquid ring pump is operated at a pressure that is lower than the pressure of the steam stream by 1.0 kPa or more.

[0066] Embodiment 5. The method of any of the above embodiments, wherein the average sorbent bed temperature during exposing the steam stream to the sorbent bed is 50° C. to 150° C.

[0067] Embodiment 6. The method of any of the above embodiments, further comprising exposing an input stream comprising 0.01 vol % to 25 vol % CO.sub.2, relative to a volume of the input stream, to the sorbent bed at a second average sorbent bed temperature of 0° C. to 150° C. to adsorb CO.sub.2, absorb CO.sub.2, or a combination thereof, and to form a CO.sub.2-depleted stream comprising 10 mol % or less of the CO.sub.2 from the input stream.

[0068] Embodiment 7. The method of Embodiment 6, wherein exposing the input stream to the sorbent bed and exposing the steam stream to the sorbent bed comprise a cyclic process, and wherein exposing the steam stream to the sorbent bed comprises exposing the sorbent bed to a molar amount of steam comprising 1.0 times to 20.0 times a maximum CO.sub.2 capacity of the sorbent bed; or wherein exposing the sorbent bed to the steam stream comprises exposing the sorbent bed to a molar amount of steam comprising 1.0 times to 20.0 times a molar amount of CO.sub.2 that was absorbed by the sorbent bed, adsorbed by the sorbent bed, or a combination thereof, during the exposing the sorbent bed to the input stream; or a combination thereof.

[0069] Embodiment 8. The method of Embodiment 6 or 7, wherein the input stream comprises a combustion flue gas; or wherein the input stream comprises a flue gas from a combustion zone of a power plant, and wherein the steam stream comprises steam generated by heat exchange with at least a portion of the flue gas; or a combination thereof.

[0070] Embodiment 9. The method of any of the above embodiments, wherein the sorbent bed comprises an adsorbent, an absorbent, or a combination thereof.

[0071] Embodiment 10. The method of Embodiment 9, wherein the absorbent comprises an absorbent infused or encapsulated on a solid surface, covering a solid surface, or a combination thereof, the absorbent comprising a Performance Index of greater than 150 m.sup.−1, the absorbent optionally comprising an amine, the solid surface optionally comprising a surface area of 0.001 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g.

[0072] Embodiment 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the steam stream comprises steam generated by an exhaust of a standalone gas-fired steam turbine; or wherein the steam stream comprises steam generated by a boiler; or a combination thereof.

[0073] Embodiment 12. A system for sorption and desorption of CO.sub.2 using a sorbent bed, comprising: a sorbent bed comprising an adsorbent, an absorbent, or a combination thereof, the sorbent bed comprising a first inlet, a steam inlet, a first outlet, and a desorption outlet; a combustion zone comprising a combustion outlet; a heat exchanger comprising a hot fluid inlet in fluid communication with the combustion outlet, a cooled fluid outlet, a water inlet, and a steam outlet, the first inlet of the sorbent bed being in fluid communication with the cooled fluid outlet, the steam inlet of the sorbent bed being in fluid communication with the steam outlet of the heat exchanger; and a liquid ring pump comprising an associated ring cooler in fluid communication with the desorption outlet.

[0074] Embodiment 13. The system of Embodiment 12, wherein the absorbent comprises an absorbent infused or encapsulated on a solid surface, covering a solid surface, or a combination thereof, the absorbent comprising a Performance Index of greater than 150 m.sup.−1, the absorbent optionally comprising an amine, the solid surface optionally comprising a surface area of 0.001 m.sup.2/g to 45 m.sup.2/g.

[0075] Embodiment 14. The system of Embodiment 12 or 13, wherein the steam inlet of the sorbent bed being in indirect fluid communication with the steam outlet of the heat exchanger via one or more steam turbines.

[0076] While the present invention has been described and illustrated by reference to particular embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the invention lends itself to variations not necessarily illustrated herein. For this reason, then, reference should be made solely to the appended claims for purposes of determining the true scope of the present invention.